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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,有机化学,A1,主讲教师:李艳梅 教授,清华大学化学系,Chapter 1,Introduction,第一章 绪论,Organic Chemistry A (1),By Prof. Li Yan-Mei,Tsinghua University,Content,Part I Organic compounds and organic chemistry,- History,第一局部 有机化合物与有机化学 历史简介,Part II Fundamental Knowledge,第二局部 根底知识, Structure, reaction & Classification, Formulas, Nomenclature, NMR, IR, UV & MS,1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一局部 有机化合物和有机化学,1.1,Introduction and a brief history,有机化学历史简介,1.2,Character of organic compound,有机化合物的特性,1.3,Research fields in organic chemistry,有机化学研究领域,1.4,The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry,有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程,1.1,Introduction and a brief history,有机化学历史简介,有机化学 ?,有机化合物 ?,Starch淀粉,C,m,H,n,m value around 8,Gasoline,汽油,Salicylic acid,Acetylsalicylic acid,乙酰水杨酸阿斯匹林,Formalin,aqueous solution of formaldehyde,Organic Chemistry in the History,T,o make human body into a mummy, formalin was often employed in ancient Egypt.,甲 醛,古埃及人利用有机化合物处理尸体,Wine was invented before Xia dynasty. By Zhou dynasty, wine has become very important in sacrifice events.,制酒,周礼,Vinegar production has already become an expect technology by Zhou dynasty.,制醋,Dyeing has become am important industry before Zhou dynasty.,染色,茜草,The demise of vitalism,In ancient ages, mixtures of organic compounds were abstracted from natural products. Chinese traditional drug, dye, and perfume are of this kind.,By the 18th century, some pure organic compounds were obtained.,Turtric acid was obtained from grape juice, citric acid was abstracted from lemon juice, and urea was purified from urine.,1828, preparation of urea from inorganic compounds indicates the demise of “vitalism.,In 1806, famous chemist, Berzelius J. first used the word “organic chemistry, and states, organic compounds could not be produced without “vital force生命力,The fact that organic compounds could be obtained from inorganic compounds without the help of organism was not accepted for a long time.,In 1845 acetic acid and in 1854 ester were separately synthesized from inorganic compounds, indicating the final demise of vitalism.,兴趣阅读:,See appendix file 0001: Letter between W,hler and his adviser, Berzelius.,See appendix file 0002: Whlers paper on synthesis of urea,See appendix file 0003: Problems and answers on the urea synthetic paper,(from Yale University),氰酸铵,A brief history,1900,2000,1800,Synthesis of urea,Friedrich W,hler,Important events on organic chemistry,1828,Synthesis of urea, indicating demise of vitalism,Milestone of organic chemistry,By