组织学与胚胎学血液双语教学

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,组织学与胚胎学血液双语教学,组织学与胚胎学血液双语教学组织学与胚胎学血液双语教学Learning Objectives The composition of blood (血液).,The structure, function and normal values (正常值) of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成分).,Hematopoiesis (血细胞的发生).,The hematopoietic tissue (造血组织) and the hematopoietic stem cells (造血干细胞) .,The production and significance of lymph(淋巴).,Learning Objectives,The composition of blood,(,血液,).,The structure, function and normal values,(,正常值,),of the formed elements of blood,(,血液有形成分,).,Hematopoiesis,(,血细胞的发生,).,The hematopoietic tissue,(,造血组织,),and the hematopoietic stem cells,(,造血干细胞,) .,The production and significance of lymph,(,淋巴,).,* a specialized form of C.T.,* a circulating tissue,* as a transporting medium,* a total volume about 5 liters,in health adult,INTRODUCTION,Components of blood 血液的组成成分,*,Formed elements-blood cells (45%),*,Intercellular substance-plasma (55%),Erythrocytes 红细胞Leukocytes 白细胞,Platelets 血小板,H,2,O ( 90% ),Plasma proteins:,albumin白蛋白, globulin球蛋,白, fibrinogen纤维蛋白原, etc.,Others:,血液的组成,centrifugation (离心),-,plasma,Leuko,cytes + Platelets,-,Erythrocyte (Red blood cell),anti,coagulant (heparin),抗凝剂（肝素）,血块、血清,Serum 血清,without,anticoagulant,Clotting,无,纤维蛋白原,血液有形成分,红细胞：男,（4.05.5）10,12,/L,；,女,（3.55.0）10,12,/L（350-500万个/ul),白细胞,(4.010), 10,9,/L,或 4千-1万个/ul,血小板,（100300）, 10,9,/L,（或10-30万个/ul,）,有粒白细胞,无粒白细胞,中性粒细胞 50-70%,嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3%,嗜碱性粒细胞 0-1%,淋巴细胞 25-30%,单核细胞 3-8%,血液有形成分正常值,血象(hemogram)： 血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋白的含量. 血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。,Wright染色法（瑞特染色法）:,染料是由酸性,染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。,与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，染紫蓝色。,Giemsa染色法（吉姆萨染色法）:,吉姆萨染液由伊红，天青组成。,血涂片 blood smear:,观察血细胞形态,染色方法,: Wright,或 Giemsa染色,一、红细胞（erythrocyte,red blood cell, RBC）,Mature Erythrocyte,*,biconcave disc shape,providing,greater surface area;,*,no nucleus and organelles;,*,Hemoglobin ( Hb,);,*,deformability.,SEM,Size:,7.5 8.5m (diameter),Number:,Male: 4.25.51012/ L (Hb: 120150g/L),Female: 3.55.0 1012/ L (Hb: 110140g/L),2ABO血型抗原系统,：,红细胞膜含血型抗原,A型：有A型抗原,B型：有B型抗原,O型：无A型、B型抗原,AB型：有A型、B型抗原,3功能:,红细胞具有携带,O和CO的功能，由血红,蛋白执行。,4寿命:,红细胞的平均寿命,约为120天。,溶血,(,hemolysis,),血影（,erythrocyte,ghost,）,:,溶血后残留,的红细胞膜囊。,*,not fully mature RBC,* 0.5,1% of a total number,of RBC,* no nucleus,* ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure),* remaining Hb synthesis,* Clinic significance,Reticulocyte,网织红细胞,Pathological conditions,Number,Size,Shape,Hb,Anemia贫血,Erythrocytosis,红细胞增多症,Spherocytosis,;,Sickle cell anemia,Thalassemia（地中海贫血）,Large / small cell anemia,Sickle-cell anemia is a painful disease in which RBCs become crescent shaped due to inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickled RBCs break down, releasing hemoglobin into the circulation.,Normal RBC Sickled RBC,镰状,Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.,Spherocytosis,General characteristic of leukocytes,*,spherical shape,* posses nuclei,* presence of organelles,* a total number less than that of erythrocytes,* exhibiting amoeboid movement,* involving in body defenses and immunity,二、白细胞（leukocyte, white blood cell，WBC）,Classification,*,Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞,neutrophils 50,70% 中性粒细胞,3% 嗜酸性粒细胞,basophils 