英文摘要写作技巧-四种固定句型

, , , , , ,*,怎样写好医学论文英文摘要,2010,年,11,月,第一部分英文摘要的固定句型,文题,文题包括,样本、参数和处理,三要素，其中样本和参数随文章而变，处理则涉及关联、效应、比较和检测四类，通常有,4,种固定句型。,1,、关联句,在,A,样本中,B,参数和,C,参数的关联,，可套用：“,Association B parameter with C parameter in A sample”,。,例如，,在精神分裂症病人中事件相关电位,P300,和临床症状的关联,，可译作,“,Association,between,event,-,related potential P300,and,clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia”,。,2,、效应句,在,A,样本中,B,治疗对,C,参数的效应,，可套用：“,Effects of B treatment (include drug) on C parameter in A sample”,。,例如，,在大鼠中慢性应激对海马,CA3,锥体细胞形态学和结构的效应，,可译作：,“,Effects of chronic stress on morphology and structure of,hippocampal,CA3 pyramidal neurons in rat”,。,3,、比较句,在,A,样本和,B,样本（或多样本）之间对,C,参数进行比较研究,，可套用： “,A comparative study C parameter between A sample and B sample (or among multiple samples),”,。,例如“,电针、氟西汀和安慰剂治疗抑郁症疗效比较研究,”，可译作“,A comparative study of,antidepressive,effect among patients with depression taking,electroacupuncture, patients with depression taking,fluoxetine,and patients with depression taking placebo”,。,4,、检测句,在,A,样本中对,B,参数的检测,，可套用：,“,Detection of B parameter in A sample”,。,例如，,在抽动障碍儿童中对,A,蔟溶血性链球菌抗体的测定,，可译作：,“,Detection of group A streptococcal antibody in children with tic disorders”,。,二、英文摘要,1,、目的（,Objective),在目的中，因为是反映将要做什么，故用不定式。,格式为“探索（调查或研究）,+,文题”,可译作 “,To explore (investigate or,study)+Topic,”,。,如文题为“,Association event related potential P300 with clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.,”，则 “,Objective”,写作：“,To explore association event related potential P300 with clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia”,。,少数情况下，文题用于,Objective,时，要稍作变动，但框架不变。如文题为：,“,Epidemiological survey of depression prevalence in,Guizhou,Province”,。,“,Objective”,可写作：“,To explore depression prevalence by epidemiological survey in,Guizhou,Province”,。,2,、方法（,Method),在方法中，因为是反映当时的作为，故,用一般过去式,，通常要概括什么人，什么治疗，用什么设备，进行什么评价，格式为“,some,parameter(s,) was (were) estimated (measured) with some instruments in patient with some disease taking some drug”,。,如“,在,63,例服氯氮平的精神分裂症病人中用高效液相测定了氯氮平血药浓度,”，译作：“,Clozapine,serum level was,measured with High,Preformence,Liquid Chromatograph in 63 patients with schizophrenia,tsking,clozapine,”,。,3,、结果（,Results),在结果中，因为是反映当时的计算结果，故,用一般过去式,，最常有三种句型。,（,1,）有差异句,即,A,组的某参数比,B,组的显著为高（或低、长或短），,可套用：“,It was significantly higher (or,lower,longer,or shorter) for some,parameter(s,) in group A than group B”,。,例如，,34,例抑郁症病人的快眼动睡眠时间比,42,例正常对照者的为长,，译作 “,It was significantly longer for duration of Rapid Eye Move Sleep in 34 patients with depression than 42 normal controls”,。,（,2,）无差异句,A,组的某参数与,B,组的无显著差异，,可套用：“,There,was(were,) no significant,difference(s,) in some,parameter(s,) between group A and group B”,。