国际物流概述

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,国际物流,国际经济与贸易系,那晓红,考试要求,考试改革：提交一份不少于,3000,字的论文（,55%,）讲课过程中会给相应的选题范围,两次随堂测试（,20%,）,课堂报告（团队形式）（,15%,）,考勤,10%,教材选择,教材：国际物流学教程 中国物资出版社 蒋长兵编（电子档）,参考教材：,International logistics-the management of international trade operation by Pierre David and Richard Stewart,The,responsibilities,of a logistician,Arranging,transportation,of these goods over thousands of miles,Understanding the trade-off between the different modes of transportation available and making the correct decision,Making sure that the goods are,packed,properly for their journey,Insuring,the goods appropriately while in transit and understanding the risks they face,Minimizing the risks associated with international payment by selecting the right,payment currency,or the right hedging strategy,Making sure that the goods are accompanied by the proper,documents,so that they can clear customs in the country of destination,Defining properly who between them and their foreign counterparts is responsible for which aspects of the voyage and the documents,Determining which method is most suitable for,payment,between exporter and importer,本课程主,要讲授内容,第一章国际物流学导论,第四章 海上班轮运输,第五章 班轮提单,第六章 租船货运业务,第七章 国际航空运输,第八章 国际多式联运,第九章 国际物流仓储与包装,第十章 进出口商品检验检疫,第一章 国际物流概述,本章要点：国际物流概述,国际物流系统（根据英文教材）,一、物流概念的起源,1921,年提出，,Physical Distribution,：物质通过时间和空间的转移。,二战，美国军方提出后勤管理理论：,Logistics Management,:,各种物资的生产、采购、运输、配给等活动作为一个整体来计划、管理和实施。,电子商务的发展给物流的概念带来新含意。,我国,1979,年才开始使用，以前是计划经济。,商务活动中的四种流程,资金流、商流、物资流、信息流,二、物流的定义,狭义物流,：,包含于销售之中的物质资料和服务于从生产地点到消费地点的流动过程中伴随的种种经济活动。,现代物流（ Logistics ）,：,以适合于顾客的要求为目的，对原材料、在制品、制成品及与其关联的信息，从生产地点到消费地点之间的流通与保管，为提高效率且最大的,“,对费用的相对效果,”,而进行计划、执行、控制。,美国学者玛沙库珀：物流是处在供应链中的采购、生产、最终分拨各阶段的原材料、零部件、制成品的移动、存储及相关信息的战略管理,中国国家标准,物流术语对物流的定义是：物流是物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程。根据实际需要，将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实现有机结合。,三、供应链的概念,供应链,（Supply Chain，SC）是指在整个商业交易中，从制造商、供应商、零售商到最终用户间的产品、信息及资金的双向流动的一连串活动。简单说，供应链实际就是由原材料加工为成品并送到用户手中这一过程中涉及的合作企业和部门所组成的网络。,供应链管理,（,Supply Chain Management,，,SCM,）则是通过不断地整合与改造这些活动，以达到提升所有厂商的竞争力与客户价值的连锁性管理。供应链管理是一种一体化的管理思想和方法，它执行供应链中从供应商到最终用户的物流的计划和控制思想等职能。,供应链管理的内容,供应链管理,=,物流管理,+,资金流管理,+,信息流管理,供应链管理的真正涵意，则是在管理企业从接受客户订单后到将产品交给客户的所有过程。这些活动主要包含供应链规划与供应链执行两部分：,供应链规划（,Supply Chain Planning,，,SCP,）：供应链网络设计、需求规划与预测、供给规划、配销规划等。,链执行（,Supply Chain Execution,，,SCE,）：订单管理、进货管理、生产管理、运输管理、仓储管理等。,供应链的组成,供应链可以看作由一系列,“,供应链实体,”,（,Supply Chain Entities,）或称为供应链成员组成。,这些实体可能是不同企业或同企业的各部门，也可能是最终消费者，他们都是整个供应链上的一环。,在一个完整的供应链体系中，参与供应接活动的供应链实体通常会包括,供应商、制造商、配销商、零售商及消费者,等。,四、国际物流,国际贸易是国际物流的前提。,国际物流是指物资进口国与物资出口国之间形成的物流,属大宏观物流。具体的说当生产和消费分别在两个以上国家（或地区）独立进行时，为了克服生产和消费之间的空间隔离和时间距离，对物资进行物理性移动的一项国际商品贸易或交流活动。,教材定义,国际物流,(International Logistics)是跨越不同国家(地区)之间的物流活动(见GB/T18354-2006中2.30条)。国际物流的实质是按国际分工协作的原则，依照国际惯例，利用国际化的物流网络、物流设施和物流技术，实现货物在国际间的流动与交换，以促进区域经济的发展和世界资源优化配置。,国际物流的总目标,是为国际贸易和跨国经营服务的，即通过选择最佳的方式与路径，以最低的费用和最小的风险，保质保量适时地将货物从某国(供方)运送到另一国(需方)。