初中英语语法之 句子的种类

十三、句子的种类,考点一 陈述句和疑问句,一、陈述句,用来陈述一件事实或表达说话者看法的句子叫作陈述句，句末用句号表示句子的陈述结束。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。,肯定,句,肯定句的基本结构是“主语,+,谓语”,I play,basketball after school.,我放学后打篮球。,否,定,句,（,1,）,完全否定：,常用,not,；,no,；,no one,；,nobody,；,nothing,；,neither,；,none,；,never,等词表示否定意义,None,of us have been to Canada.,我们都没去过加拿大。,（,2,）,部分否定：,用,hardly,，,seldom,，,few,，,little,等词表示,not,和,both,，,all,，,each,，,every,，,quite,，,always,等连用表示部分否定,I can,hardly,see anything in the rain.,在雨中我几乎什么东西也看不见。,Not all,students come to school by bus.,并非所有的学生都乘公共汽车来上学。,二、疑问句,用来表示提问的句子叫作疑问句，句末用问号。疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。,（一）一般疑问句,用法,例句,(1),以系动词,be,开头的疑问句,Are,you a student?,你是学生吗？,(2),以助动词开头的疑问句,Do,you speak French?,你说法语吗？,(3),以情态动词开头的疑问句,Can,you dance?,你会跳舞吗？,（二）特殊疑问句,用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和由疑问词构成的疑问短语。,引导词,用法,例句,常用疑,问代词,what,什么；,who,谁；,whom,谁（,who,的宾格）；,which,哪个（些）；,whose,谁的；疑问代词可以提问主语、谓语、表语或定语,What,are you doing?,你在干什么？,引导词,用法,例句,常用疑,问副词,when,何时；,where,何地；,how,怎么；,why,为什么,Where,are you going tomorrow?,明天你去哪儿？,常用疑,问短语,what time,什么时刻；,how many/much,多少；,how often,多久一次；,how soon,多久；,how long,多长时间；,how far,多远；,how old,多大（年龄）；,how big,多大,How long,have you been here? ,你来这儿多久了？,For 10 minutes.,十分钟了。,（三）选择疑问句,用来在两种或两种以上情况中进行选择的疑问句叫作选择疑问句。答语不能用,Yes/ No,回答，而应从问句中选择一种情况进行回答。,用法,例句,一般选择疑问句的构成：一般疑问句,+or+,被选择的内容,Are you a teacher,or,a doctor?,你是一名老师还是一名医生？,特殊选择疑问句的构成：特殊疑问句,+A or B?,Which do you like better, tea,or,coffee?,茶和咖啡你更喜欢哪一个？,（四）反意疑问句,附在陈述句后对陈述内容进行反问的句子叫作反意疑问句，也叫附加疑问句。反意疑问句前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是简短问句。陈述部分用逗号结尾，反问部分用问号结尾。例如：,Its a nice day,isnt it,?,天气不错，不是吗？,1.,基本结构：前肯后否；前否后肯。例如：,We have talked about it,havent we,?,我们已经谈过这件事了，不是吗？,Mr. Smith isnt at home,is he,?,史密斯先生不在家，是吗？,【,温馨提示,】,用法,例句,(1),疑问部分的主语必须与陈述部分的主语一致；当陈述部分的主语是名词或代词时，疑问部分要用相应的人称代词,Mr. Black comes from the UK,doesnt he,?,布莱克先生来自英国，不是吗？,(2),疑问部分要与陈述部分的时态保持一致,Tom went to the cinema yesterday,didnt he,?,汤姆昨天去看电影了，不是吗？,(3),答语是肯定的用 “,Yes”;,答语是否定的用 “,No”,。前否后肯的反意疑问句,yes,译为“不”，,no,译为“是的”,Ann didnt come to school last week,did she,?,安上周没来上学，对吗？,No, she didnt. She was ill.,是的，她没来。她生病了。,2.,特殊形式,用法,例句,(1),陈述句是,I am. . .,，反意疑问句用,arent I,Im your best friend,arent I,?,我是你最好的朋友，不是吗？,(2),当陈述部分是,there be,结构时，反意疑问句部分用,there,There are many birds in the tree,arent there,?,树上有许多鸟，不是吗？,(3),当陈述部分的主语是指示代词,this,，,that,时，反意疑问句部分的主语用,it,；主语是,these,或,those,时，反意疑问句部分的主语用,they,This is an English car,isnt it,?,这是一辆英国汽车，不是吗？,These are Russian planes,arent they,?,这些是俄罗斯飞机，不是吗？,用法,例句,(4),当陈述部分含有,never/ nothing/none/no one/seldom/ hardly/ few/little,等否定副词时，反意疑问句用肯定形式,She has never been abroad,has she,?,她从来没有出过国，对吗？,(5),如果陈述部分含有由否定前缀,im,-,，,dis,-,，,un-,等构成的否定意义的词，则陈述部分作肯定处理，反意疑问句仍用否定形式,Mary is unhappy,isnt she,?,玛丽不高兴，是吗？,(6),陈述句主语是不定代词,something/anything/everything/nothing,等时，反意疑问句中代词用,it,Nothing is wrong with the computer,is it,?,计算机没什么问题，是不是？