1.Howdoesafast-muscletwitchdifferfromaslow-muscle

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,1. How does a fast-muscle twitch differ from a slow-muscle twitch, in terms of color, number of mitochondria, vascularization, and amount of myoglobin?,fast,: light in color, few mitochondria, relatively little myoglobin,slow,: dark in color, many mitochondria, lots of myoglobin,1,2. Glucose concentrations are under the control of what 2 hormones?,insulin,glucagon,2,3. Explain how a human ear and a telephone may have similar modes of reception of sound in their inner parts.,both receive airbone vibrations and convert this vibrational energy into electrical signals,3,4. Why might it be necessary for animals to excrete more or less dilute urine? How does this relate to humans concentrating urine while sleeping, or excreting dilute urine during the day, when beverage consumption is higher?,homeostasis: maintain concentrations of critical substances within tolerable ranges,e.g., sodium is lost in sweat (creates need for conservation along with water) vs. consuming a lot of liquid and losing little,4,5. What is the name of the sensory structure responsible for detecting pheromonal signals? Where is it located?,vomeronasal organ,located in nasal cavity, lower area in humans,projects to unconscious brain via accessory olfactory bulb,5,6. What are the small muscles attached to the lens in the eye? How are they involved in the refracting of light onto the retina?,cililary body,change the shape of the lens for accomodation,accomodation alters light paths such that light from on spot in outside will meet at the same spot on the retina,6,7. What is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates, and what is its role in transporting oxygen?,hemoglobin (hemocyanin in many inverts),carries 95% of O,2,in blood (remember that very little is actually dissolved in water),7,8. Give an example of animals that excrete urea, uric acid, or ammonia. Explain why that form of excretion works for that particular animal.,fish: ammonia - toxic!, but lots of water is available it is easy to get rid of waste,human: urea - less toxic, water loss can be a problem so this saves water,desert lizard: uric acid - non toxic, needs very little water to excrete,8,9. Where are receptors for odorants located in insects?:,sensilla of sensory hairs (actually dendrites which extend into sensilla),9,10. What does the lens do? What structure helps alter the shape of the lens?,accomodation,cililary body (muscles),10,11. Ancestrally, the forebrain was associated with _, the midbrain was associated with _, and the hindbrain was associated with _ and _.,forebrain: olfaction,midbrain: vision,hindbrain: balance and hearing,11,12. List two fundamental differences in open vs. closed circulatory systems.,several are possible,no capillaries vs. capillaries,low pressure vs. high pressure,hemolymph vs. blood,large hemolymph volume vs. small blood volume,12,13. Explain briefly how body size is related to overall metabolism and oxygen consumption in mammals.,Body Size,Total,O,2,Body Size,O,2,/g body,weight,13,14. What are the receptor units that are found on the lateral line of a fish?,neuromasts,14,15. If depolarization occurs to the point that the membrane potential is at threshold, what is likely to happen next?,an action potential will be generated through positive feedback,why is this positive feedback?,voltage-gated Na,+,channels open in response to depolarization, which increases depolarization and opens more channels, which.,.,15,16. What are the three innovations in ventilation mammals have developed, relative to other tetrapods?,diaphragm muscle,vertical flexion of spine,loss of abdominal ribs,16,17. Explain why ectotherms with a thick layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue would be selected against (i.e., natural selection).,the problem of evolving an insulating coating when you get your heat externally or generating heat internally when you just lose it,ectotherms with a thick insulating coating could not heat up,17,18. Capillary beds play an integral role in the tracheal system of insects. T or F,False, insects have an open circulatory system and trachea go directly to cells in tissues,18,19. Malpighian tubules pump salts and wastes into the gut. T or F,True, these are major excretory organs in insects,19,1. Disorders in androgen production can produce dramatic alterations in sexual phenotype development. Which of the following would be mostlikely to occur if a human had mutations in the androgen receptor gene? (Hint: this is also known as androgen insensitivity syndrome.),a) Male internally, female externally with two X chromosomes,b) no effect, normal development,c) Female