国际物流使各国物流系统相互“接轨”，因而与国内物流系统相比，具有国际性、复杂性和风险性等特点。,五、国际物流的特点,（一）国际物流环境存在差异性,（二）国际物流必须有国际化信息系统的支持,（三）国际物流的标准化程度要求更,（四）国际物流以远洋运输为主，并由多种运输方式组合,Environment involved in international logistics is important (language and culture),Decisions regarding transportation are complicated,The number of intermediaries involved is greater,The inherent risks and hazards of international transportation are significant,International insurance is much more complex,International means of payment are more involved,Terms of trade are much more complicated,The crossing of borders represents specific challenges,Inventories is managed differently,第三利润源泉,第1利润源泉：合理设计，扩大生产规模，降低原材料的消耗；,第2利润源泉：科学管理以提高劳动生产率，节省生产过程中各种资源的消耗；,第3利润源泉,：建立起一体化的物流系统，降低物流成本，利用现代物流管理，使产品在有效的供应链内迅速移动。这样不仅使参与各方的企业都能获益，而且使整个社会获得明显的经济效益。,企业利润的转移,思考：利润的下一个转移转向哪里？,七、国际物流发展历史H,istorical development of International logistics,The early , “slow” days,Greek,Logistike,The word “logistics” military,Business logistics include “physical movement of goods” and “both upstream (procurement activities) and downstream (sale activities) “management of relationship with suppliers and customers,Focus changes :in good condition,at the lowest possible cost,shorter transit time (unnecessary),The move toward speedcontainers and air shipment,Containers(1956,1970s),Before containers,vs,containers times,Cumbersome and time consuming,A large number of longshoremen,Packages have to be small and sturdy,Shipment speed up,Can be loaded and unloaded at the same time,Cost come down,DHL and Fedex,Dassault s Facon jets(达索猎鹰) -limited cargo capacity,Deregualtion of the industry,Open sky agreement,Boeing 727 mcdonnell-douglas DC10s,Air shipment(1980s),The emphasis on customers satisfaction,High interest rate,Speedy delivery (increased speed of ocean shipment and availability of affordable airfreight ),Reductions in static inventories(1980s) then mobile inventories(1990s),Tools used MRP and MRP(manufacturer),JIT(just in time Toyota),DRP (retailer),Agile logistics,Penalize financially the suppliers,MRP (Material requirement planning ),MRP (manufacturing resources planning),DRP (Distribution resource planning),SAP System application program,ERP Enterprise resource planning,PP Production planning,SOP Sales operation planning,DM Demand management,MPS Master planning scheduling,物流效益,降低物流成本,减少库存,加速资金周转,增加就业,最终体现电子商务的服务质量,六、国际物流运作的主要业务活动,1.进出口业务,2.国际运输,3.库存与仓储管理,4.包装与物料搬运,5.信息作业,六、 国际物流运作的主要业务活动,1.进出口业务,图1-1进出口物流流程,进出口业务涉及到的参与方,(1)发货人(Shipper),(2)货运代理(Forwarder),(3)承运人代理(Shipping Agent),(4)承运人(Carrier),(5)报关行(Customs Broker),(6)收货人(Consignee),第二节 国际物流系统,一、国际物流系统的组成,二、国际物流系统模式,一、国际物流系统的组成,1国际货物运输子系统,2进出口商品储存子系统,3进出口商品外贸加工子系统,4进出口商品装卸与搬运子系统,5商品检验子系统,6商品包装子系统,7国际物流信息子系统,阅读后请思考,我国国际物流运输存在的主要问题是：,第一，海运力量不足、航线不齐、港口较少等，影响了进出口货物及时流进流出，特别是出口货物的运输更加不足。我国出口货物主要靠海运。20世纪90年代初期曾发生过的最严重的月份缺船量达30条。目前，现有的船型结构也不合理，中等船舶奇缺。由于船舶较大，运输间隔时间又长，这对要求批量小、需求供货快是很不适应的。