CET4完型填空精讲

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,四级完型填空精讲,1,CLOSE TEST,总则,:,测试学生综合运用语言能力,.,难度,:,适中,题材,:,熟悉,字数,:200,要求,:,共,20,题，共,71,分，占,10%.,考试时间为,15,分钟,在全面理解的基础上选择最佳答案，使短文的意思恢复完整,所填词为结构词和实译词,2,时间分配,15分钟,=通读skimming(3分钟),+ 答题(10 分钟，半分钟一道),+ 回顾review(2分钟),完型填空最考语感，所以答题时要相信直觉，不可颠来倒去。一道题,30秒还没有搞定，立刻跳过。,3,20,个选项当中，一般来说,名词,5,个，,动词,6,个，,形容词,1,个，,其他词,(,介词、连词、代词、副词,) 8,个。,注意： 介词和副词考的最多。,4,CLOZE TEST,完形填空综合了,词汇、结构,以及,阅读理解,部分的测试内容。它不仅测试应试者在,词汇,和,句子,水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在,语篇,上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。,5,1),体裁上均为,说明文,，文体特点比较突出：用词准确；被动语态句子多；时态多为一般现在时；句子结构完整；逻辑性强；重客观陈述，力排主观成分；词的复现多。,2),文章短,空白多。文章平均篇幅长度,218,个词,空白密度大，语言交流的未知信息多，理解文章的难度就增大，自然也加大了试题的难度。,3),文章题材涉及教育，科技，人文等，其内容和范围能为学生所理解和接受，难度不超过大学英语的实际水平。,CLOZE,命题特点,6,完型填空考点分析,完型填空糅合了词汇题和阅读理解题的精华知识，出题者对于这类题型的出题思路严谨而科学，考点明确，所以大家可以从以下几个方面入手应对：,1.,词语的辨析，,ABCD,四个选项可能是同义词，近义词或反义词。,2 .,上下文的逻辑关系，这一点很重要，因为英语本身是逻辑的语言，相当讲究起承转合，这一点清楚了，阅读和写作能力也会得到提高。,3.,固定搭配的使用，比如,some, others, _ others.,考察考生是否知道这里应该填,still,。,4.,动词的用法，这一点比较宽泛，简单点会考时态和语态，稍微复杂些会考诸如非谓语动词之类，再难点就会考察熟词僻义等等。,5.,介词的用法。英语是多用介词的语言，介词常可看作是弱化的动词，希望大家高度重视。,7,建议：,1, 拿到题目，首先从,语法和词汇,角度考虑，因为语法考察要占,70%,以上（其中有与词汇考察相交部分），每一题必然是考某一个语法点。掌握语法结构和规则，记住短语搭配，用熟悉的短语去推断正确的答案。,2, 从语法着手不行之后，在从,句意,着手，透彻理解句子的意思。,3,重视,第一印象,，总是第一反应，因为第一反应往往来自于,语感,。,4,先易后难,，容易的熟悉的题要一跳而过，难题也不要多花时间，先猜一个答案，（以记），再在题目前做一个记号，等到检查时，再考虑。也许在做其它题目时，你会得到某种启示。,8,要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。,一、词组二、词语的搭配三、词的辨义四、词的反义关系五、语篇关系六、语法关系七、指代关系,逻辑推理、对比,9,Main Idea and Structure,步骤一，了解大意,通读整篇文章，弄清文章的大意和结构，确立正确的背景知识。考生在第一遍阅读中，要善于从文章开头的几句话中把握短文的背景、主题或结构，并结合常识判断构建一定的预期，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。通常情况下，文章,开头的一、两句话,都是完整的信息，这些句子揭示文章的背景知识或主题思想，考生在阅读中一定要仔细研读，为后面的阅读扫清障碍。,10,步骤二，初选答案,文章读完了，了解大意后，考生便可以开始填空了。在填每个,空格时，可以从出题者的出题思路着手，初步作出每个题的答,案。总的来说，出题人有以下六种出思路。,(,一,),词义与词形的辨析。选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、,形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。,(,二,),逻辑关系。所填空格的句子，与上下文构成指代、列举、 因果、比较、对比、让步、补充、递进等逻辑关系。,(,三,),结构识别。这里讲到的结构，是指英文中句子结构的固定词组，如,not onlybut/ as well,somethe others/ still others,11,(,四,),固定搭配。这里的固定搭配，是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如：同样是“利用,”,却有不同的搭配,take advantage of sth. /make use of sth.,(,五,),语法题。包括词序、结构词,(,连词、介词的搭配,),、,动词词形,(,时态、语态、语气、动名词、不定式、分词,),、不定代词的用法、比较级的使用,.,其中动词的用法最为重要,考生应从动词的时态、语态,(,被动语态和主动语态,),以及非谓语动词,(,不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词,),几个角度逐一考虑。,12,步骤三，寻找线索,完形填空不同于句子与结构，必须要从整篇文章入手，通篇考虑，结合上下文答案，寻找线索就秉诚了这一思想。有些题从单纯的句子来考虑，我们会发现四个选项均可以入选，但从上下文的线索入手，就能迅速排除其它三个，找到正确答案，从某种意义上来说，“寻找线索“不仅可以考察考生的语言知识，而且更强调对文章内容的整体把握。,如背景知识题，其主要是考查读者的常识。有时文章中提供的信息并不够，还需要与读者头脑中储存的一般知识信息结合起来考虑，最后做出符合常识的最佳选择。,13,步骤四，回头补缺,在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。不提倡考生在某一题上花费大量的时间。道理不言自明，只要考生坚持往下做，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解也越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚也。,14,步骤五,:,核实答案,题目填完后,(,除个别难度较大的题目外,),，考生应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读，通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来，不仅可以改正填错的词，而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发，把做不上来的题目填出来。,15,结合内容，,初选答案,（一）词义与词形的辨析。选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。,Geographers compare and contrast,71,places on the earth.,71. A) similar B) various C) distant D) famous,译文：地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。,如果单从语法的角度而言，,A,、,B,、,C,、,D,四个选项都能入选，出题者精心设计只为考察,compare,和,contrast,的精确含义。,compare,意为,to exam for similarities and differences, contrast,意为,to compare in order to show differences,。