,用法,例句,(7),陈述句主语为,somebody/ someone/anybody/anyone/everybody/everyone,等时，反问句中代词用,they,或,he,，注意问句动词的数应与,they/ he,保持一致,Everyone has known the news,hasnt he? / havent they,?,大家都知道这个消息了，是不是？,用法,例句,(8),祈使句的反意疑问句,祈使句是肯定形式，其反意疑问句用,will you,或,wont you,皆可。,祈使句是否定形式，其反意疑问句通常只用,will you,构成。,以,Let,开头的祈使句构成,反意疑问句时，,Lets,用,shall we,构成反意疑问句，,其他均用,will you,。,Be sure to write to us,will/wont you,?,一定要给我们写信，好吗？,Dont smoke in the meeting room,will you,?,请不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？,Lets take a walk after supper,shall we,?,晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？,Let the boy go first,will you,?,让那男孩先走，好吗？,【,温馨提示,】,陈述句是,I think/I suppose/I believe/I consider,等结构时，问句一般与从句保持一致。注意“否定前移”。,I think you can do it better next time,cant you,?,我觉得你下次可以做得更好，是不是？,I dont believe there will be robots at peoples homes,will,there,?,我相信人们的家里不会有机器人的，会有吗？,考点二 感叹句,类别,结构,例句,以,what,引导,What + a/,an+,adj,. +,单数可数名词,+,主语,+,谓语！,What a beautiful mountain it is!,多么美丽的山啊！,What+,adj,. +,复数可数名词,+,主语,+,谓语！,What great inventions he has made!,他的发明多么伟大啊！,What+,adj,. +,不可数名词,+,主语,+,谓语！,What bad weather it is today!,今天的天气多么糟糕啊！,以,how,引导,How+,adj,. +a/an+,可数名词单数,+,主语,+,谓语！,How clever a boy he is!,多么聪明的男孩！,How+,adj,. /,adv,. +,主语,+,谓语！,How quickly Tom runs!,汤姆跑得真快！,【,巧学妙记,】,感叹句，并不难，,what,或,how,摆在前。,强调名词用,what,，其余,how,很简单。,名词若是可数单，前带冠词,a,或,an,。,主语谓语放在后，省略也是很常见。,考点三 祈使句,祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令等。主语,you,通常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号。表达请求或劝告时，祈使句句末或句首可以加上,please,表示委婉的语气。,一、肯定祈使句的表现形式,Do,型,动词原形（,+,宾语）,+,其他成分,Please have a seat.,请坐。,Be,型,Be+,表语（名词或形容词）,+,其他成分,Be quiet!,安静！,Let,型,Let+,宾语,+,动词原形,+,其他成分,Let me help you.,让我帮助你。,二、否定祈使句的表现形式,(1)Do,型和,Be,型的否定式都是在句首加,dont,构成。例如,:,Dont,forget me!,不要忘记我！,Dont,be late for school!,上学不要迟到！,(2)Let,型的否定式有两种：“,Dont +let+,宾语,+,动词原形,+,其他成分”和“,Let+,宾语,+not+,动词原形,+,其他成分”。例如：,Dont,let him go. /Let him,not,go.,别让他走。,(3),有些可用,no,开头，用来表示禁止性的祈使句。例如：,No,smoking!,禁止吸烟！,考点四 倒装句,英语句子一般主语在前，谓语在后。但有时因为语法结构的要求或为了表达特殊的强调部分，会把句中的谓语提到主语前面。这种句子叫作倒装句。倒装句的常见句式：,一、,There be,句型,There be,句型表示“存在”，主语在,be,的后面。例如：,There is some coffee in the cup.,杯中有些咖啡。,1. there be,与,have,的区别,(1)There be,结构表示“某地有某人,/,物”，强调客观存在。,(2)have(has, had),表示“（某人）拥有某物”，强调所属关系。例如：,Mr. Bush has two daughters.,布什先生有两个女儿。,2. There be,句型的句式变化,(1),对,There be,句型中的主语提问用：,Whats +,地点状语,/,时间状语,?,例如：,There are,many birds,in the forests.,树林里有许多鸟。,Whats in the forests?,树林里有什么？,(2),对,There be,句式中数量的提问,How many +,可数名词,+ are there +,地点状语,?,How much +,不可数名词,+ is there +,地点状语,?,(3)There be,句型中，反意疑问句的附加部分应用,there,。例如：,Theres no air on the moon, is there?,月球上没有空气，是吗？,二、,So+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,表示与上文中所述肯定情况相同。例如：,Jack likes rice for lunch. ,杰克午饭喜欢吃米饭。,So do I. ,我也是。,【,温馨提示,】,“So+,主语,+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词”表示“确实如此”，表示对上文所述情况的认可和肯定。