我国港口不足和布局不合理也比较突出。例如我国输往中南美、澳大利亚、新西兰、南太平洋和西非等地的货物几乎全部运到香港地区中转，运费较高，严重地影响了我国出口商品的竞争力。,第二，铁路运输不足，内陆出口更困难。我国同朝鲜、蒙古、越南等虽然有铁路连接，但运力仍然不足。如供香港地区作为港口运输的货物中有三分之一是靠铁路运输，其运输量是很大的。又如内陆有的省份即使有货，而且有些货也是国际市场急需的，但由于铁路运力不足也不能卖出。,第三，航空运输力不足，加上运价昂贵，难以适应外贸发展需要。20世纪80年代以来，世界空运货物已被广泛采用，而我国在这方面却很落后。目前主要靠客运飞机捎带，真正的货运飞机数量少，远远满足不了外贸发展的需要。,总之，为解决外贸出口运输的困难，必须由国家和地方联合发展船队，加速沿海码头建设和海运事业的发展。,问题：请问上述关于我国物流运输存在的问题现在是否依旧存在，当前我国相关运输设施的基本情况如何？针对上面提出的问题一一解答。,第三节 国际物流基础设施（英文教材）,物流设施,物流设备,物流工具,信息技术及网络,组织及管理,Things dont work abroad like they do at “home”,Adapting to this difference and anticipating the problems before they arise,Difficult to generalize in one particular comment or statement,The cases may arise,A specific port is not equipped with sufficient cold storage warehousing space,Doesnt have an appropriately sized crane,In experiencing delays in getting the goods from the port to the reminder of the country,The road is particular congested,A specific tunnel has recently been closed,A railroad is experiencing shortage of appropriately cars,物流设施- port infrastructure,Depth of water,Bridge clearance,Crane,Port operations,Warehousing space,Connection with the land-based transportation services,Port capacity,Depth of water(draft of water),The first issue,Not sufficient for newer larger ships,The port authorities have to engage in dredging activities to allow ships with drafts exceeding (13.5 meters),The dredging of port and channel is very expensive,Case study the dredging of Phillip Bay,.au/multimedia/dredge/main.html,http:/www.epa.vic.gov.au/projects/channel_deepening.asp,Bridge clearance,In Some old port ,the bridge is too close to the water leaving little clearance for tall ships and ships carrying outsized cargo,The cargo has to be dismantled or repositioned,The ship lower with ballast water,Make delivery at low tide,The port of Yangshan,Crane,The arms of the traditional crane for panamax ship (the width is 13 containers) is too short for the post-panamax ships (as wide as 18 containers),Load one side and then another size,Consider investment in new cranes,Increase the reach of the crane (longer and higher),Cost may reach 50 million,Create an indented berth to allow the ships to load at both size,The port of Amsterdams paragon Terminals,The size of ships,好望角型(capesize) 80.000 dwt以上 42 m 宽,巴拿马型(panamax) 60.000 到 80.000 dwt 32 m 宽,大灵便型(Handymax bulk carrier), 40.000 到 60.000 dwt 30 m 宽,灵便型达(handysize) 40.000 dwt 23 m,宽驳船各种船型 各种船型,Port operations,Work rules,Long beach work 8 hours a day,Warehousing space,Goods should be protected from the elements ( rain and sun),Cignas,port of the world,flood,Connection with the land-based transportation services,Rail and road access to the remainder of the city,Alameda Corridor,http:/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alameda_Corridor_map.svg,Port capacity,Many ports are operating at or near capacity,Located between