综合两个词的含义，应为,找出其相似之处与不同之处,。这样一来，答案不言自明。既然不同与相同皆不可抛，答案,A,）必然错误，,similar,（相似的）只揭示了两者的相同、相似，未照应不同，故必不入选。而答案,C,）,distant ,遥远的,、,D) famous,著名的,均与,相似与不同,不搭界，所以也一并排除掉，剩下,B,）,various,各种各样,为正确答案。,各种各样,既囊括相似之处，又溶入,不同几许,，既照应,compare,，又体现了,contrast,的含义。,16,（二）逻辑关系,上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。不仅在国内考试中，在美国研究生入学考试（,GRE,）中，也常常考到考生运用逻辑关系解题的能力。例如：,The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection;,77, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system.,77. A) otherwise B) moreover C) however D) also,根据上下文，空格前的意思为,外籍研究学者通常把自己隔离在实验室里作为 一种保护的手段,。空格后为,他需要融入的是高度的组织化的大学系统,。前者是 一种孤离的状态,isolate,，而后者都是一种组织化的系统,be fitted to a highly organized university,，从逻辑的角度而言，前后已然成为对立、矛盾的关系。所以,77,空所填的连词必然是能将前后平衡的表示对比（转折）关系的连词,however.,17,(,三,),结构识别。这里讲到的结构，是指英文中表祯句子结构的固定词组，如,not only.but.,as well, some.the others., still others.,等。,(,四,),固定搭配。这里的固定搭配，是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如：同样是,利用,.,却有不同的搭配,take advantage of sth. /make use of sth.,(,五,),动词的用法。应从动词的时态、语态（被动语态和主动语态）以及非谓语动词,(,不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）几个角度逐一考虑。,(,六,),介词的用法介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、介词与形容词及及介词与动词的搭配和用法。,18,反面入手，利用排除法初选答案,除了按照以上六种思路从正面逐一解题外，还可以灵活多变地从反面入手，利用排除法获得正确答案。,在四级考试的完形填空部分，特别是在考察关联词的测试中，利用一种叫“同性元素排除法”的方法能够快速地缩小可选范围，找到正确答案。例如：,In the United States professors have many other duties,86,teaching, such as administrative or research work .,87, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited.,86. A) but B) except C) with D) besides,87. A) However B) Therefore,C) Furthermore D) Nevertheless,19,寻找线索，注意,“照应”关系，回头补缺,做题时一定要记住：完形填空不同于句子与结构，必须要从整篇文章入手，通篇考虑，结合上下文答案。有些题从单纯的句子来考虑，我们会发现四个选项均可以入选，但从上下文的线索入手，就能迅速排除其它三个，找到正确答案。,反复阅读空白处前后若干个句子，结合可能性较大的选项在短文中寻找“照应关系”。有时需要两三个甚至更多照应关系才能最后确定正确的选择项。在确定选择项时，一定要照顾空白处前后的左邻右舍，上下文必须意思连贯，应避免填入的词或词组与上下文不合拍或不合逻辑，或自相矛盾。,在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。在某一题上花费大量的时间是不明智的。道理不言自明，只要考生坚持往下做，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解也越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚。,20,表示列举的连词：,first, second, third; firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, ;to begin with, to conclude,表示原因的连词：,because, since, as, now that,表示结果的连词：,so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result,表示让步和转折的连词：,however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever,表示对照的连词：,on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely,21,表 示补充的连词：,also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, either, neither, notbut, not onlybut also,表示时间顺序的连词：,when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once,表示目的的连词：,that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that,表 示条件的连词：,if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that),22,五个出题规律,1.,近义词处常考,2.,形近词处常考,3.,词语搭配处常考,4.,语法知识处常考,5.,语义逻辑处常考,23,1,、近义词,例,1. because they often (lack) the resources needed to pay for participation,72, equipment, and transportation.,（,08.6,）,A) bill B) accounts C) fees D) fare,解析,这几个词都和“费用” 有关。,fees,指（）为特殊事务如特权或进入权所支付的）手续 费，符合上下文语义，故选,C,。,bill,意为 “账单；钞票” ；,accounts,意为“账号；账目” 。,fare,多指车费、船费、飞机票价等。,C,24,例,2 Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the _ between the two tall heads in front of me. (2002,年,1,月,),A. crack B. blank C. break D. opening,解析,本题四个选项均可表示“空隙”，只有仔细辨析词义才能作出正确的选择。,Crack,意为“缝隙”，在这里指从两个人的头之间看过去，符合句意。,Blank,意为“空白”，,break,意为“裂缝”，,opening,意为”孔，口子”。