Writing Skills

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Writing Skills,1,大纲要求：,众所周知，大学英语写作已越来越受到重视。,1996,年国家教委考试中心发布规定：在今后的大学英语四、六级考试中，四、六级考试作文部分设立最低分（至少,6,分）制度。考生作文若低于,6,分，则从客观题分数中扣除少掉的部分。因此，写作的重要性是显而易见的。,大学英语教学大纲对学生写的能力有明确的规定：能在半小时内写出,120,词左右的短文，包括书信、文章摘要等。文理基本通顺。具体地说，四级写作一般是要求学生运用学到的语言知识，按规定的题目和提示，在半小时内写出,120,词的短文，内容连贯，无重大语法错误。,2,II.,大学英语四级考试作文评分原则及标准,一、评分原则：,1. CET,是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要 求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。,2. CET,作文采用总体评分（,Global Scoring,）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（,Reward Scores,），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。,3.,从内容和语言对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,4.,避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括,O,分。一名阅卷人员在评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,3,二、评分标准,1.,本题满分为,15,分。,2.,阅卷标准共分五等：,2,分、,5,分、,8,分、,11,分和,14,分。,3.,阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照,Range Finders,评分，若认为与某一分数（如,8,分）相似，即定为该分 数（即,8,分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即,9,分）或减一分（即,7,分），但不得加或减半分。,4,4.,评分标准：,2,分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,5,分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。,有较多的严重语言错误。,8,分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文,字勉强连贯；语言错误相多，其中有一些是,严重错误。,11,分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少,量语言错误。,14,分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。,基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,（注：字数不足应酌情扣分。）,5,III.,主要命题类型：,(,一,),段首句作文,(both in English and in Chinese),(,二,),提纲式作文,(both in Chinese and in English),（三）命题作文（只给出作文题目）,（四）看图作文,( Band 6 - 89.1; 90.6; 96.6; 2002. 6),（五）根据所规定的情景作文,（六）用所给的关键词作文,（七）根据要求写信（,2001.6,；,2002.1,）,（八）根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要,或大意,6,2003,年,1,月写作试题,2003,年,1,月,RANGE-FINDERS,定稿,(4QSH1, 6QSH1),It Pays to Be Honest,1.,当前社会上有许多不诚实的现象。,2.,诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。,7,14 points,Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.,Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot.,Those who always,8,tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later.,In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honour. So it is important that we should be honest.,9,11 points,Nowadays, many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can find such things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; some corporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treat their patients with unnecessary and expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimes damaged the patients health, even their life.,10,Seeing this situation, I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, but also ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honesty surely helps to make the society more harmony.,So, I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty.,11,8 points,In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even ones closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist?,Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, both to others as well. If we are honest to others, we will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last.,To a company and,its,12,advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again!,So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Lets create a morally outstanding social.,13,5 points,With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearly.,Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the preservation date, and saled them again after several days.,14,Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality.,From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest does not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realize the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest then our country will be beautiful and wealthy.,15,2 Points,Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming. We often can meet with soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the bus need carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box. Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents. For another example, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others.,16,I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it can make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honest all, study, work, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who will regard you are good people. But if you dont be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a good people remember honest first.,17,2002,年,6,月,RANGE-FINDERS,定稿,（,4PSH2, 6PSH2,）,Student Use of Computers,18,14 points,Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week, has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.,Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facsilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.,19,However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem.,Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.,20,11 points,As the chart shows: from year 1990, the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has been sharply increased. In 1990, students only spent less than 2 hours on computer work while they spent almost 20 hours on it per week now. That means computer plays a more important role in our daily life than ever before.,21,Why has computer become so popular? The reason depend on many things. Firstly, computer has been greatly improved these year. It can do many works. Secondly it has become cheaper and cheaper so that most students can afford it. Thirdly, computers are used in many area, from factory to companies, from hospitals to schools, so we should grasp how to use computers.,22,Also there are many problems for us in