W,hler,1865,Bringing forward that carbon is quadrivalent,Milestone of structural theory,By A. K,ekul,1874,Saturated carbon atoms share tetrahedral topology,Initiation of stereochemistry,By J.H.Vant Hoff,Initiation of stereochemistry,By,J.A.Le Bel,1917,Lewis acid and Lewis base theory,Milestone of structural theory,By Lewis,1931,Huckel rules,The Frontier-orbital theory,The principle of conservation of orbital symmetery,Means of “Organic chemistry “有机化学的含义,First citing,基于 “生命力”学说,Based on “vitalism”, Berzelius first cited this word, and deemed organic compounds could not be produced without the special power “vita force”.,1806,Definition,元素分析结果,A.L. Lavoisier and Von Liebig J.F. invented the elemental analysis protocal. They found all organic compounds contain,carbon, most contain,hydrogen, many contain,oxygen,and,nitrogen,.,Kekl and Gmelin defined organic chemistry as “chemistry of carbonaceous compounds,将“有机化合物定义为“含碳的化合物,那么“有机化学即为“研究含碳化合物的化学,Of course, many carbonaceous compounds are not organic compounds,1865,Schorlemmers definition,肖莱马的定义,Based on chemical structural theory, Schorlemmer defined organic compound as “ hydrocarbon and its derivatives, and organic chemistry as “chemistry of hydrocarbon and its derivatives.,“碳氢化合物及其衍生物,Hint,分类的关键:,“性质!,而不是“组成,1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一局部 有机化合物和有机化学,1.1,Introduction and a brief history,有机化学历史简介,1.2,Character of organic compound,有机化合物的特性,1.3,Research fields in organic chemistry,有机化学研究领域,1.4,The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry,有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程,1.2,Character of organic compound,有机化合物的特性,结构上,Covalent Bond,1,、碳通常以共价键与其它原子相连,Link to each other easily,2,、自身成键能力强,Isomersim,3,、同分异构现象普遍存在,Physical Properties,Low melting point,熔点低,Low boiling point,沸点低,High volatility,挥发性大,Often insoluble,多数难溶于水,Density often lower than water,比重一般比水小,Chemical Properties,稳定性不如无机物 Less stable,易燃 Inflammation,反响速度慢 Low reaction rate,副反响多 Frequent side reaction,化学性质,物理性质,1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一局部 有机化合物和有机化学,1.1,Introduction and a brief history,有机化学历史简介,1.2,Character of organic compound,有机化合物的特性,1.3,Research fields in organic chemistry,有机化学研究领域,1.4,The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry,有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程,1.3,Research fields in organic chemistry,有机化学研究领域,Nature Product Chemistry,天然产物化学,Separated, or extracted chemicals from nature products.,Eg. Hormones, Auxin, Pheromone,Structure Determination 构造测定,Spectroscopic,NMR,IR,Ultra Violate,Mass spectrometry,Nonspectroscopic,Elementary analysis,Organic Synthesis,有机合成,Reaction