,A,25,例,3 I just heard the _ of the popcorn crunching,（咀嚼）,between my teeth. (2002,年,1,月,),A. voice B. sound C. rhythm D. tone,解析,本题四个选项均有“声音”的含义，但也有细微的差别。,Voice,常指人说话时所发出的“声音”；,sound,则指一般的“声音，响声”；,rhythm,意为“节奏，节律”；,tone,意为“声调，音色”。,B,26,2.,形近词辨析,例,1 The point in that cycle at which you wake can,72,how you feel later, and may even have a greater impact than how much or little you have slept. (06.6),A) effect B) affect C) reflect D) perfect,B,27,例,2 Similarly, consumers operating under a given mood state tend to react to stimulate,（刺激因素）,in a direction,77,with that mood state.(07.12),A,）,resistant B,）,persistent,C,）,insistent D,）,consistent,选,D,28,例,3 Nevertheless, as the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel _80_ with things-as-they-are in the classroom.,（,01.1,）,A) dissatisfiedB) unsatisfactory,C) satisfied D) satisfactory,选,A,29,例,4 Moods should be,69,from emotions which are usually more intense,A,）,derived B,）,descended,C,）,divided D,）,distinguished,选,D,30,3.,词语搭配常考,最常考的是动词与名词、介词的搭配,例,1 Most students attend a university mainly to,75,the knowledge needed D) ensure for their chosen (profession).,（,08.6,）,A) acquired B) accept,C) endure D) ensure,acquire the knowledge,意为“习得知识”，其他选项不与,knowledge,搭配,A,31,例,2 To a consumer, the most visible form of e-commerce consists,71,online ordering.,(10.6),A) on B) of C) for D) to,B,32,习惯搭配,例,3 what they were willing to give in return, and how satisfied they were _ the quality of their friendships. (2001,年,6,月,),A. about B. of C. with D. by,C,对。本句在原文中是以宾语从句的形式出现，虽然结构略有变化，但仍能看出,were satisfied with,这一固定搭配。,33,例,4,（,When,）,people are changing their jobs, partners and lifestyles more often than,79, they need opportunities to learn at every age.(09.12),A) ago B) ever,C) previously D) formerly,“ than ever”,比以前任何时候,”,是固定搭配,选,B,34,4.,语法知识处常考,完形填空的语法题主要考查一些从句，如定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等引导词的选择或是考查一些固定的语法结构。,35,例,1 but a bird has a single cry, _ means danger. (2003,年,1,月,),A. it B. which C. that D. this,由前一分句的逗号可知，后面不是一个独立的句子，要接一个从句，且只能是一个非限制性定语从句，因而只有,which,符合。,选,B,36,语法结构,例,2 Lets look at this definition in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, _ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. (2003,年,1,月,),A. it B. as C. that D. what,本题考查的是强调句型：,it is that ,选,D,37,例,3Nothing (defines) humans so much as our ability to communicate abstract thoughts, _about the universe, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink.(06.12),A) what B) whether C) while D) if,“whetheror”,意为“不论是,还是”,选,B,38,5.,语义逻辑处常考,文章的语义逻辑,并列（,and, or),、,因果（,because, since, for, as, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that,）、,转折,(but, however, while, nevertheless, still, though, yet),、,对比（,on the contrary, in/by contrast, in/by comparison,）、,补充,(besides, furthermore, in addition, whats more, also, further),、,条件（,if, suppose, provided, supposing, in case, as long as, so far as, on condition that, providing,）,;,时间先后（,before, after,）,39,例,1 But now he uses subways and trains. “Its not inconvenient at all,” he says. _, “having a car is so 20,th,century.”,A) Therefore B) Besides,C) Otherwise D) Consequently,选,B,40,1.,语篇的衔接与连贯,例,2 Two thirds cannot correctly place the Civil War between 1850 and 1900. _ when they get the answer right, some are just guessing. (2004,年,6,月,),A. Even B. Though C. Thus D. So,A,对。本题四个选项均可起衔接作用，但结合上下文语境，只有,Even,表示递进，能把整个语篇连贯起来。,41,例,3 for example, many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter different cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. _ these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language.