Culture-loaded expressions

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文化词与文化含义词,1,文化词（Cultural Words）,Peter Newmark calls them Empty Words,The word (phrase) that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural uniqueness or cultural word.,2,Cultural Words 5 Types,1.,Ecological,eg. selva, igloo, sirocoo,三伏, 三九,2.,Material,eg. swallowtail,马褂,ravioli,包子, 粽子,3.,Socio-cultural,eg. snooker, cricket, teleathon, Lord Chancellor,大锅饭, 民工,家庭联产承包责任制,4.,Religious,eg. cathedral, abbey,阴阳, 庵,老天,5.,Gesticular,eg.,叩头,作揖,单腿跪拜,3,文化含义词（Culturally Loaded Word/Phrases）,The word (phrase) whose referent is,not,a unique thing or conception in one culture, but does not overlap with that in another culture, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called culturally loaded word.,4,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,1.,Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（,切分和归类不同）,eg. Family members,1) sex,2) generation,3) degree of lineality (direct or indirect),eg. Colours,eg. Cooking methods,5,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,2. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（联想不同）,eg. Red,eg. Magpie,eg. Summer,eg. West wind,6,Culturally Loaded Words 3 Types,3.,Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（,语用规范不同）,“Cultural meanings are expressed in the cognitive structures as well as norms of behaviour people utilize when using language.” (Kachru Yamuna),eg. Yes or No,eg. You dont say./ You are not ,eg. Now you are talking ,eg. Oh, you shouldntt have ,7,Translating Cultural Words,1.,Full borrowing （,全式借用）,eg. garage, reservoir, spaghetti, plaza,2. Semi-borrowing（,半式借用）,eg. comrade (comarada), cartoon (cartone),3. Transliteration （,音译）,eg. kowtow, feng shui, dim sum,4. Semi-transliteration（,半音译）,eg. tea house, tong oil, taoism,5. Loan translation（,仿译）,eg.,蜜月，蓝领，超人，,lose face, paper tiger,8,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,1. Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different classification（,切分和归类不同）,1),borrowing（,借用）,eg. sake, kaoliang, cigar,2) substitution（,替代）,eg. temple for,寺，庙，庵，观,3),paraphrasing（,释义）,亲家，妯娌，连襟,9,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,2.,Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different association（,联想不同）,1),loan translation（,仿译）,eg.,黑名单，瓶颈，连锁反应,2) substitution（,替代）,eg.,蓝眼睛, 红眼病,green-eyed,3) paraphrasing（,释义）,eg.,九曲十八弯，走桃花运，,tongue-in-cheek,10,Translating Culturally Loaded Words,3.,Culturally loaded words (phrases) due to different cultural norms（,语用规范不同）,substitution（,替代）,eg.,吃了吗？/上哪儿去？,eg. How are you?/ How do you do?,eg.,司马昭之心，路人皆知,Si-Ma-Zhaos heart?,notorious?,as plain as the nose on face?,an open secret?,11,Exercise: Try Translating Them,尊重，干部，态度，国家，意义，关心，情况，宣传，统一，传统,讲，搞，化,个体经济，社会主义精神文明，乱收费，基本实现小康，街道妇女，三高农业,12,Examples Analysis,处理国与国关系的时候，我们应该,尊重,现实。,When dealing with inter-state relations, we should,face,reality.,13,Examples Analysis,国有企业的主要,领导干部,应该坚决抵制和反对腐败。,Leading,managerial staff,of state-owned enterprises should resolutely resist and oppose corruption.,14,Examples Analysis,今天，亚洲和欧洲的国家领导人聚集一堂，以平等友好的,态度,，就广泛领域的合作交换意见。,Today, leaders of Asian and European countries gather here to exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas on an equal footing and in a friendly,manner,.,15,Examples Analysis,互相尊重,国家,主权，是开展国际合作的重要前提。,Mutual respect for,state,sovereignty is an important prerequisite for carrying out international cooperation.,16,Examples Analysis,我们在贵国度过了内容丰富和有,意义,的六天时间。,Our six-day stay in your country has been pleasant, substantial and,interesting,.,17,Examples Analysis,我们希望一切,关心,中东地区稳定的国家多做有利于解决争端的工作。,We hope that all countries that,care about,the stability of the Middle East will do more to help resolve the disputes.,18,Examples Analysis,最近，在南海问题上出现一些新的,情况,，我想借此机会与您交换意见。,Recently, some new,complications,have occurred on the South China Sea. I wish to take this opportunity to exchange views with you.,19,Examples Analysis,在对内努力推进经济社会发展的同时，还应该大力加强对外,宣传,。,While doing a good job in advancing social and economic development, we should also make great efforts to enhance,promotion/publicity,to the outside world.,20,Examples Analysis,在这个问题上，我们已经,统一,了思想。,As for this issue, we have already,reached consensus/achieve common understanding,.,21,Examples Analysis,双方应保证两国公民在边境地区的,传统,经济生活正常进行。,The two sides should ensure their citizens in the border area a normal economic life as they,used to lead,.,22,Examples Analysis,一次分配,讲,效益，二次分配,讲,公平。,Stress is put on,efficiency in the first distribution of income, and on equality in the second distribution of income.,讲,大话，,讲,空话都不行。,Neither bragging nor empty talk will do.,讲,信义是我们民族的传统。,Acting in good faith is a Chinese tradition.,23,Examples Analysis,我们说话算数，不,搞,小动作。,We mean what we say. We do not,play pretty tricks/games,.,他到北京工作了两个月，,搞,得很好。,He worked in Beijing for two months and,did a good job,there.,我们必须一心一意,搞,建设。,We must concentrate on economic development.,搞,经济协作区，这个路子是对的。,It is the right thing to,establish,economic cooperation between developed and less developed areas.,24,Examples Analysis,国民经济市场,化,、社会,化,程度明显提高。,Market has noticeably assumed greater importance in our national economy and more and more social services have been made available.,美,化,环境,To beautify the environment,干部队伍的年轻,化,、知识,化,、专业,化,。,To make our rank of leaders younger, better educated and more competent professionally.,25,Examples Analysis,个体经济,self-employment, family business,社会主义精神文明,socialist civilization with high cultural level and moral standards,乱收费,arbitrary charges,基本实现小康,build a moderately well-off society,街道妇女,housewives working in the neighbourhood,三高农业,high-yield, cost-effective and high-tech agriculture,26,Examples Analysis,南北朝,的祖冲之计算出,圆周率,为3.1415926。,In the Northern and Southern Dynasties,in the 4,th,century AD, Chinas,mathematician,Zu Chongzhi calculated ,(the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter),to be 3.1415926.,27,Examples Analysis,玄奘,万里取经，带回南亚国家的古老文化。,郑和,“,七下西洋,”，把中华文化传向远方的国度。,Eminent Monk,Xuan Zang,of the Tang Dynasty (618 907),brought back ancient culture after braving long journeys to South Asian countries.,In the Ming Dynasty (1368 1644),Chinese navigator,Cheng Ho led a fleet to what the people called the West Sea seven times,in the 15,th,century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land.,28,Examples Analysis,张骞出使西域，开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。,Imperial envoy,Zhang Qians trip to the West,in the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD) over 2,000 years,ago opened up the world-famous Silk Road.,29,Examples Analysis,早在公元前二千五百年，中国人就开始了,仰观天文,、,俯察地理,的活动，逐渐形成了“,天人合一,”的宇宙观。,As early as 2,500 BC, Chinese began,astronomical observation,and,geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of,an integration of the universe and humanity,.,30,