Mechanism 反响机理,Transition State,E,Cross science,与其它学科渗透,eg,. with life science,Life procedure is consisted of chemical reactions of biological molecules, the transformation of matter and energy.,Chemical biology aims to explore the life procedure on the molecular level.,Chemical theories and methods,Life science,with environment engineering,To reduce pollution,To extract useful compounds from injurants,Green Chemistry,绿 色 化 学,1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一局部 有机化合物和有机化学,1.1,Introduction and a brief history,有机化学历史简介,1.2,Character of organic compound,有机化合物的特性,1.3,Research fields in organic chemistry,有机化学研究领域,1.4,The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry,有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程,1.4,The methods to study organic chemistry and,how to learn organic chemistry,有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程,1.4.1 Special methods 特殊方法,1.4.2 Ordinary methods 常规方法,Separation and purification 别离纯化,Analysis 构造分析,Elementary analysis,Determination of molecular weight,Determination of the formula,Determination of the structure,Synthesis 合成,Mechanism 机理研究,Special methods,特殊方法,On high mountains, sea bottom, in space,Kkuls dream,Pasteurs method separation of tartaric acid,极端条件下,Special environment,偶然因素,Special conditions,Ordinary methods,常规方法,Separation and purification 别离纯化,Distillation,蒸馏,Sublimation,升华,Extraction,萃取,TLC,薄板分析,薄层色谱,Crystallization,重结晶,Chromatography,柱色谱,Analysis 构造分析,Elementary analysis,元素分析,Chemical analysis,Elementary analyzer,Determination of molecular weight 分子量确实定,Physical methods,物理方法,Instrumental methods,仪器分析方法,Melting point and boiling point test,Mass spectrometry,Determination of the formula 分子式确实定,Example 1,1,4,2,2,CH,4,N,2,O,Experimental formula,Mr = 120,C,2,H,8,N,4,O,2,Determination of the structure 构造确实定,Chemical methods,Specific reactions,Instrumental methods,NMR, IR, UV,Synthesis,合成,Mechanism,机理研究,How to learn organic chemistry,如何学习有机化学课程,归纳性学科 而非演绎性学科,学习建议:,从构造和机理角度找规律,多进展比较与归纳,适当量的练习,建议大家再了解一些其它相关知识:,国际著名有机化学研究机构,我国著名有机化学研究机构,国际著名有机化学家,我国著名有机化学家,国际著名有机化学相关企业,我国著名有机化学相关企业,学科素养:,根本思维和处理问题方式 学科“文化,历史、人物、事件,研究机构、著名人物、刊物,职业素养,突发化学事件的思考与处理,绿色素养环境素养,防护素养,假设你,一个清华大学毕业的学生,正在现场。你将如何处理这个事件?,Content,Part I Organic compounds and organic chemistry,- History,第一局部 有机化合物与有机化学 历史简介,Part II Fundamental Knowledge,第二局部 根底知识, Structure, reaction & Classification, Formulas, Nomenclature, NMR, IR, UV & MS,Part II Fundamental Knowledge,第二局部 根底知识,2.1 Structure, Reaction & Classification,构造、反响与分类,2.2 Formulas 构造式,2.3 Nomenclature 命名,下一章:NMR, IR, UV & MS,2.1.1.1 Carbon element,碳元素,2.1.1.2 Covalent bond,共价键,2.1 Structure, Reaction & Classification,构造、反响与分类,2.1.1 Organic structures 有机化合物的构造,2.1.1.1,Carbon element,碳元素,C,1s,2,2s,2,2p,2,12.01,第二周期,第四主族IVA,Electro negativity of some familia elements,H,2.2,Li,1.0,Na,0.9,K,0.8,Be,1.5,Mg,1.2,Ca,1.0,Cu,1.9,Zn,1.6,Ag,1.9,Cd,1.7,Hg,1.9,B,2.0,Al,1.5,C,2.5,Si,1.7,N,3.1,P,2.1,O,3.5,S,2.4,F,4.1,Cl,2.8,Br,2.7,I,2.2,Ge,2.0,Sn,1.7,Pb,1.6,As,2.2,Sb,1.8,Bi,1.7,Se,2.5,C,1s,2,2s,2,2p,2,12.01,Electro negativity,2.5,C,4.1,F,0.8,K,第二周期,第四主族IVA,电负性,既不容易得电子,,也不容易失电子,C,C,C,difficult,Or,C,easy,碳原子外层有四个电子:,总之:碳原子既不易得电子,又不易失电子,以共价键结合,外层有四个电子 可形成四根共价键,2.1.1.1 Carbon element,碳元素,2.1.1.2 Covalent bond,共价键,2.1 Structure, Reaction & Classification,构造、反响与分类,2.1.1 Organic structures 有机化合物的构造,2.1.1.2,Covalent bond,共价键,Chemical bond,Ionic Bond,Covalent Bond,Coordination Bond,Bonding Theories,Valent Bond Theory,Molecular Obital Theory,离子键,共价键,配位键,价键理论,分子轨道理论,Valence Bond Theory,价键理论,Four key points:,A.,Electrons with opposite spin form covalent bonds;,B.,Saturation of a covalent bond;,C.,Direction of a covalent bond;,D.,Hybrid orbital theory.,sp,3,sp,2,sp,hybrid orbital,VSEPR theory,Electrons with opposite spin form covalent bond.,自旋方向相反的电子配对形成共价键,C,C,C,C,B. Saturation of a covalent bond,共价键具有饱和性,C,C,C,If a electron has been involved in one covalent bond, no third electron would be accepted.,当原子的一个未成键电子与其他原子的一个电子配对之后,就不能再与第三个电子配对。,C. Direction of a covalent bond,共价键具有方向性,成键时,两个电子的原子轨道发生重叠,重叠局部的大小决定共价键的结实程度,两种较稳定的重叠成键方式,:,原子轨道沿轨道的对称轴方向重叠, 键,两个平行的,p,轨道侧面交叠, 键,-bond,s-s,s-p,sp3-sp3,-bond,电子云分布沿键轴呈圆柱形对称,电子云密度在两个原子键轴平面的上方和下方最高,D. Hybrid Orbital Theory,杂化轨道理论,C,sp,3,hybridization,C,C,+,C,-,C,3/4,+,1/4,sp,3,hybridization,C,109,o,28,sp,3,hybridization,sp,2,hybridization,-,C,+,p,orbital,sp,2,orbital,-,C,+,+,C,-,C,2/3,+,1/3,sp,2,hybridization,90.0,o,120.0,o,+,-,C,sp,2,hybridization,sp,hybridization,-,-,+,C,+,p,orbital,sp,orbital,+,C,-,C,1/2,+,1/2,-,-,+,C,+,sp,hybridization,-,-,+,C,+,90,o,90,o,sp,hybridization,不同杂化态碳原子的电负性差异,sp,3,sp,2,sp,sp,杂化形式的轨道成键后,两成键原子间电子云密度最大的区域最偏向该碳原子,可视为,sp,杂化的碳原子的电负性最大,即:,s,成分越多的杂化形式,可视为电负性越大,VSEPR,Theory,价电子对互斥理论,V,alance,S,hell,E,lectron-,P,air,R,epulsion Theory,Electron pairs repel each other, so that the farthest apartment is always reached.,价电子对互相排斥,使得成键轨道具有最大的距离和最小的干扰。,Configuration,Bonding Angel,sp,hybridization,Linear,线型,180,sp,2,hybridization,Triangle,平面三角型,120,sp,3,hybridization,Tetrahedron,四面体型,109.5,Molecular Orbital Theory,分子轨道理论,要点:原子形成分子后,成键电子并不局限于某一个原子或某几个原子之间,而是在整个分子中运动。通过薛定谔方程可求出描述分子中电子运动状态的波函数 (分子轨道。成键电子按一定规那么填充在不同分子轨道中。,优点:将分子视为一个整体,某一电子的运动状态不仅受某一原子的影响,而是受所组成分子的原子的共同作用。,缺点:求解困难,改进:原子轨道线性组合法LCAO,即:将分子轨道视为所属原子轨道的线性组合。,组合方法:, 化学键由原子轨道重叠产生, 任何数目的原子轨道重叠时就可以形成同样数目的分子轨道, 定域键与共轭离域键相对的原子轨道数为2,结果组成两个分子轨道,其中一个比原来的原子轨道的能量低成键轨道。