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English Song Abraham, Martin he was the youngest to die. 2. John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the thirty-fifth president of the US. In his Inaugural Address (就职演说) he said: “Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country.” As President, he took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. Dr. King was a pivotal (关键) figure in the Civil Rights Movement. His lectures and dialogues stirred (激起) the concern and sparked the conscience of a generation. In one of his speeches, he said, “I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that . one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with the little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.”3. Martin Luther King Dr. King was shot while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. Dr. King was in Memphis to help lead sanitation workers in a protest against low wages and intolerable working conditions. Kennedy enforced a Federal court order admitting the first African American student James Meredith to the University of Mississippi. The riot (暴动) that had followed Merediths registration (注册) had left two dead and hundreds injured. Robert Kennedy saw voting as the key4. Bobby Kennedy Bobby Kennedy or Robert F. Kennedy, was the brother of President John F. Kennedy. He was appointed attorney general (司法部长) of the United States in the early 1960s. In September 1962, Attorney General to racial (种族的) justice (正义) and collaborated (合作) with President Kennedy when he proposed the most far-reaching civil rights statute since Reconstruction, The Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed after President Kennedy was slain on November 22, 1963. Robert Francis Kennedy was slain on June 5, 1968 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. He was 42 years old. Although his life was cut short, Robert Kennedys vision and ideals live on today. 1. What is an underground railroad in the normal sense?2. What is this underground railroad special for?3. Can you imagine what this railroad was built for?Text Prediction Read the introductory part of the text and think about the following questions. In 2004 a center in honor of the “underground railroad” opens in Cincinnati. The railroad was unusual. It sold no tickets and had no trains. Yet it carried thousands of passengers to the destination of their dreams. 4. What probably are the dreams of the passengers?5. What probably is the destination of their dreams?6. What is the text probably about? Map Reading Read the following three maps and answer the following questions. Click to see big picture. 1. Find the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia.2. Which states are most densely populated with slaves?Which part do these states belong to, the Northern States or the Southern States?3. Where did most slaves want to go? Timeline of Slavery1619 Slaves in VirginiaAfricans brought to Jamestown are the first slaves imported into Britains North American colonies.1705 Slaves as PropertyDescribing slaves as real estate, Virginia lawmakers allowed owners to bequeath their slaves. The same law allowed masters to “kill and destroy” runaways. 1775 American Revolution BeganBattles at the Massachusetts towns of Lexington and Concord on April 19 sparked the war for American independence from Britain. 1776 Declaration of IndependenceThe Continental Congress asserted “that these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States”. 1783 American Revolution EndedBritain and the infant United States signed the Peace of Paris treaty. 1808 United States Banned Slave TradeImporting African slaves was outlawed, but smuggling continued. 1860 Abraham Lincoln ElectedAbraham Lincoln of Illinois became the first Republican to win the United States Presidency. 18611865 United States Civil WarFour years of brutal conflict claimed 623,000 lives. 1863 The Emancipation ProclamationPresident Abraham Lincoln decreed that all slaves in rebel territory were free on January 1, 1863. 1865 Slavery AbolishedThe 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution outlawed slavery. The Underground Railroad was not underground. Because escaping slaves and the people who helped them were technically breaking the law, they had to stay out of sight. They went “underground” in terms of concealing their actions. Sometimes they even hid in unusual places. Many clever and creative ideas helped slaves during their escape. When abolitionist (废奴主义者) John Fairfield needed to sneak (偷偷摸摸地进行) 28 slaves over the roads near Cincinnati, he hired a hearse (灵车) and disguised the group as a funeral procession. The Underground Railroad1. General Information Henry “Box” Brown, a slave, had himself shipped from Richmond to Philadelphia in a wooden box. 2. Routes to Freedom The routes the slaves traveled appear in this map. The trip is 560 miles (900 kilometers) long. A strong, lucky runaway might have made it to freedom in two months. For others, especially in bad weather, the trek (跋涉) might have lasted a year. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is one of the most famous and popular pieces of Civil War literature. Drawn from selected pieces of real life anecdotes, Uncle Toms Cabin was a book that drew many people into the fight over the institution of slavery. Northerners hailed (欢呼) the book, while southern slaveholders abhorred it. Uncle Toms Cabin True or FalsePart Division of the Text Further Understanding Further UnderstandingText Analysis Questions and Answers True or False1. Just like Uncle Tom in Uncle Toms Cabin, Josiah Henson was a long-suffering slave who was unwilling to stand up for himself. FAccording to Barbara Carter, Josiah Henson was a man of principle and totally different from Uncle Tom. ( )2. All the men and women who forged the Underground Railroad were blacks. FSome whites were driven by religious convictions and took part in this movement. ( ) 3. These railroad conductors were frequently faced with death threats and warnings from the local government. T( )4. Many fugitives chose Canada as their primary destination because slavery had been abolished there. T( ) Part Division of the TextParts Para(s) Main Ideas1 15 It is high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forging the Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America.2 623 By citing examples the author praises the exploits of civil-rights heroes who helped slaves travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Questions and AnswersUncle Tom was an enduring slave and unwilling to struggle for himself, while Josiah Henson did what he believed was right and took an active part in the anti-slavery movement.1. Both Josiah Henson and Uncle Tom were slaves. But in the eyes of Barbara Carter, they were different. In what way was Josiah Henson different from Uncle Tom? In the Bible, Moses was the leader who brought the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and led them to the Promised Land. Just like Moses, Henson helped hundreds of slaves escape to Canada and liberty, so he was called an African-American Moses.2. Why was Henson called an African-American Moses?The Underground Railroad was a secret web of escape routes and safe houses. Many men and women, including both the blacks and whites, together forged it.3. What was the Underground Railroad? Who forged it? Because most of them remain too little remembered and their exploits are still largely unsung.4. Why does the author want to tell the readers the stories of the heroes of the Underground Railroad? Text Analysis In this part, the author tells the stories of three civil-rights heroes. Who are they? Give the main idea of each story.Stories Main Ideas1 After winning his own freedom from slavery, John Parker helped other slaves escape north to Canada to get freedom.Heroes Para(s) John Parker 610 Stories Main Ideas3 Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin helped black slaves escape at huge risk to himself.Heroes Para(s) Josiah Henson 1623 2 Levi Coffin 1115 By traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his destination and became free at last. A gentle breeze swept the Canadian plains as I stepped outside the small two-story house. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history. As we walked toward a plain gray church, B a r b a r a C a r t e r s p o k eproudly of her great-great-grandfather, Josiah Henson. “He was confident that the Creator intended all men to be created equal. And he never gave up struggling for that freedom.” THE FREEDOM GIVERS Fergus M. Bordewich Carters devotion to her ancestor is about more than personal pride: it is about family honor. For Josiah Henson has lived on through the character in American fiction that he helped inspire: Uncle Tom, the long-suffering slave in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. Ironically, that character has come to symbolize everything Henson was not. A racial sellout unwilling to stand up for himself? Carter gets angry at the thought. “Josiah Henson was a man of principle,” she said firmly. I had traveled here to Hensons last home now a historic site that Carter formerly directed to learn more about a man who was, in many ways, an African-American Moses. After winning his own freedom from slavery, Henson secretly helped hundreds of other slaves to escape north to Canada and liberty. Many settled here in Dresden with him. Yet this stop was only part of a much larger mission for me. Josiah Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South. Between 1820 and 1860, as many as 100,000 slaves traveled the Railroad to freedom. In October 2000, President