externally, with no functional internal reproductive organs and an X and Y chromosome,d) Male externally, female internally with no sex chromosomes,20,1. Disorders in androgen production can produce dramatic alterations in sexual phenotype development. Which of the following would be mostlikely to occur if a human had mutations in the androgen receptor gene? (Hint: this is also known as androgen insensitivity syndrome.),a) Male internally, female externally with two X chromosomes,b) no effect, normal development,c) Female externally, with no functional internal reproductive organs and an X and Y chromosome,d) Male externally, female internally with no sex chromosomes,21,2. The enlargement which results in increased leakiness of vessels in the first response of inflammation is called:,a) Self Recognition,b) Dissociation,c) Vasodilation,d) Agglutination,22,2. The enlargement which results in increased leakiness of vessels in the first response of inflammation is called:,a) Self Recognition,b) Dissociation,c) Vasodilation,d) Agglutination,23,3. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?,a) The Astrocyte,b) Serotonin,c) The Endorphin,d) The Neuron,24,3. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?,a) The Astrocyte,b) Serotonin,c) The Endorphin,d) The Neuron,25,4. Why can a person die quickly from exposure to carbon monoxide?,a) carbon monoxide increases the pH of the blood,b) carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen,c) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide mix to form a poisonous gas in the body,d) carbon monoxide decreases the pH of the blood,26,4. Why can a person die quickly from exposure to carbon monoxide?,a) carbon monoxide increases the pH of the blood,b) carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen,c) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide mix to form a poisonous gas in the body,d) carbon monoxide decreases the pH of the blood,27,5. Many marine mammals dive to great depths, collapsing their lungs as they dive. How do they manage (physiologically) to make these dives?,a) Oxygen is stored in their blood.,b) Oxygen is stored in their muscles.,c) They do not use a lot of muscles to dive, therefore only using a minimum amount of oxygen.,d) All of the above.,28,5. Many marine mammals dive to great depths, collapsing their lungs as they dive. How do they manage (physiologically) to make these dives?,a) Oxygen is stored in their blood.,b) Oxygen is stored in their muscles.,c) They do not use a lot of muscles to dive, therefore only using a minimum amount of oxygen.,d) All of the above.,29,6. Which represents the general function of sensory receptors?,a) accomodation,b) transduction,c) discrimination,d) a and b,e) all of the above,30,6. Which represents the general function of sensory receptors?,a) accomodation,b) transduction,c) discrimination,d) a and b,e) all of the above,31,7. The type of sensory reception used in taste and smell is,a) photoreception,b) thermoreception,c) mechanoreception,d) chemoreception,e) nociception,32,7. The type of sensory reception used in taste and smell is,a) photoreception,b) thermoreception,c) mechanoreception,d) chemoreception,e) nociception,33,8. Which of the following levels of the vertebrate nervous system is responsible for the skeletal muscle responses to stimuli?,a) sensory,b) somatic,c) sympathetic,d) parasympathetic,e) peripheral,34,8. Which of the following levels of the vertebrate nervous system is responsible for the skeletal muscle responses to stimuli?,a) sensory,b) somatic,c) sympathetic,d) parasympathetic,e) peripheral,35,9. Identify the structure in the forebrain which releases melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles).,a) hypothalamus,b) pons,c) pituitary gland,d) pineal gland,e) superior colliculi,36,9. Identify the structure in the forebrain which releases melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles).,a) hypothalamus,b) pons,c) pituitary gland,d) pineal gland,e) superior colliculi,37,11. What kind of mouse does Dr. Godwin use in class?,a) field mouse,b) air mouse,c) kangaroo mouse,d) brown mouse,e) flying mouse,38,11. What kind of mouse does Dr. Godwin use in class?,a) field mouse,b) air mouse,c) kangaroo mouse,d) brown mouse,e) flying mouse,39,12. Metabolic rate is defined as:,a) the rate at which energy is produced,b) the rate at which CO2 is produced,c) the rate at which energy is consumed,d) the rate at which O2 is consumed,e) c & d,40,12. Metabolic rate is defined as:,a) the rate at which energy is produced,b) the rate at which CO2 is produced,c) the rate at which energy is consumed,d) the rate at which O2 is consumed,e) c & d,41,13. In muscle proteins, what large protein makes