using computer. For instance, some students spent too much time on playing pc games that would affect their study. So we should learn not only how to use computer but also how to use it properly.,23,8 points,Whit the development of the society, we are happy to see the number of students use computers is increasing.,In 1990, the number of hours a student spends on the computer per week only 2 hours. But in 2000, more and more students use computers for their life and subjects. They can reading, learning, play video games from the computer. The computer also can help them to solve more and more difficulties, save so much time.,24,What is the reason that more and more students use computers? Firstly, our country become more and more modern, the computer can make a great use of development. Secondly, the size of computer is smaller than before. Its convenient. And the prices is also cheaper than before.,But in some universities, the computers are not permited to the dormitories, so the students have to go to the computer house beside their school when they need do something with the computer.,Above all, the computers are more and more and convenient to students.,25,5 points,Computers are popular with students. Students spend much time using computers than before. The station of average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week shows it. In 1990, student spent about two hours on the computer. But in 1995, hours increase two. Now in 2000, student spend about 20 hours per week.,26,Student spend much more time on the computer per week in 2000 than in 1990. Computers are used widely ways. And with the development of city, the price of computers is lower than before. Now, Most of students have computer. So they can use computer not only at school but also at home.,In spite of student spend much time on the computer. But it isnt very good. Students have some trouble on the computer. Most of school use computer playing games. It is very bad for student. They need much more knowledge about computer. And they will use computer on their study and their life.,27,2 points,With the development of computer. More and more college students increased computer knowledge. From 1990, 1995 to 2000, clearly. Added to many hours. In 1990. A week spend on two half an hour. In 1995. A week spend on there half an hour. In 2000. A week spend on twenty hours.,All the factors which are part of computers use. money. Society of development. Now. Computers expensive, useful. So. Computers were bought more and more.,28,I think that college students use of computers conclude about difficulties and questions. In computer, “excel” and “word” is familar by us. But we could not touch the higher area. For example, “Access” is widly used in a lot of composion. But we have nothing knowing at it. So I should try my best study use of computer. Because of our society lack of these computer people.,Now I should study computer knowledge. I want to become a useful man.,29,2002,年,1,月写作试题,A Letter to the University President,about the Canteen Service on Campus,假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量，价格，环境，服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，还可以兼而有之。,30,14 points,January 12th,，,2002,Dear Mr. President,Im very lucky to attend this world-famous university, but Im afraid Im not content with the canteen service on campus.,Firstly, the quality of the dishes should be improved. Undoutedly, there are a lot of delicious dishes but all the year, they are the same. More and more students are complaining about eating the same round food each day. So I think the most urgent problem is variety.,Secondly. The price is a bit too high. Many of us hope that the canteen can provide us with not only delicious but also cheaper food.,31,Finally, the environment is so noisy that we cant enjoy our meals in good mood. I suggest that there be some soft music to help us relax.,Those presented suggestions are not just of my own, but also of many other students. We hope our respectable president will pay attention to our suggestions.,By the way, the canteen workers are very patient and always smiling. So I think if our university offers them better conditions, they will offer us better service.,32,2001,年,1,月写作试题,Directions:,For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic,How to Succeed in a Job Interview?,You should write at least 100(Band 4)/120(Band 6) words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:,1.,面试在求职过程中的作用,2.,取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,33,Interview,. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below. Remember to writer your composition neatly,Outline:,a),现在找工作一般都要进行面试，通过面试，,面试者,和应试者可以互相了解情况。,b),面试者可以向应试者介绍，如工作性质、条,件、待遇等。,c),应试者也可以有机会给对方留下一个好印象，,如可以表现出自信，可以介绍教育背景，工,作能力等。,34,Nowadays, there are many books telling people how to behave in a job interview. People looking for a job usually attach great importance to job interviews. And doing well in a job interview means a good chance of being employed.,To leave a deep impression on the interviewer, the first thing you have to do is dressing yourself properly so that you may look mature and confident. Pay attention to the way you talk and behave, for such little things are often ignored. What is more, you should prepare a brief self-introduction including your working experiences and special abilities.,If you follow the advice, you will most probably succeed in a job interview and in most cases, you will get the job you are dreaming of.,35,Writing Forms,1. Narration,2. Description,3. Exposition,4. Argumentation,36,IV,写作技巧指导,理想的段落要求是什么,?,(What is a good paragraph?),1.,统一（,Unity,）,2.,连贯（,Coherence,）,3.,主题句（,Topic Sentence,）,4.,过渡（,Transitions,）,5.,清晰 （,Clarity),6.,完整性,(Completeness),7.,多样化,( Variety),8.,有效性,( Effectiveness),37,How