另一比原来轨道的能量高反键轨道以加“*表示。,LCAO(,L,inear,C,ombination of,A,tomic,O,rbital),(,1,2,3,n,),a,11,a,12,a,13,a,1n,a,21,a,22,a,23,a,2n,a,31,a,32,a,33,a,3n,a,31,a,32,a,33,a,3n,(,1,2,3,n,),=,A =,a,11,a,12,a,13,a,1n,a,21,a,22,a,23,a,2n,a,31,a,32,a,33,a,3n,a,31,a,32,a,33,a,3n,AA,1,|A|,1,Atomic Orbital,Molecular Orbital,反键轨道,成键轨道,Bond Length,键 长,Bond Angel,键 角,Bond Energy,键 能,Polarity,键的极性,Parameters of a covalent bond,键参数描述共价键的物理量,自学,Bond Energy,Bond Energy,E,A,B,+,(g),(g),A,B,(g),反响所放出的能量,或逆向反响吸收的能量,“键能,Dissociation energy,离解能,CH,4,CH,3,+ H,CH,2,+ H,CH,+ H,C,+ H,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,Bond energy of C-H bond:,键能,和,离解能,不同,离解能:指定的某一种离解方式,键能:具有平均的概念,键能,键的强度,越不易断裂,Bond Length,A,B,成键的两个原子核之间的平均距离:,形成共价键的两个原子之间存在着一定的吸引力和排斥力,使原子核之间保存着一定的距离,此距离为键长。,A,B,Bond length,is the average distance of the nuclear of the two bonding atoms.,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,H,Average Bond length,0.154nm,0.134nm,0.120nm,0.109nm,Bond Angel,A,B,C,Bond angle,eg. CH,4,C,2,H,2,HCX bond angle,109,o,28,180,o,两个共价键之间的夹角,反映了分子的空间构造,Polarity,一样原子形成共价键时,电子云对称分布在两个原子核之间,两核正中位置电子云密度最大,正电荷中心与负电荷中心相重叠,不同电子形成共价键时,电子云偏向于电负性大的,使之微负 ,C,C,C,F,Polar bond,极性键,Nonpolar bond,非极性键,C,F,d,+q,1,-q,2,Bond moment,键矩,= ed = (,q,1,+,q,2,),d,Unit: Debye,Molecular polarity,Bond polarity,Cl,Cl,Cl,Cl,Cl,Cl,Cl,H,Polar Bonds,Nonpolar Molecule,2.1.2 Organic reactions 有机化合物的反响,2.1.2.1 Cleavage of covalent bonds,共价键的断裂,2.1.2.2 Reaction types,反响类型,Hemolytic cleavage,均裂,A,B,A,B,自由基,Free radical,Unshared electron pair,未配对电子,CH,3,Cl,Hetrolytic cleavage,异裂,A,B,A,B,负离子,Anion,正离子,Cation,Carbonion,碳负离子,CH,3,+,Carbonium ion,碳正离子,CH,3,-,2.1.2 Organic reactions 有机化合物的反响,2.1.2.1 Cleavage of covalent bonds,共价键的断裂,2.1.2.2 Reaction types,反响类型,2.1.2.2 Reaction types 反响类型,Radical reaction,Ionic reaction,Concerted reaction,Radical induced reactions,Carbonion or carbonium ion induced reactions,The forming of new bonds and breaking of,old bonds occur at the same time.,自由基反响:由自由基引起的反响,离子型反响:由碳正离子或碳负离子引起的反响,协同反响:新键形成与旧键的断裂同时发生后述,By carbon sketch,Chain,Carbon cycle,Hetrocycle,2.1.3 Classification,有机化合物的分类,按碳架分类,开链化合物,碳环化合物,杂环化合物,脂环化合物,芳香族化合物,按官能团分类,官能团:有机化合物分子特别能起化学反响的一些原子或原子团,它通常可以决定化合物的主要性质。,具体分类请自学,Part II Fundamental Knowledge,第二局部 根底知识,2.1 Structure, Reaction & Classification,构造、反响与分类,2.2 Formulas 构造式,2.3 Nomenclature 命名,下一章:NMR, IR, UV & MS,2.2 Formulas 构造式,2.2.1 Lewis electron-dot structure,路易士电子式,H,Cl,H,C,H,H,H,Electron-dot structure,(Lewis structures)路易士电子式,有机化合物中不常用,2.2.2 Construction formula,构造式,Dash formula 蛛网式,Condensed