Clinton authorized $16 million for the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center to honor this first great civil-rights struggle in the U. S. The center is scheduled to open in 2004 in Cincinnati. And its about time. For the heroes of the Underground Railroad remain too little remembered, their exploits still largely unsung. I was intent on telling their stories. John Parker tensed when he heard the soft knock. Peering out his door into the night, he recognized the face of a trusted neighbor. “Theres a party of escaped slaves hiding in the woodsin Kentucky, twenty miles from the river,” the man whispered urgently. Parker didnt hesitate. “Ill go,” he said, pushing a pair of pistols into his pockets. Born a slave two decades before, in the 1820s, Parker had been taken from his mother at age eight and forced to walk in chains from Virginia to Alabama, where he was sold on the slave market. Determined to live free someday, he managed to get trained in iron molding. Eventually he saved enough money working at this trade on the side to buy his freedom. Now, by day, Parker worked in an iron foundry in the Ohio port of Ripley. By night he was a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad, helping people slip by the slave hunters. In Kentucky, where he was now headed, there was a $1000 reward for his capture, dead or alive. Crossing the Ohio River on that chilly night, Parker found ten fugitives frozen with fear. “Get your bundles and follow me,” he told them, leading the eight men and two women toward the river. They had almost reached shore Parker saw a small boat and, with a shout, pushed the escaping slaves into it. There was room for all but two. As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched helplessly as the pursuers closed in around the men he was forced to leave behind. shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news. The others made it to the Ohio shore, where Parker hurriedly arranged for a wagon to take them to the next “station” on the Underground Railroad the first leg of their journey to safety in Canada. Over the course of his life, John Parker guided more than 400 slaves to safety. While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences, whites were commonly driven by religious convictions. Levi Coffin, a Quaker raised in North Carolina, explained, “The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color.” In the 1820s Coffin moved west to Newport (now Fountain City), Indiana, where he opened a store. Word spread that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home. At times he sheltered as many as 17 fugitives at once, and he kept a team and wagon ready to convey them on the next leg of their journey. Eventually three principal routes converged at the Coffin house, which came to be the Grand Central Terminal of the Underground Railroad. For his efforts, Coffin received frequent death threats and warnings that his store and home would be burned. Nearly every conductor faced similar risks or worse. In the North, a magistrate might have imposed a fine or a brief jail sentence for aiding those escaping. In the Southern states, whites were sentenced to months or even years in jail. One courageous Methodist minister, Calvin Fairbank, was imprisoned for more than 17 years in Kentucky, where he kept a log of his beatings: 35,105 stripes with the whip. As for the slaves, escape meant a journey of hundreds of miles through unknown country, where they were usually easy to recognize. With no road signs and few maps, they had to put their trust in directions passed by word of mouth and in secret signs nails driven into trees, for example that conductors used to mark the route north. Many slaves traveled under cover of night, their faces sometimes caked with white powder. Quakers often dressed their “passengers,” both male and female, in gray dresses, deep bonnets andand full veils. On one occasion, Levi Coffin was transporting so many runaway slaves that he disguised them as a funeral procession. Canada was the primary destination for many fugitives. Slavery had been abolished there in 1833, and Canadian authorities encouraged the runaways to settle their vast virgin land. Among them was Josiah Henson. As a boy in Maryland, Henson watched as his entire family was sold to different buyers, and he saw his mother harshly beaten when she tried to keep him with her. Making the best of his lot, Henson worked diligently and rose far in his owners regard. Money problems eventually compelled his master to send Henson, his wife and children to a brother in Kentucky. After laboring there for several years, Henson heard alarming news: the new master was planning to sell him for plantation work far away in the Deep South. The slave would be separated forever from his family. There was only one answer: flight. “I knew the North Star,” Henson wrote years later. “Like the star of Bethlehem, it announced where my salvation lay. ” At huge risk, Henson and his wife set off with their four children. Two weeks later, starving and exhausted, the family reached Cincinnati, where they made contact with members of the Underground Railroad. “Carefully they provided for our welfare, and then they set us thirty miles on our way by wagon.” The Hensons continued north, arriving at last in Buffalo, N. Y. There a friendly captain pointed across the Niagara River. “Do you see those trees? he said. They grow on free soil.” He gave Henson a dollar and arranged for a boat, which carried the slave and his family across the river to Canada. “I threw myself on the ground, rolled in the sand and danced around, till, in the eyes of several who were present, I passed for a madman. Hes some crazy fellow, said a Colonel Warren.” “Oh, no! Dont you know? Im free!” Paraphrase the sentence.Josiah Henson observed/followed moral principles. Josiah Henson was a man of principle. 1. Who was Moses?In the Old Testament, Moses was the Hebrew prophet and lawgiver who led the Israelites out of Egypt.I had traveled here to Hensons last home now a historic site that Carter formerly directed to learn more about a man who was, in many ways, an African-American Moses. 2. Why was Henson called an African-American Moses?Henson, a black who lived in America, helped other blacks escape from the US. Josiah Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, What is the part of speech of but in this sentence?And what does but mean? Here but is an adverb, which means “only”. Translate the sentence into Chinese.后来他终于靠这门手艺攒够钱赎回了自由。Eventually he saved enough money working at this trade on the side to buy his freedom. Paraphrase the sentence.In Kentucky, where he was now headed, there was a $1000 reward for his capture, dead or alive. In Kentucky, anyone who captured him, no matter he was dead or alive, would be rewarded $1000 and now he was going to Kentucky. There was room for all but two. What does but mean? What is the part of speech of but in this sentence?Here but is a preposition, which means “except”. 1. What does made it mean?Make it means “succeed in doing something”. Here made it means “arrived (at the Ohio shore)”. The others made it to the Ohio shore, where Parker hurriedly arranged for a wagon to take them to the next “station” on the Underground Railroad the first leg of their journey to safety in Canada. 2. What does leg mean?Leg means “a stage of a journey or course”. For example, the last leg of the flight (飞 行 中 的 最后 一 段 路 程 ). What is a Quaker?Levi Coffin, a Quaker raised in North Carolina, A Quaker is any member of the Society of Friends, a religious group established in England in the 1650s by George Fox. They were originally called Quakers because members were thought to “quake” or shake with religious excitement. Quakers worship Christ without any formal ceremony or fixed beliefs, and their meetings often involve silent thought or prayer. They are strongly opposed to violence and war, and are active in education and charity work. 1. What does lot mean in this sentence? Making the best of his lot, Henson worked diligently and rose far in his owners regard.Lot means “ones fortune in life, fate”. 2. Paraphrase “rose far in his owners regard”. He was regarded highly by his owner. breeze: n. a gentle wind A gentle breeze blew over the garden. 凉爽清新的微风a cool, refreshing breeze All of the following words are related to wind. Can you match them with their definitions?NB: hurricane a strong, abrupt rush of wind a very strong wind a severe tropical cyclone, usu. involving heavy rainsa rotating column of air gustgale tornado 1. (of people) slim; not very wide but comparatively long or highslender fingers slender: adj. 2. (of things) slight; inadequate 有苗条身材的女子 a woman with a slender figure a slender waist 渺茫的希望slender hopes a slender income slender, thin support sb./sthDont be afraid to stand up for your rights. 我所有的朋友都会支持我。 All my friends will stand up for me. A soldier must stand up to the danger. 士兵必须敢于面对危险。stand up to: to oppose fearlessly; to bear, to last你的论点根本经不起仔细检查。 Your argument just wont stand up to close scrutiny. a rule or standard, especially of good behaviorI usually follow the principle that it is better not to get involved in other peoples quarrels.principle: n.She was a woman of principle.我们恪守人人都应受到公平对待的原则。We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. Collocation： 违反原则against ones principle 作为原则性问题 as a matter of principle 按照原则，根据原则 by principle 有原则的 of principle 坚持原则 adhere to ones principles 抛弃原则 abandon ones principles historic: adj. famous or important in history a historic spot两位领导人的具有历史意义的会见a historic meeting between the two l
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