,例如，,抑郁症组的白血球总数与正常对照组之间无显著差异,，译作“,There was no significant difference in total number of white blood cell between depression group and normal control group”,。,3,、相关句,在,C,组中,A,参数与,B,参数之间有显著正相关、负相关或无相关，可套用：“,There was a significantly positive or negative correlation between parameter A and parameter B in group C”,。,例如，,在,38,例精神分裂症病人中脑脊液多巴胺水平与,5,羟色胺水平之间有显著正相关,，译作,There was a significantly positive correlation between CSF Dopamine level and CSF 5-hydroxytryptamine,level in 38 patients with schizophrenia”,。,4,、结论（,Conclusion),在结论中，因为是反映一般规律的，故用一般现在式，常用句型有,3,种。,（,1,）提示句,“这些结果提示,”,，可套用：,“,These results suggest that”,。,或“这些数据（结果）支持某种观点（或假设）,”,，可套用,：“,The data (results) support the view of (hypothesis that)”,。,（,2,）,一致句,“,A,结果与,B,现象一致”，,可套用：“,A finding is consistent with phenomenon B”,。,A,结果看来能通过,B,机制所解释,，可套用： “,A finding appears to (may) be explained by B mechanism”,。,（,3,） 将来句,“这些结果（将来）需要重复”，可套用：“,Replication of these findings is needed”,。“进一步研究需要调查,”,，可套用“,Further studies are needed to investigate”,。,5,、英文关键词,英文关键词主要是在文题中抽出，如文题为,“,Effects of chronic,stress,on morphology and structure of,hippocampal,CA3 pyramidal neurons in,rat,”,。,关键词可写作,stress;,hippocampal,(,海马回,); rat,。,第二部分惯用搭配及语法问题,一、文题,（一）要求确切、简练、醒目,常见问题：专业术语不准确、词汇选用及搭配不当以及词序颠倒等。,例,1,A study on the urinary iodine of pregnant women, children of the age of 0,2 and their mothers,(,孕妇、,0,2,岁婴幼儿及其母亲尿碘调查分析,),分析：,在这里不清楚,age,的用法。,修改为：,Study on the urinary iodine of pregnant women, children aged 0 to 2 and their mothers,一、文题,（一）要求确切、简练、醒目,常见问题：专业术语不准确、词汇选用及搭配不当以及词序颠倒等。,例,1,A study on the urinary iodine of pregnant women, children of the age of 0,2 and their mothers,(,孕妇、,0,2,岁婴幼儿及其母亲尿碘调查分析,),分析：,在这里不清楚,age,的用法。,修改为：,Study on the urinary iodine of pregnant women, children aged 0 to 2 and their mothers,例2,Effects of different iodine content in salt to children in severe and slightly areas of iodine deficiency in,Guizhou, China,(,不同盐碘浓度对贵州碘缺乏病重、轻病区儿童几项指标影响的探讨,),分析: ,词语搭配不当,：,effect 应与on 连用;,选词不当,：,轻病区用mild 一词。,修改为: Effects,of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe,and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China,例2,Effects of different iodine content in salt to children in severe and slightly areas of iodine deficiency in,Guizhou, China,(,不同盐碘浓度对贵州碘缺乏病重、轻病区儿童几项指标影响的探讨,),分析:,词语搭配不当,：,effect 应与on 连用;,选词不当,：,轻病区用mild 一词。,修改为:,Effects,of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe,and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China,(,二,),文题的形式通常是一个名词短语,例,Establish bank of human embryo,articular,cartilage,chondrocytes,(,人胚胎关节软骨细胞库的建立,),分析：,establish,应改成,establishing,的形式。