formula,构造式、构造式简式,将直链上一样的亚甲基合并,侧链基团用括号写于所连原子的右侧,第一个碳原子上的取代基可写在左侧,CH,3,(CH,2,),3,CH,3,CH,3,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,3,CH,3,C(CH,3,),2,CH,3,2.2.3 Line-bond structure,键线式,H,、,C,可省去不写,其它元素不可省略,端点与拐角各代表一个碳原子,单线代表单键,双线代表双键,叁线代表叁键,甲烷、乙烷、乙烯和乙炔等一般不用键线式表示,Rather than,CH,3,CH,2,OCH,2,CH,3,C and H atoms are omitted, while other types of atoms are not.,Part II Fundamental Knowledge,第二局部 根底知识,2.1 Structure, Reaction & Classification,构造、反响与分类,2.2 Formulas 构造式,2.3 Nomenclature 命名,下一章:NMR, IR, UV & MS,2.3 Nomenclature,命名,2.3.1 几个与命名有关的词,2.3.2 根本步骤,2.3.3 复杂构造命名的几个小原那么,Prefix & Suffix,(A),甲 乙 丙 丁 戊 己 庚 辛 壬 癸,(B),1,o, 2,o, 3,o, 4,o,Primary secondary tertiary tetra-,(,伯 仲 叔 季,),(C),-yl, -ylene, -ylidyne,(,基 亚基 次基,),(D),n-, iso-, neo-,(,正 异 新 伯 仲 叔 季,),2.3.1,几个与命名有关的词,“天干地支简称“干支,是夏历中用来编排年号和日期用的。 天干:甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸;地支:子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥,也称十二地支。,(A),甲 乙 丙 丁 戊 己 庚 辛 壬 癸,来源于中国“天干地支的“天干,与碳原子个数关联,Alkanes are usually named after Chinese era.,甲,是拆的意思,指万物剖符而出,.,乙,是轧的意思,指万物出生,抽轧而出,.,丙,是炳的意思,指万物炳然著见,.,炳,长,势正旺,丁,是强的意思,指万物丁壮,.,戊,是茂的意思,指万物茂盛,.,己,是纪的意思,指万物有形可纪识,.,庚,是更的意思,指万物收敛有实,.,辛,是新的意思,指万物初新皆收成,.,壬,是任的意思,指阳气任养万物之下,.,癸,是揆的意思,指万物可揆度,.,中文名,分子式,中文名,分子式,甲烷,CH,4,庚烷,C,7,H,16,乙烷,C,2,H,6,辛烷,C,8,H,18,丙烷,C,3,H,8,壬烷,C,9,H,20,丁烷,C,4,H,10,癸烷,C,10,H,22,戊烷,C,5,H,12,十一烷,C,11,H,24,己烷,C,6,H,14,十二烷,C,12,H,26,(B),1,o, 2,o, 3,o, 4,o,Primary, secondary, tertiary, tetra- (,伯、仲、叔、季,),与一个碳原子相连的碳原子 1o碳伯碳、一级碳,与两个碳原子相连的碳原子 2o碳仲碳、二级碳,与三个碳原子相连的碳原子 3o碳叔碳、三级碳,与四个碳原子相连的碳原子 4o碳季碳、四级碳,H,H,H,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,0,Primary carbon,Secondary carbon,Tertiary carbon,Quaternary carbon,C,H,H,C,H,C,C,与伯碳原子相连的氢原子 1o氢伯氢、一级氢,与仲碳原子相连的氢原子 2o氢仲氢、二级氢,与叔碳原子相连的氢原子 3o氢叔氢、三级氢,H,H,H,1,0,2,0,3,0,Primary hydrogen,Secondary hydrogen,Tertiary hydrogen,C,H,H,C,H,C,C,伯,仲,叔,季,(C),-yl, -ylene, -ylidyne (,基、亚基、次基,),基,亚基,次基,Univalent atoms or groups,基: 一个化合物从形式上去掉一个单价的原,子或原子团的剩余局部称之为“基,基,甲基,乙基,正丙基,Ethyl Et,Name,Abv.,Chinese naming,Methyl Me,n-Propyl n-Pro,IUPAC nomenclature allowed group naming,Name,Isopropyl,Abv.,i-Pr-,Chinese naming,异丙基,Isobutyl,i-Bu-,异丁基,Isobutyl,i-Bu-,叔丁基,Sec-butly,S-Bu-,仲丁基,复杂的基系统命名,从基的第一个原子开场,沿最长链编号,亚基:一个化合物从形式上去掉两个单价或,一个双价的原子或原子团的剩余局部,例如:,1,4 -,1,3 -,亚基,Methylene,Ethylene,1,2-ethylene,Butylene,1,4-butylene,1,3-butylene,次基:一个化合物从形式上去掉三个单价同一原子或一个叁价的原子或原子团的剩余局部,次基,次甲基,Methylidyne,次乙基,Ethylidyne,(D),n-, iso-, neo-,正,straight chain, no branch,n-,n-pentane,正戊烷,n-pentyl,正戊基,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季, 化合物命名:直链,无支链, 基的命名:从,直链,烷烃上失去,伯氢,the group obtained when one primary hydrogen is removed,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,异,iso-,a straight chain with one methyl group on