(2003,年,1,月,),A. Therefore B. Afterwards,C. But D. Furthermore,C,对。本题也考查语篇的衔接与连贯。上文讲到动物也能通过叫声来交流，并予以举例说明；但动物的这种交流方式显然不能与人类语言相提并论，因此用,But,表示转折，符合上下文语境。,42,第二节 完形填空,5,个答题技巧,完形填空考查了考生平时积累词语的广度和深度，语法水平以及逻辑推理能力。以下剖析完形填空的,5,个技巧，以帮助考生的积累。,43,利用词语复现,词语复现指空处待填的词在空之前出现过或在空之后再次出现,可以是待填词的同义词、反义词、近义词或同根词等,44,【,例,1 】To a consumer, the most visible form of e-commerce consists (of ),online ordering.,A customer begins with a catalog of possible items, (selects) an item, arranges a form of payment, and (sends in) an order. Instead of a physical catalog, e-commence arranges for catalogs to be _74_ on the Internet.,A) visible B) responsible,C) feasible D) sensible,【,解析,】on the internet,对应了上文中的,online ordering, visible,原词再现，选,A,45,寻找复现,(reiteration),：复现，就是相关的单词在不同的地方反复出现。,同义词复现：,【,例,2】 Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The _67_ you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually.,A) form B) fashion C) way D) method,Purchasing,是第一句,buying,的复现。所以，第,67,题的答案也在第一句：,way.,46,利用词语同现关系,词语同现关系指意义相关的词语出现在同一语篇或同一句群中，构成某一环境下 以某一话题为中心的词汇链。 答题过程中一旦发现与文章主题毫无相关的选项，可立,刻排除，缩小选择范围，加快答题速度遥,47,In the decade (after) 1993, e-commerce grew from an (insignificant) novelty,（新奇事物）,to a mainstream business influence. In 1993, few,79,had a web page, and (only) a handful allowed one to order products or services online.,A) communities B) corps,C) corporations D) compounds,“business”,和“,corporation”,同属一个词汇链，故选,C,48,完型填空题的考察内容,一,.,词汇,词义辨析,形近词辨异,词语搭配,二,.,语法：（句）,指代关系,虚拟语气,倒装,从句和强调句型,三,.,语篇考查 （篇）,49,完型填空题的考察内容,词汇,第一、 词义辨析 （词）,（单词的掌握，基本义）,例,1,That “something special” was men creative individuals who could invent machines, find new,75,of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.,A) origins B) sources,C) bases D) discoveries,50,第二、 形近词辨异,例,1,Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she,75,everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car.,A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed,例,2,Following,88, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.,A) impression B) information,C) inspections D) instructions,例,3,Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes and dislikes in front of him or allow,66,else to do so.,A,everybody,B,anybody,C,somebody,D,nobody,51,例,4,A. encourages(,鼓励,) B.,enables,（使能够,）,C. enforces,（强制）,D. ensures,（确保）,例,5,A. attraction(,吸引力,) B. attention,（注意力）,C.,affection,（爱情，亲密）,D. motion,（动作）,例,6,(,兼考搭配关系,),A. interfered,（,in,干涉）,B. interrupted,（打断，中断）,C.,discouraged,（,from,不鼓励做）,D. disturbed,（打扰，干扰）,例,7,A. desired(,渴望，想得到,) B. revised,（修订，修正）,C. required,（需要，要求）,D. deserved,值得应得,52,第三、 词语搭配,例,1,The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become,85,with the controls of the plane.,A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close,例,2,Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? When this happens again, do not try to recall it. Do something,73,for a couple of minutes and the name may come into your head.,simple B) apart,C) else D) similar,例,3,A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply, all these were important factors in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something,73,was needed to start the industrial process.,A) else B) near C) extra,额外的，不包括其中的,D) similar,53,例,4,Take it _69_ granted that he likes everything and he probably will,A. with B. as C. over D. for,例,5,But these various means of communication differ,in,important ways _68_ human language.,A. about