the ocean and the city leaving little possibility to expand,Landfill or purchase real estate (costly),The port of Santos in Brazil,US LNG,运河设施canals and waterway infrastructure,Maritime transportation is dependent on the existence and proper maintenance of canals and other channel (the size and the size of lock),canals and waterways infrastructure,The Bosporus strait in Turkey,The suez canal,The panama canal,The saint Lawrence seaway,The Bosporus Strait in Turkey,The Suez canal,Panama canal,The saint lawrence seaway,The strait of Malacca,机场设施 airport infrastructure,Runways,Hours of operation,Warehousing space,铁路设施 rail infrastructure,Multi-modal emphasis,Land bridges,road infrastructure,Quality,Civil engineering structure,Quality,The US department of Commerces,country commercial guides,CIAs world factbook(美国中央情报局世界各国概况),In terms of total miles of road and the percentage of these road that paved,misleading,quality,Length of road,Percentage of paved road,Condition of the road (over crowded two-lane highway riddled with potholes) difficult to evaluate for variations,China, of the road,Calcutta,Dehli( ),System of alternating days for traffic,Confusion generated by lack of signage and different addressing system,Cities with easiest addressing system located in ( ),Northern American,Europe,Mexico800 贝尼托胡亚雷斯,760 米格尔伊达尔戈神父,300 streets renamed,80,000 city blocks have no signage,Japan,Bombay (the name of house ,the name of the street ,the name of the block, the name of the city ,the name of the city code),Saipan have no address system,net work with High speed links,中国三年内将建成一点三万公里高速铁路,1北京南 2廊坊 3天津西 4沧州 5德州 6济南高速站 7泰安 8兖州 9枣庄 10新徐州 11宿州 12新蚌埠 13滁州 14南京南 15镇江 16丹阳 17常州 18无锡 19苏州 20昆山 21上海（虹桥）。,中国建“4纵4横”高铁网 建成重庆7小时达京沪,Network of highways,Speed up the transportation of goods between large cities,Subject to rules and regulations( the size of truck and the speed),Rules vary from country to country,Toll is high (France),Civil engineering structure,Utilize bridge and tunnels To eliminate the constraint of landscape,Italian Autostrade 高速公路公司,Succession of tunnels and bridges-art structures,Bridge and tunnels built to cross borders,The Chunnel 英法海底隧道(Channel Tunnel ),Two Bridges in Istanbul connecting western Europe and Middle east (no rail link),oresund fixed link(厄勒联络线three bridges and tunnel )between Copenhagen ,Denmark ,and Malmo Swede,Millau bridge(米约大桥),1994年5月6日连接英国和法国的英吉利海峡海底隧道通车。从此，隔断英伦三岛与欧洲大陆的天堑变通途，人们只要坐上被称为“欧洲之星”的高速列车，穿越海底隧道，连接伦敦、巴黎、布鲁塞尔仅需3个小时。