site 2,iso-pentane,异戊烷,iso-butane,异丁烷, 化合物的命名:只有,第二位,上有,一个,甲基,其余为直链,iso-butyl,异丁基,iso-pentyl,异戊基, 基的命名:只有,第二位,上有一个甲基,,且从长链的,另一端,失去伯氢,异,iso-,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,新,two methyl groups on site 2,neo-, 化合物的命名:只有,第二位,上有,两个,甲基,其余为长链,新戊烷,新己烷, 基的命名:只有第二位上有两个甲基,,且从长链的,另一端,失去伯氢,新戊基,新己基,新,neo-,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,伯,Primary,H,H,H,1,0,Primary carbon,C,1,0,Primary hydrogen,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,仲,Secondary,H,H,2,0,Secondary carbon,C,2,0,Secondary hydrogen,the alkyl group obtained when a secondary hydrogen is removed,从,直链烷烃,上去掉一个,仲氢,原子所得的烷基,仲丁基,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,叔,Tertiary,H,H,Tertiary carbon,C,3,0,Tertiary hydrogen,3,0,the alkyl group obtained when a tertiary hydrogen is removed,去掉一个叔氢后所得的烷基,且一般仅限于如下构造,叔丁基,叔戊基,正,异,新,伯,仲,叔,季,季,Quaternary,4,0,Quaternary carbon,C,IUPAC nomenclature,1979 AD.,1980 AD.,One name,Constitution,Translation,One compound,原那么:“一名对一物可能“一物对多名,IUPAC概况: 化学通报 8:571984,大学化学 13(2):61(1998),IUPAC系统命名细那么参见网络学堂资料,Three Steps:,1) parent name,找母体,2) numbering,编号,3) nomenclature,书写,2.3.2 根本步骤,Step I: parent name,找母体,A. 母体是哪一类化合物? “母体官能团,“辈份高,“辈份中,“辈份低,一般不做母体官能团,以“辈分最高的为“母体官能团,确定化合物类别,烷烃,烯烃,炔烃,烯炔,取代烷烃,羧酸,取代羧酸,B.,确定,母体,“主链,含母体官能团的最长链,主链:戊酸,Step II: numbering,编号,A.,优先照顾母体官能团,使其位次最小,B. 如果两种编号方式母体官能团位次均一样,那么可兼顾取代基,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,1,注:既有双键又有叁键!,使双键、叁键有最低的编号,假设编号有选择,那么优先双键,1,1,Step III: nomenclature,书写,取代基位号,-,取代基名称,-,母体官能团位号,-,母体,假设有几个一样的支链,那么在支链前加“二、三等数字,表示支链位置的几个阿拉伯数字之间用逗号,3-,羟基戊酸,3,3-,二甲基戊酸,3-,甲基,-3-,戊醇,2.3.3 复杂构造命名的几个小原那么,均为“己烷,如何选主链?,小原那么一:候选主链如有多个等长的碳链,那么选含有支链数目最多的为主链。,1,4,3,2,6,5,7,8,1,4,3,2,6,5,7,8,Substitution groups on 3, 4 sites.,Substitution groups on 2, 4 sites.,两种选法均含有两个支链,,,何如?,小原那么二最低系列规那么:假设两条链链长一样,且支链数也一样,那么选支链位号最小的为主链,并以此规那么编号。,1,4,3,2,6,5,7,1,4,3,2,6,5,7,3,4,6,2,4,5,比较编号大小的原那么:按编号顺序比较,先比第一个,假设一样那么比第二个依此类推。,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6,2,4,5,2,3,5,最低系列规那么亦用于编号,顺序规那么:为了决定有关原子或基团排列顺序而人为定下的规那么,序列小的写在前面。,如何编号?,从小的基团一端开场编号,基团谁大谁小?,1单原子取代基:按原子序数大小排列,原子序数大的顺序大,原子序数小的顺序小。,基团大小的判定,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,B,C,N,O,F,In,Sn,Sb,Te,I,Ga,Ge,As,Se,Br,(2)多原子取代基:先比较第一个原子,如果两个多原子基团的第一个原子一样,那么比较与它相连的其他原子,比较时,按原子序数排列,先比较最大的一个,仍一样,再顺序比较居中的、最小的。,-C(C,H,H),-C(H,H,H),-C(Cl,H,H),-C(F, F,H),-C(C,H,H),-C(C,H,H),-C(H,H,H),-C(C,H,H),C1,C2,C1,C2,(3)含有双键或叁键的基团,可认为连有两个或叁个一样的原子。,小原那么三:如果两个不同取代基所取代的位置按两种编号法位号一样,那么从顺序较小基团的一端开场编号。,小原那么四:书写时顺序较小的基团列于前,此处与英文命名不同!,4-,丙基,-8-,异丙基十一烷,小原那么五:如支链上还有取代基,那么从与主链相连的碳原子开场,将支链的碳原子依次编号,支链上取代基的位置就由这个编号所得的位号表示。,Thank you!,
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