B. with C. from D. in,例,6,the great tit(,山雀,) is a case _77_point.,A. in B. at C. of,D. for,54,语法：（句）,第一、 指代关系,例,1,The foreign research scholar usually isolates,76,in the laboratory as a means of protection; However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university,system,quite different from,79,at home.,76. A) himself B) oneself C) him D) one,79. A) those B) which C) what D) that,例,2,No two speakers speak in exactly the same way. We can always hear differences,74,them,74. A) between B) among C) of D) from,55,例,3,We can change an utterance by replacing,one word,in it with _73_.,A. ours B. theirs C. another,D. others,例,4,They also suggest that our readers do not call for friends only among,those who,are most like them, but find many_78_ differ in race.,78. A. people B. who C. what D. friends,56,第二、 虚拟语气,例,1,Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; They expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but,84,that their students should not be too dependent on them.,84. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer,例,2,A geographer might be described as one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. If places,87,alike, there would be little need for geographers.,87. A) being B) are C) be,D) were,例,3,but _63_ you were to remove the skin you would not tell anything about the race to which the individual belonged.,A. since B. if C. as D. while,57,第三、 倒装知识要点,:,倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：,1,、 否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构（,hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once,，,under no circumstances, in no way,，,no sooner than,）用于句首时所导致的倒装。,如：,Vitamins do not provide energy, _42_ do they construct or build any part of the body.,A. either B. so C. nor D. never,58,2,、 虚拟倒装。指在,IF,引导的虚拟条件句中，将,IF,省略，把,should, had, were,提至主语前，形成倒装。,e.g. Were I you, Ill never promise to do that.,3,、 强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装：句子结构要求倒装：如：,a. so,倒装句,b.,以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：,only, often,，,then, so,c.,以某些表示否定的副词开头作状语；,little, hardly,seldom, scarcely, never, nowhere, not once,d.,某些表示否定的副词短语开头作状语,: under no,circumstances, in no way, no sooner than,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen/before,e. As,作“虽然,但是”解时用半倒装。,4,、 省略倒装。涉及词语包括,so, neither, nor,例,_70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.,A. Only B. Or,C.,Nor D. So,59,第四、从句和强调句型,例,1,The word geography comes from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphing,75,means “to write”.,A) what B) that C) which D) it,例,2,but a bird has a single alarm cry, _75_ means “danger!”,A. this B. that C. which D. it,例,3,These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillsides to towns lying in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places,88,the air is clean and the scenery (,风景,) is beautiful, ,A) there B) when C) which D) where,60,第三、 语篇考查 （篇）,例,1,The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. Although these wide modern roads are generally smooth and well maintained, with,73,sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most _75_ one. Large high ways often pass,76,scenic areas and interesting small towns.,73. A) little B) few C) much D) many,75. A) terrible B) possible,C) enjoyable D) profitable,76. A) to B) into C) over D) by,61,例,2,When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with,79,guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do no