,汽车过海底隧道,英吉利海峡海底隧道,Bogazici bridge博斯普鲁斯大桥,Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge,提苏丹赫迈特桥,厄勒联络线,Millau Bridge(米约大桥),粤港澳大桥,Importance of bridges,Palau（帕劳 ）Koror科罗尔 bridge collapsed,Prince Edward Island building of bridge,Mont Blanc Tunnel（the longest road tunnel)勃朗峰隧道大火,Saint Gothard tunnel圣哥达隧道,仓库设施 warehousing infrastructure,It is equally important to realize that cargo is often stationary,A savvy international logistics manager focus on the protection of goods,Use public warehouse for storage purpose to avoid international shipment and short lead time,Best to plan an actual visit,通讯设施 Communication infrastructure,The ability to communicate with customers and suppliers depend on the mail ,phone and other electronic,3-3a mail services,3-3b telecommunication services,mail services,Developed countries: deliver mail on time and reliably,Unaccepted delay and errors may also occur sometimes,D+1 policy,Italy: notoriously unreliable,France: strike of mail service and railway service,South Africa :unreliable to send payment,The safety of mail,Go to destination,Lost,Damaged,Stolen,The employees may remove the contents of the letter,DHL Fedex (high cost ;good reputation; track documents and package on line) have gained larger market share,telecommunication services,Demand for,voice telecommunication,(语音通信系统）services increased 10% every year and,data telecommunication（,数据通信系统）doubled in the past 10 years showing no sign of slowing down,Use gas and oil pipeline through fiber-optic line laid in their midest,Leap frogging(跳跃式前进 ) phenomenon,Bypassed the land-based system and switch to cellular phone (Czech China VS US),Few cable left for increasing telecommunication traffic,Vulnerability (while in shallow water, floor of the oceans subject to the net of fisherman and anchor; if on land at the mercy of careless backhoe operation or other accident ),satellite telecommunication also vulnerable,Internet depend on root server根名服务器,utilities infrastructure,3-4a Electricity,3-4b Water,3-4b Sewage,gas,3-4a Electricity,The availability and reliability of electricity,The economy growth outpaced the electricity production,二、国际物流系统模式,三、国际物流节点,（一）口岸,（二）港口,（三）仓储,（四）报税仓库,（五）保税区,（六）出口加工区,（七）自由贸易区,（一）口岸,对外通商的港口（商埠）-政治、外交、文化、科技、旅游、移民-海陆空-电子口岸（无形）,口岸由国家制定的针对对外经贸、政治、外交、科技、文化、旅游和移民往来，供往来人员、货物和交通工具出入国（边）境的港口、机场、车站和通道，国家指定的对外往来的门户,口岸的分类,按照批准开放的权限：一类口岸和二类口岸,按出入境的交通运输方式：港口口岸（海港港口口岸和内河港口口岸）陆地口岸和航空口岸,（二）港口,水陆空集结点和枢纽,特点：整个物流供应链最大量货物的集结点；生产要素的最佳结合点；最重要的信息中心,功能：运输功能,工业功能,商业功能,物流功能,运输功能,水上客运的港口服务,组织货源对货物进行疏运,进行换装工作，从一种运输方式转为另外一种运输方式,收、发和保管货物,对货物进行简单加工,向船舶提供燃料、物料、淡水和船员生活用品,供船舶在海上遇到恶劣气象时停泊避风浪,港口分类,1.按用途：商港（综合港和专业港）,渔港,工业港,军港,避风港,2.按地理位置,A).海港 海湾港（大连港、青岛港）,海峡港（新加坡港）,B).河口港（上海、广州、鹿特丹港）,C).河港（南京港、武汉港）,D).湖港（五大湖区的多伦多港）,世界十大港口货物吞吐（单位：百万吨）,1 上海 中国 537.0,2 新加坡 新加坡 448.5,3 鹿特丹（Rotterdam） 荷兰 378.4,4 宁波 中国 309.7,5 广州 中国 302.8,6 天津 中国 257.6,7 香港 中国 238.2,8 青岛 中国 224.2,9 釜山（Busan） 韩国 217.9,10 名古屋（Nagoya） 日本 208.0,2009年全球15大集装箱港口排名 单位：万标箱,1. 新加坡港 新加坡 2587,2 上海港 中国 2500,3 香港港 中国香港 2093,4 深圳港 中国 1825,5 釜山港 韩国 1194,6 广州港 中国 1119,7 迪拜港 阿联酋 1080,8 宁波港 中国 1042,9 青岛港 中国 1026,10 鹿特丹港 荷兰 980,11 天津港 中国 870,12 高雄港 中国台北 /,13 安特卫普港 比利时 731,14 汉堡港 德国 701,15 洛杉矶港 美国 675,上海港货物吞吐量达59亿吨，集装箱吞吐量达2500万标准箱,新加坡港,香港,深圳,釜山,迪拜,洛杉矶长滩,港口货物作业,货物装卸,理货计量、分拣分票,堆存仓储,驳运、搬移,装卸集装箱作业,货物运输处理,单证处理和交接,货运信息服务,港口和委托人协议的其他业务,