0,1% 嗜碱性粒细胞,*,Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞,lymphocytes 25,30% 淋巴细胞,monocytes 3,8% 单核细胞,Neutrophil,Size :,10,12,m,(diameter),Morphology 形态,nucleus：,highly morphonuclear,rod-like,2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old,cytoplasm：,specific granules: 80%, small,azurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome 溶酶体,Neutrophils 中性粒细胞,(嗜天青颗粒),中性粒细胞模式图（,示杆状核演变至5叶核, 新生到衰老,）,中性粒细胞 （血涂片）,Neutrophils,Lobulated nuclei,Rod-like nucleus,azurophilic granules,* fine, uniform,细,腻，均匀,* evenly distributed,* pink staining,Charateristics of specific granules:,Specific granules (80%, samll) contain:,alkaline,phosphatase,碱性磷酸酶,*,Phago,cytin,吞噬素,*,lyso,zyme,溶菌酶,Azurophilic G. (large, less) containing:,acid,phosphatase,酸性磷酸酶,*,Peroxidase,过氧化物酶,Neutrophil (EM),Function,Chemotaxis,(Mobility),趋化性,:,Attracted by,chemotactic,factor,(released by macrophages),Phagocytosis,& destroy bacteria:,吞噬和杀灭细菌,the number of leukocytes,acute,the % of,neutrophils,bacteria infection,Size:,10,12,m,(diameter,),LM:,nucleus:,lobulated; S or irregular;,obscured outline,cytoplasm:,basophilic granules,*,variable size,* uneven distribution,* strong basophilia,Characteristic,Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞,Basophil,E.M.:,Basophilic granules contain:,* heparin,*,histamine,F.N.:,*,anticoagulate,*,responsible to,allergic reaction,nucleus,Size:,10,15,m,(diameter),LM:,-,usually bilobed nucleus,- eosinophilic granules,*,strong eosinophilia (,reddish),*,coarse and refractile,*,uniform size and evenly distributed,Eosinophils 嗜酸性粒细胞,Characteristic,（电镜）,Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes ),which contain substances:,*,acid phosphat,ase,* aryl sulphatase 芳基硫酸酯酶,* Peroxid,ase,* histaminase 组胺酶,nucleus,Eosinophilic granules,with,crystalloid in the center,(EM),Function,Chemotaxis,（趋化性）,attracted by,chemotactic,factor from the mast cells,Phagocytize,（吞噬）,foreign bodies, Ag-,Ab,complex,Anti-allergy,（抗过敏）,Release,histaminase,，,inactivate histamine for weakening allergic reaction,Anti-parasite,（抗寄生虫）,It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic reaction or parasite,Neutrophils:,* ruffled membrane movement,* chemetaxis,* phagocytosis,Eosinophils:,anti-parasite; anti-allergy,Basophils:,* anticoagulation;,* involving in allergic response,Function of granular leukocytes,Size:,14,20,m,(diameter),Nucleus,:,large, eccentric,light staining,deep indentation, horseshoe,cytoplasm：,abundant，gray-blue staining,weak basophilia,numerous purple granules (azurophilic G),Monocyte 单核细胞,Small pseudopodia , microvillus, mitochondrion,RER,Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain:,*,Peroxidase,* Acid phoshpatase,* Lysozyme,溶菌酶,(,EM模式图）,nucleus,Monocyte under EM,Function of,monocyte,-,differentiate into macrophages.,phagocytosis,immune response,give rise to,osteo,clast,s,破骨细胞,which are able to dissolve bone.,Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞,3 types:,small,6,8m;,medium-sized,9,12m;,l,arge,13,20m,Small lymphocyte(90%):,LM:,Round or ovoid;,Nu,.:,sphericity, indentation,condensed chromatin, dark,staining.,Cytoplasm,:,scanty,as a thin,rim in light-blue,w/ azurophilic,granules,*,a large number of free ribosomes,* a few mitochondria, and other organelles,* exhibiting small cytoplasmic,projections in the,surface of cells.,(,EM模式图）,nucleus,Lymphocyte under