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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第三章 土壤的孔性、结构性与耕性,Quick Review,What is Soil?,Sand,+,Silt,+Clay=,100%,Texture=Clay,20%Sand,30%Silt,50%Clay,土壤孔性、结构性是土壤重要的物理性质。通过本章学习,让学生掌握土壤中孔隙、结构的概念、类型及对土壤肥力和生产性能的影响;重点介绍团粒结构的肥力特征及创造机理;物理机械性的概念及与耕性的关系,从而了解土壤物理性状对土壤肥力的影响。,主要内容包括:,第一节 土壤孔性,第二节 土壤结构性,第三节 土壤物理机械性与耕性,第一节 土壤孔性,一、土壤孔隙性,1,土壤孔性,(,Soil Porosity,),土壤孔性包括孔隙的数量、孔隙的大小及其比例,土壤孔隙的数量用孔隙度或孔隙比表示。,2,土壤孔度与孔隙比,土壤孔隙的容积占整个土体容积的百分数称为土壤孔度,又称总孔度。它是衡量土壤孔隙的数量指标。,孔隙比:它是土壤中孔隙容积与土粒容积的比值。其值为,1,或稍大于,1,为好。,3,孔隙的分级,通常根据孔隙的大小及作用将土壤孔隙分为三级:非活性孔隙、毛管孔隙和通气孔隙。,(,1,)非活性孔隙,当量孔隙在,0.002mm,以下,土壤水吸力为,1500KPa,以上。这种孔隙中,几乎是被土粒表面的吸附水所充满。土粒对这些水有较强的分子引力,使它们不易运动,也不易损失,无效孔径中植物的根与根毛难以伸入,供水性差,这部分水不能为植物所利用,故此类孔隙称为无效孔隙。,(,2,)毛管孔隙,当量孔隙为,0.02-0.002mm,,,土壤水吸力为,150-1500KPa,。,植物的细根、原生动物和真菌等很难进入毛管孔隙中,但植物根毛和一些细菌可在其中活动,有利于养分的吸收与转化,毛管孔隙保存的水分可被植物吸收利用。为有效孔隙。,(,3,)通气孔隙,当量孔径大于,0.02mm,,,相应的土壤水吸力小于,150KPa,。,通气孔隙的水分主要受重力支配而排出,不具有毛管作用,成为空气成为空气流动的通道,不具有毛管作用,所以叫通气孔或非毛管孔。,二、土壤相对质量密度(比重)和容重,1,土壤相对质量密度(比重,Particle Density,),是指单位容积的固体土粒(不包括粒间孔隙)的干重与同体积水的质量之比(,It is the density of solid particles only.,)。,多数土壤矿物比重在,2.6-2.7,左右,(将,2.65,作为土壤矿物的平均值),而一般土壤有机质的比重为,1.25-1.40,。由于表层土壤有机质含量较多,其比重通常都低于心土及底土层。,例 题,1,、已知土壤容重为,1.15g/cm3,,求亩(,666.7m2,)耕层,0-20cm,土壤土重。,解:,666.70.21.15=153t=153000 kg,因此过去常说每亩耕层土壤约,30,万斤,即每公顷耕层土重,15,万,kg,。,2,、已测得有机质含量,1%,,求亩耕层土壤有机质重量?,W,SOM,=W,Soil,1%=666.70.21.151%=1.53t=1530kg,N,、,P,、,K,等都可计算出,如测得,N,含量,0.05%,,则亩含,N,约,77kg,,如测得盐含量,0.3%,,则亩含盐约,460kg,。,2.,土壤容重(,Bulk Density,),是指单位容积土壤体(包括粒间空隙)的烘干重,单位为,g/cm,3,。,土壤容重大体为,1.00-1.70g/cm,3,之间,是土壤肥力的重要标志之一。(,It is the mass of a volume of undisturbed oven dry soil,),3.,土壤容重的应用,(,1,)计算土壤总孔度,(,2,)配合水分常数计算各级孔度,Soil Porosity,Total pore space is measured of the soil volume that holds air and water.,wet,weight(g,)dry weight(g),soil volume(cm3),x100,SP=,(,3,)计算土壤固、液、气三相容积比率,用以反映土壤自身调节肥力因素的功能,(,4,)将土壤某些以质量为基础的数据换算为以容积为基础。,(,5,)计算一定面积与深度的土壤质量,(,6,)计算一定土层内各种土壤成分的储量,三、土壤孔性的影响因素及其调控,(一)内因,土壤有机质,土壤结构性,土粒的排列方式,(二)外因,降雨、施肥、灌溉、耕作,重点难点:,掌握土壤孔隙的概念、类型及调控。,难点:,土壤比重和容重的区别。,第二节 土壤结构(,Soil Structures,),一、土壤结构的类型及其特性,在内外因素的综合作用下,土粒相互团聚成大小,形状和性质不同的团聚体,称为土壤结构。,1,块状结构,2,核状结构,3.,柱状结构,4,片状结构,5.,团粒结构,Soil Structural Types,Granular,Blocky,Angular Blocky,Subangular Blocky,Platy,Wedge,Prismatic,Columnar,Massive,Single Grain,Granular,Photo Thank you Dr.,Lindo,-NCSU,Wedge Structures,Blocky,(,Subangular,or Angular,),Subangular,Blocky,the three dimensions are about the same size,but polyhedrons are,subrounded,.Symbol(,sbk,),Angular Blocky,the three dimensions are about the same size,but edges are shape and faces appear