例如：,Jack likes rice for lunch. ,杰克午饭喜欢吃米饭。,So he does. ,是啊。（他确实喜欢）,三、,Neither+,助动词,/,系动词,/,情态动词,+,主语,表示与上文中所述否定情况相同。例如：,Peter has never been to Japan.,彼得从未去过日本。,Neither have I. ,我也没有去过。,四、以副词开头的倒装句,以,here, there, out, in, down, away,等表示方位的副词开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，要用倒装句。谓语动词的形式由倒装句句尾的主语决定。例如：,There,comes the bus,.,公交车来了。,Here,are the results,of the test.,测试结果出来了。,考点五 主谓一致,主谓一致是指谓语动词和主语在人称和数上保持一致，遵循三个原则：语法一致 意义一致 就近一致,一、语法一致,是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。,1.,主语是以下情况时，谓语动词用单数形式：,不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。例如：,Coffee is more popular in western countries.,咖啡在西方国家更流行。,Surfing sounds really interesting.,冲浪听起来真的很有趣。,2.,主语是可数名词复数、复数代词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：,Some boys are playing in the park.,一些男孩在公园里玩。,They have been swimming for 2 hours.,他们已经游泳两个小时了。,3.,以,and,和,both. . . and. . .,连接的并列主语是两个或两个以上的人或事物时，谓语动词用复数形式；若并列主语表示同一人或事物（,and,后的主语前没有冠词），则谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：,Both Linda and her sister are students.,琳达和她妹妹都是学生。,The book and cover is designed by Mike.,书和封面都是迈克设计的。,4.,主语后跟下列词汇时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致：,with, along with, like, except, besides, as well as, together with, including, no less than, rather than, as much as,等。,例如：,Jenny with her classmates reads English every morning.,珍妮和同学们每天早上都读英语。,5. a number of +,复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；,the number of +,复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：,The number of doctors in the hospital,is,about 200 and a number of them,are,women doctors.,这家医院大约有,200,名医生，很多是女医生。,6. “one of +,名词复数,+,单数谓语动词”表示“,之一”。例如：,One of my pen pals,is,from Sydney.,我的笔友中有一位来自悉尼。,7. none of,后面只能跟可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用单数、复数都可以。例如：,None of those books,are/is,good.,那些书中没有一本是好的。,二、意义一致,是指谓语动词形式要与主语意义上的单复数形式保持一致。例如：,1.,有些集体名词如,family, class, public, group,等作主语时，,(1),若表示一个集体，谓语动词用单数形式；,(2),若表示集体中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。,例如：,Our class,is,on the third floor.,我们班在三楼。,Our class,are,going to visit the museum tomorrow.,明天我们班要去参观博物馆。,2.,有些集体名词如,people, police,等，表示复数意义，谓语动词只用复数形式；有些名词如,news, means, politics,等以,-s,结尾，但表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：,The trousers dont fit me. They are too short.,这条裤子不适合我。它太短了。,3.,复数名词表示时间、长度、重量、价格、距离等意义时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：,Fifty years,is,a long time in ones life.,五十年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。,Three dollars,is,enough for a pen.,三美元足够买支钢笔了。,4. “the +,形容词”可以表示一类人，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。例如：,The old,need,more care.,老人更需要关爱。,三、就近一致,是指由部分短语引导主语，谓语动词根据靠近它的主语名词决定单复数形式。,1. There be, Here be,句式的就近原则。例如：,There,is,a book and some pencils on the desk.,桌子上有一本书和几支铅笔。