EM,Classification* function#,T-Cell: 75% cellular immunity,B-Cell: 10-15% humoral immunity,large granule lymphocyte,(K & NK cell),* based on the source, characteristics on,cellular membrane, life & function,#,immunological defence,Classification & Function,三、血小板,（ blood platelet, thrombocyte ）,M,egakaryocyte, s fragment, in clumps,LM,: 2,4m,，,disc-like,or irregular,anucleated,.,Two regions:,Granulomere,:,centrally-,located, purple-blue granules.,Hyalomere,:,peripherally,located, in light-blue.,cell coat,:,rich in,glycoproteins,associated to platelet,adhesion;,M.T. system,:,a. opening tubule system开放小管系统:,to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion.,b. dense tubule system致密小管系统:,sER , support, collect Ca,2+,and synthesize prostaglandin,前列腺素,E.M.:,actin-like M.F 微丝:,mobile.,granules,:,a. granules (special granules):,containing platelet derived growth factor, PDGF; thrombospondin.,b. dense granules致密颗粒:,serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP, Ca,2+,& adrenaline,肾上腺素,Function,Hemostasia,止血,:,2.,Coagulation,凝血,:,3.,Protect,blood vessel endothelium, repairing endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis(,动脉硬化,),Slides review,五、骨髓和血细胞的发生,（ bone marrow and hematopoiesis ）,Hematopoietic organ,造血器官,yolk sac,卵黄囊,（,early embryo),Liver,肝,/,spleen,脾,(,6w5m),bone marrow,骨髓,(4m and after),Structure of bone marrow,骨髓的结构,red bone marrow:,hematopoietic tissue,造血组织,+,blood sinusoid,血窦,yellow bone marrow:,adipose tissue,脂肪组织,+,immature,hemocyte,血细胞,Red bone marrow,hematopoietic tissue:,造血组织,reticular c.t.,+,hemocytes,in various stage, macrophages,adipocytes,mesenchymal,cells,blood sinusoid:,血窦,discontinuous endothelia,incomplete BM,Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC),Hemopoietic,stem cell,self-replication,powerful proliferation,potency,multi-differentiation,Potency,H,emopoietic,progenitor c.,Unipotential or bipotential,Produce matrue blood c.,Erythrocytes series,granulocyte series,monocyte,series,megakaryocyte,series,*,Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs & tissues,Pb:原红,Be:早幼红,Pe:中幼红,晚幼红,Erythrocyte series,Mb:原粒,Pm:早幼粒,Mb,M,Mb:中幼粒,M1：晚幼粒,Neutrophilic series,Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesis, Stages:,the original stage 原始阶段 the infant stage 幼稚阶段 the mature stage 成熟阶段,Cell volume,:, megakaryocytes:, cytoplasm:,，ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:,Nucleus,:,size,(RBC: abesent; megakaryocytes）,nucleoli,: number & size, until disappear,chromatin,: fine ,staining,: pale deep, in granulocytes &,Hb,in erythrocytes:,other organelles,in red celluntil disappear,mitotic ability,:, until disappear（but,分裂能力,lymphocyte),Questions for review,1、Reticulocyte,2、Monocyte,3、Compare the morphologic structure and function of granulocytes.,4、简述红细胞的结构特点和功能。,5、简述白细胞的分类原则、分类及所占百分比。,Summary table. Erythrocyte & leukocyte,Erythrocyte(mature),Leukocyte,Number,Size,Shape,Nucleus,Organelle,HB,Granules,Function,Lifespan,biconcave disc,sphere,non,present,人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，,明辨是非的能力。,所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，,古人说“书中自有黄金屋。,”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，,培养逻辑思维能力；,通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，,培养文学情趣；,通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。,有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，,给我们巨大的精神力量，,鼓舞我们前进,。,