flattened.Symbol(,abk,),Platy Flat and Tabular-Units,Structure has a horizontal dimension that is longer or greater than the vertical,dimension.The plates tend to parallel the surface.Typical Symbol(pl or PL),Photo on the Right Thank you Dr.,Lindo,-NCSU,Prismatic Structure,(,Symbol pr or PR,),Typically associated with,fragipan,and other similar horizons.These are,prismlike,Structural units where the length and width is significantly,Less than the depth.,(Vertical Structures)These structures have flat tops or caps.Water movement tends to be associated with movement along the vertical contact between units.,A soil with a prismatic structure may also have secondary,structural units Photo 2 has a platy secondary structure.,Photo 2,Photo 1,Photo on the Left Thank you Dr.,Lindo,-NCSU,Z,Y,X,Columnar,(,Symbol,cpr,or COL,),Prism-like structural units where the length of the unit in the x and y direction are much less than the z direction.,The units tend to have rounded tops.,X,Y,Photo on the Right Thank you Dr.,Lindo,-NCSU,Z,Single GrainSymbol,sg,or SGR,Lacks Structure-LooseOn rupture-more than,50%of the mass is single,Grain example beach sand.,Material is NON-,Coherant,.,Massive Symbol m or MA,Structureless material that is coherent,but is not cemented.,Massive Rock Controlled Fabric,Structureless material that is coherent,but is not cemented or weakly cemented,In this case the material contains the original,apperance,of the bedrock material,but lacks the strength.,Possible Cr Horizon,Saprolite,Photo on the Right Thank you Dr.,Lindo,-NCSU,Soil Structure Size,Very Fine(Very Thin),Fine(Thin),Medium,Coarse(Thick),Very Coarse(Very Thick),Section of Size Criteria Depends on,the Structural Units.,Soil Structure Size(Granular and Blocky),Image Source:NRCS,Ver,.2.0,2002,Soil Structure Size(Platy and Prismatic),Image Source:NRCS,Ver,.2.0,2002,团粒结构是指近似球形,疏松多孔的小团聚体,其直径约为,0.25-10mm,。,粒径,0.25mm,以下的,称微团粒。,生产中最理想的团粒结构粒径为,2-3mm,是一种较好的土壤结构类型,二、团粒结构,三、团粒结构对土壤肥力的调节作用,1,)协调土壤水、气矛盾,2,)协调土壤有机养分消耗与积累矛盾,3,)能稳定土壤温度,使温度状况适宜,4,)改良土壤耕性,有利于根系伸展,团粒结构是改进土壤固、液、气三相比的一个重要因素。有团粒结构的土壤中,水、肥、气热比较相互协调,被称为土壤肥力调节器。,四、土壤团粒结构的形成,1,土壤团粒结构的形成过程,包括“多级团聚说”和“粘团说”两种。,第一阶段:有单粒在胶体凝聚、水膜粘结以及胶结作用下形成初级复粒或致密的小土团。,第二阶段:初级复粒进一步逐级粘合、胶结、团聚,依次形成第二级、第三级及微团聚体的过程。,2,团粒结构形成的必备条件,胶结物质:有机胶体、无机胶体及胶体凝聚物质。,成型动力:土壤生物的作用、干湿交替、在适宜土壤含水量下进行耕作等。,四、土壤结构的改善与恢复,1,精耕细作,增施有机肥料,精耕细作结合施用有机肥料是我国目前大多数地区创造良好结构的主要方法。,2.,合理轮作倒茬、扩大绿肥及牧草的种植面积,各种作物本身的生物学特点和相应的耕作管理制度对土壤团粒结构的形成具有很大的影响。,3.,科学的土壤管理,喷、滴灌、地下灌溉,酸性土施用石灰,碱性土施用石膏。,4.,土壤结构改良剂的应用,土壤结构改良剂是用来促进土壤形成团粒,提高土壤肥力和固定
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