,There,are,some pencils and a book on the desk.,桌子上有几支铅笔和一本书。,2. Either. . . or. . . , Neither. . . nor. . . , Not only. . . but also. . .,引导主语时的就近原则。例如：,Either you or your brother,has,forgotten to turn off the light before going to bed.,不是你就是你弟弟睡觉前忘了关灯。,Not only Tom but (also) his parents,enjoy,swimming.,不仅汤姆，而且他的父母也都喜欢游泳。,.,单项选择,1.,（,2012,铜仁中考）,Is this a Chinese book or an English book?,Oh, _.,A. Yes, it is B. No, it isnt,C. An English book D. A music book,【,解析,】,选,C,。对于选择疑问句的回答，只能选其一，故选,C,。,2.,（,2012,黔西南州中考）,When I was five, I drew very well., _.,A. So did I B. So was I,C. So I was D. So I did,【,解析,】,选,A,。由上下文主语不一致知用倒装语序，再由上一句的时态为一般过去时，且谓语动词为实义动词,drew,故倒装语序中用助动词,did,。因此答案为,A,。,3.,（,2012,自贡中考）,A subway will be built in our hometown before 2015., _! Will it pass my house?,A. What an excited news,B. What exciting news,C. How exciting news,【,解析,】,选,B,。,news,是不可数名词，故用,what,引导感叹句。,4.,（,2012,荆州中考）,How _ will the boss be back?,In these days.,A. far B. soon C. long D. often,【,解析,】,选,B,。由答语是,in,引导的时间状语，可知用,how soon,进行提问。,5.,（,2012,恩施中考）,Its sunny today. Lets go mountain climbing, _?,Good idea!,A. shall we B. will you,C. wont you,【,解析,】,选,A,。,lets,引导的祈使句其反意疑问句用,shall we,。,6.,（,2012,黄石中考）,They can hardly speak English, _?,A. cant they B. wont they,C. can they D. will they,【,解析,】,选,C,。,hardly,是否定副词，故用肯定形式进行反意疑问，故选,C,。,7. (2012,达州中考,)I have never been to Hawaii. What about Mike?, _.,A. So has he B. So he does,C. Neither he has D. Neither has he,【,解析,】,选,D,。由上文“我从没去过夏威夷。”是否定内容可知应该用,neither,引导，再由上下文主语不一致，因此用倒装语序，故选,D,。,8. (2011,济南中考,) _ interesting the storybook is!,Yes. I have read it twice.,A. What a B. What,C. How a D. How,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查感叹句的用法。根据句意：,这本故事书是多么有趣呀！,是的。我已经读了两遍了。可以推知符合“,How+,形容词,+,主语,+,谓语！”的感叹句的结构。故选,D,。,9.,（,2011,滨州中考）,_ wonderful news report he wrote! All of us were proud of him.,A. What a B. What,C. How D. How a,【,解析,】,选,A,。考查感叹句。结合感叹句结构故先排除,D,，句中的中心词是可数名词,report,，,how,后接中心词应该是形容词。故排除,B,和,C,。故选,A,。,10.,（,2011,阜康中考）, _ today!,Yes. Shall we have a picnic in the open air?,A. What fine weather is,B. How fine weather it is,C. What a fine weather it is,D. How fine the weather is,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查感叹句。感叹句的构成,what+,adj,. +,可数名词复数,+,（主）,+,（谓）,what+a/an+,adj,. +,可数名词单数,+,（主）,+,（谓）,How+,adj,. /,adv,. +(,主,)+,（谓），故选,D,。,11.,（,2011,乐山中考）, _ is it from,Leshan,to,Chengdu,?,Im not sure, but it takes about two hours to get there by bus.,A. How soon B. How far,C. How fast,【,解析,】,选,B,。由答语“我不确定，但是乘车去那里大约花费两个小时。”可知对方询问的是从乐山到成都的距离，故用,how far,进行提问。故选,B,。,12.,（,2011,内江中考）, _ do you speak English so well?,Because I practice it with my partner every day.,A. Why B. When C. Who,【,解析,】,选,A,。由答语是,because,引导的原因状语从句可知上文询问的是“你为什么英语说得这么好？”故选,A,。,13.,（,2011,广安中考）,How much is the pair of shoes?,Twenty dollars _ enough.,A. is B. are C. am,【,解析,】,选,A,。