,修改：,Establishing bank of human embryo,articular,cartilage,chondrocytes,(,二,),文题的形式通常是一个名词短语,例,Establish bank of human embryo,articular,cartilage,chondrocytes,(,人胚胎关节软骨细胞库的建立,),分析：,establish,应改成,establishing,的形式。,修改：,Establishing bank of human embryo,articular,cartilage,chondrocytes,（三）冠词的省略,1,、报纸杂志中的标题，往往可以省略冠词,以求简洁，如：,例,1,标题中的“,A study”,冠词“,A”,就可以省略,2,、疾病名称前一般不用冠词,二、摘要,(,正文,),摘要要求准确、简洁、流畅。摘要包括报道性摘要和指示性摘要。报道性摘要通常由目的、方法、结果和结论,4,个部分组成。摘要一般在,200,个词左右。本刊医学论文摘要最常见的问题是动词使用不够准确,现就动词的时态、语态、语气的用法举例分析如下。,（一）时态,1,、一般现在时,阐述本文的目的、结论之类的意思时,通常用一般现在时。,例,The findings demonstrate that all children living in the same area have same iodine nutrition status.,(,结果表明生活在同一地区的学龄儿童其碘营养水平基本相同。,),分析：,此句表示结论，故动词,demonstrate,用一般现在时形式。,2,、一般过去时,叙述研究的过程包括研究方法、结果等，宜用一般过去时。,例,The results of the experiment showed that the,viscoelasticitys,indexes of the morbid group were significantly lower than those of the normal group.,(,实验结果表明,病态组的粘弹性指标明显低于正常对照组。,),分析：,此句阐述的是研究结果，故动词用一般过去时。,3,、其他,至于现在完成时、过去完成时以及一般将来时等应用不多，根据具体情况考虑使用即可。,（二）语态,在医学论文中叙述研究过程的句子，多用第,3,人称的被动语态,而少用第,1,人称的主动语态。其优点是可省掉动作的执行者,(,作者,),，还可将重要的东西在主语的位置突出出来。可以用,the author,代表,I,，,the authors,代表,we,，同时还可用,this study,，,this report,，,this paper,等代替第,1,人称。,例：,Patients were randomly selected from children aged,from 6 to 12 years in KBD affected area.,(,病人来自随机抽取的大骨节病区,6,12,岁儿童。,),分析：,此句动词采用的是被动形式。,（三）语气,按说话意图，动词要用不同形式，称为语气。医学论文中，表示假想情况或主观愿望时采用虚拟语气。,如,suggest,，,propose,，,recommend,，等词后接,that,从句表示“建议”的意义时，要用虚拟语气，即要加,should,一词,(should,可以省略,),，或谓语动词用不带,to,的不定式。,用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议等。如：,This,study(investigation,) is (conducted, undertaken) to,It is found that,The conclusions are,当涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。,例,It was suggested that the quality control range be,enlarged. (,建议扩大考核范围。,),分析：,从句动词采用虚拟语气，,should,省略。,但,suggest,，,propose,如不表示“建议”，而表示“提出”、“认为”等含义时，则不用虚拟语气。,三、写英文摘要时应注意的问题,1,、避免重复,摘要不要过于简单地只把论文标题加以扩展或重复（即摘要的首句是对论文标题的扩展或重复），也不能将论文的段落标题全部加以罗列来代替摘要，使读者无法得到的全文梗概。如：,题目：“,The geological structure character of,Xin,Ren,Mine area and its seeking coal orientation”,摘要：“,The paper shows the geological structure character of,Xin,Ren,Mine area and its seeking coal orientation”.,2,、篇幅要小,英文摘要要求篇幅尽量小，句子要尽可能少而完整。一篇摘要一般不超过,250,个单词。英文摘要本身完整并能独立使用，使读者即使得不到原文，也能获得明确的概念。,摘要应用纯文叙述，应避免图表、公式或与角注等其他符号。对于医学科技期刊来说，在有限的篇幅内把文章中的重要数据、理论和创新方法说清楚，更是需要作者深厚的技术知识和英文能力。,3,、遵循英语语法,人称、时态、语态,都应遵循英语语法，避免一些常见的错误，保证摘要的准确性。对于一些习惯用语要进行了解和确认，不能凭空想像，也不能不懂装懂。如：文摘中出现单复数使用时，要辨认所搭配名词的单复数形式，避免谓语形式出错。还要谨慎使用长句，因为长句容易造成语义不清。,谢谢各位同学的配合，,祝大家学习进步，,生活愉快！,