to develop a paragraph Methods of Paragraph Development:,Description,Examplification,Illustration,Definition,Classification,Cause and Effect,Comparison and Contrast,38,Description,Example:,One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. When I opened the window, the gentle sunlight rushed in with the sweet smell of flowers and the clean moisture of the fresh air. Almost at the same time, the echoing of the lovely birds singing came into my ears as if saying “What a nice day, my friend! Why not take a walk in the park and enjoy the beauty of the nature?” “Yes, good idea” I said to myself. “And I can read my English text book there.” A minute later, I was on my way to the park.,39,Exemplification,Example:,Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. In China, for example, there are many educational TV stations in large cities. The programs they offer range from college courses to cooking skills. Owing to these programs, thousands of Chinese can obtain a college degree outside universities. More and more housewives or “househusbands” could cook as well as professionals, which, in fact, makes our life more interesting and enjoyable.,40,Illustration,Example:,Books are our good friends. They always play an important role at different stages of our life. During our childhood, they introduced us a wonderful world filled with interesting stories. In our adolescence, they helped us gain knowledge and teach us how to distinguish between the good and evil. When we have come into adult, they provide us with good opportunities to learn from each other and share different kind of feelings. They also give us the wisdom to tackle with various problems in our work and study and enable us to obtain entertainment in our leisure time.,41,Definition,Example:,Generation gap is a term which means the “difference” between the old and young. In likes and dislikes, for example, most of the young people in the present China are fond of wearing fashionable jeans, listening to the pop music and dancing disco. On the contrary, few old people enjoy these things. In marriage and engagement, moreover, the young prefer to have their own right and freedom to choose their partners. The old, however, do not want their children to make their decision without their permissions.,42,Classification,Example:,Tape recorder is useful in many ways. As a means of education, it can be used in language teaching and learning. As a tool of communication, it can be applied to record important speeches or reports. As an instrument for entertainment, it can be utilized to play music at home or in the public places like restaurants, department stores and railway stations.,43,Cause and Effect,Example:,For many years, the world population increased slowly. Because of poor health care, death rates were very high. Then, during the eighteenth century, living conditions began to improve and people learned to control many diseases. As a result, the death rate began to drop and the population grew quickly.,44,Comparison and Contrast,Example:,Different people like different sports. Those who prefer to be outdoors usually take a great interest in hiking, swimming, skiing or mountain climbing. However, the indoor activities, such as chess, card-playing and dancing, are often enjoyed by those who want to be relaxed in the spare time. It seems natural that the youth favour the fast and strenuous games like baseball, basketball and football; whereas the aged prefer slow and light exercises like jogging, walking and fishing,.,45,Brainstorming,Example:,Poverty may come from different reasons.,-unemployment,-illness,-low pension,-gambling,-a large family only one wageowner, etc.,46,How to achieve coherence,In order to have coherence in writing an argumentative essay, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be NO sudden jumps. Since this coherence does not occur naturally, you should take pains to establish it. One of the main ways to achieve coherence is to use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next. The following are the most common transition signals grouped according to the kinds connections they establish.,47,Introducing an additional point or idea:,furthermoremoreoverin addition,besidessimilarly whats more,alsothen,Introducing an opposite point or idea:,on the other handhowever,in contrast by contrast,on the contraryin spite of,butnevertheless,48,Moving from general to specific:,for examplefor instance,in factspecificallyin particular,Emphasizing a point:,Especially above all primarily,chiefly in fact indeed,more importantmost important,certainlyindeedsurely,49,Restating a point:,in other words in simpler terms,in effect that is to say,in short in brief,Showing sequence:,first second third fourth etc.,firstlysecondlythirdly,in the first place in the second place etc.,at firstto begin with,nextalsothen,at last finallyin the end,50,Showing cause and effect:,as a resultconsequently,because since,accordinglyhence,thustherefore,Showing connections in time:,at the same timenowadays,meanwhilein the mean time,at presentpreviously,in the futurethereafter,latelyat last,51,Introducing a conclusion or summary:,in conclusionin summary,on the wholelastly,altogetherin a word,to sum upto conclude,in generalgenerally,generally speaking at large,in shortin brief,52,四、六出题范围,根据学生要求掌握的词汇量，根据他们的知识结构，根据他们的年龄特征和文化背景，出题范围大致如下：,1.Science and technology (e.g. Computer,internet, cloning, television, automobile, etc.),and its effects on the society and peoples life;,2.Social problems (e.g. Housing, transport,employment, unemployment, reemployment,crime, marriage, environment protection,energy crisis, pollution, advertisement);,53,3.University life (e.g. the way of learning,extra