表示时间、距离、价格、重量、长度等名词或短语作主语时，通常把它作为一个整体概念，谓语动词用单数。故选,A,。,14.,（,2011,黄石中考）,Dont make so much noise. Lily, _?,A. do you B. dont you,C. will you D. wont you,【,解析,】,选,C,。考查反意疑问句的用法。否定祈使句的反意疑问句用“,will you”,，故选,C,。,15.,（,2011,黄冈中考）,Mr. Wangs never been to Canada, has he?, _. He went there on business last week.,A. No, he hasnt B. Yes, he has,C. No, he has D. Yes, he hasnt,【,解析,】,选,B,。由答语第二句“上个周他去那里出差了。”可知王先生去过加拿大。故用,Yes, he has.,作答。故选,B,。,16.,（,2011,铜仁中考）,Neither my father nor my mother _ rock music. They think that its too _.,A. like; noise B. likes; noise,C. like; noisy D. likes; noisy,【,解析,】,选,D,。,neither. . . nor,连接并列主语时谓语动词和最近的主语保持一致；,noise“,噪音”，是名词，不可被副词,too,修饰；,noisy“,嘈杂的；喧闹的”，是形容词，可以被副词,too,修饰。故选,D,。,17.,（,2011,福州中考）, Li,Mei,usually helps others, _?, Yes, she is kind-hearted.,A. does she B. is she,C. doesnt she,【,解析,】,选,C,。反意疑问句的时态和人称主要由陈述部分决定，同时遵守“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则。故选,C,。,18.,（,2011,德州中考）,I havent seen the film,Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides,., _.,A. Neither have I B. So have I,C. Neither I have D. So I have,【,解析,】,选,A,。由上句是否定情况可排除,B,、,D,两项，用,neither,引导；再由主语不一致可知应该用倒装结构，故选,A,。,19.,（,2011,贵港中考）,I hope the summer vacation will come soon., _. Its really relaxing.,A. So I did B. So I do,C. So did I D. So do I,【,解析,】,选,D,。考查,so,引导的倒装句。根据答句中“它真的非常令人放松”可判定答语表示“我也希望”。若表示后者也具有上文提到的情况，用倒装句,so+,助动词,+,主语，由上句的时态是一般现在时态可知选,D,。,20.,（,2011,广东中考）,Alice had nothing for breakfast this morning, _?,No. She got up too late.,A. had she B. hadnt she,C. did she D. didnt she,【,解析,】,选,C,。,nothing,是否定代词，故反问部分用肯定形式，再由谓语动词是实义动词,had,，故用助动词,did,进行反问，故选,C,。,21.,（,2011,安徽中考）,Hey, Nick. _ comes the last bus! Hurry up, or well have to walk home.,A. This B. There C. That D. It,【,解析,】,选,B,。以,here,，,there,开头的句子，且主语是名词时用倒装语序。故选,B,。,22.,（,2011,绵阳中考）,The number of books in the bookshop is about 10, 000 and a number of them _ about science.,A. is B. was C. are D. were,【,解析,】,选,C,。“,a number of+,复数名词”意为“许多；大量的”，其修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，再由时态为一般现在时可知答案为,C,。,.,句型转换,1.,（,2012,自贡中考）,Martin used to give his mother a lot of trouble. (,改为否定句,),Martin _ _ to give his mother a lot of trouble.,2.,（,2011,临沂中考）,Alice has a tennis racket. (,改为一般疑问句,),_ Alice _ a tennis racket?,答案：,1. didnt use/used not 2. Does; have,3.,（,2011,安顺中考）,The students will learn the group dance,on the school playground,. (,对画线部分提问,),_ _ the students learn the group dance?,4.,（,2011,上海中考）,The beach is a nice place for tourists. (,改为感叹句,),_ _ nice place the beach is for tourists!,答案：,3. Where will 4. What a,5.,（,2011,乌鲁木齐中考）,She hardly knew how to solve this math problem. (,改为反意疑问句,),She hardly knew how to solve this math problem, _ _?,6.,（,2011,乐山中考）,We will turn off the lights for an hour,on Earth Day,. (,对画线部分提问,),_ _ we turn off the lights for an hour?,答案：,5. did she 6. When will,