up the thick filament?,a) myosin,b) actin,c) troponin,d) tropomyosin,e) none of the above,42,13. In muscle proteins, what large protein makes up the thick filament?,a) myosin,b) actin,c) troponin,d) tropomyosin,e) none of the above,43,14. What is the arrangement where arteries and veins are closely apposed to each other, but are flowing in opposite directions?,a) capillary exchange,b) blood clotting,c) retes,d) arterial system,e) venous system,44,14. What is the arrangement where arteries and veins are closely apposed to each other, but are flowing in opposite directions?,a) capillary exchange,b) blood clotting,c) retes,d) arterial system,e) venous system,45,15. The two membrane receptors that the outer coat protein gp-120 of HIV binds to are:,a) IP3 and cytochrome-c,b) pepsin and adenylyl cyclase,c) CD4 and CCR5,d) bicoid and nanos,46,15. The two membrane receptors that the outer coat protein gp-120 of HIV binds to are:,a) IP3 and cytochrome-c,b) pepsin and adenylyl cyclase,c) CD4 and CCR5,d) bicoid and nanos,47,16. Under stress, the hypothalmus secretes _, which stimulates the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH,a) TRH,b) TSH,c) CRH,d) DDT,e) CCR,48,16. Under stress, the hypothalmus secretes _, which stimulates the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH,a) TRH,b) TSH,c) CRH,d) DDT,e) CCR,49,17. Which of the followings is (are) neurotransmitters?,a) Serotonin,b) Immunoglobulin,c) Nitrous oxide,d) all of the above,e) Only a and c,50,17. Which of the followings is (are) neurotransmitters?,a) Serotonin,b) Immunoglobulin,c) Nitrous oxide,d) all of the above,e) Only a and c,51,18. Which cells play a role in non specific-defense?,a) T lymphocytes and Monocytes,b) T lymphocytes only,c) Monocytes only,d) T and B lymphocytes,52,18. Which cells play a role in non specific-defense?,a) T lymphocytes and Monocytes,b) T lymphocytes only,c) Monocytes only,d) T and B lymphocytes,53,19. Positive feedback is important in:,a) Child birth,b) Glucose regulation,c) Generation of action potentials,d) Both in a and c,e) Both in a and b,54,19. Positive feedback is important in:,a) Child birth,b) Glucose regulation,c) Generation of action potentials,d) Both in a and c,e) Both in a and b,55,20. Which is correct sequence of muscle organization?,a) muscle cells, muscle fibers, sarcomeres,b) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers,c) muscle cells, muscle filament, myofibrils,d) myofibrils, sarcomeres, muscle filament,56,20. Which is correct sequence of muscle organization?,a) muscle cells, muscle fibers, sarcomeres,b) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers,c) muscle cells, muscle filament, myofibrils,d) myofibrils, sarcomeres, muscle filament,57,21. In vertebrates, where does digestion begin?,a) Intestine,b) Mouth,c) Stomach,d) none of the above,58,21. In vertebrates, where does digestion begin?,a) Intestine,b) Mouth,c) Stomach,d) none of the above,59,22. Which is not a muscle protein?,a) Actin,b) acetylcholine,c) Tropomyosin,d) Myosin,60,22. Which is not a muscle protein?,a) Actin,b) acetylcholine,c) Tropomyosin,d) Myosin,61,23. The small intestines increase absorption by what specialization(s)?,a) the intestine is long,b) the walls are folded,c) the epithelium forms villi,d) the apical surfaces of cells are folded into microvilli,e) all of the above,62,23. The small intestines increase absorption by what specialization(s)?,a) the intestine is long,b) the walls are folded,c) the epithelium forms villi,d) the apical surfaces of cells are folded into microvilli,e) all of the above,63,24. Which of the following is the least soluble in water?,a) ammonia,b) urea,c) uric acid,d) they are equally soluble in water,64,24. Which of the following is the least soluble in water?,a) ammonia,b) urea,c) uric acid,d) they are equally soluble in water,65,25. The thin filament is composed of which muscle protein?,a) myosin,b) actin,c) troponin,d) tropomyosin,66,25. The thin filament is composed of which muscle protein?,a) myosin,b) actin,c) troponin,d) tropomyosin,67,26. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger and is important in emotion?,a) myelencephalon,b) medulla oblongata,c) hypothalamus,d) mesencephalon,e) metencephalon,68,26. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger and is important in emotion?,a) myelencephalon,b) medulla oblongata,c) hypothalamus,d) mesencephalon,e) metencephalon,69,27. Which of the following is not a small molecule neurotransmitter?,a. serotonin,b. endorphins,c. nitric oxide,d. dopamine,e. amino acids,70,27. Which of the following is not a small molecule neurotransmitter?,a. serotonin,b. endorphins,c. nitric oxide,d. dopamine,e. amino acids,71,28. The medulla oblongata, an enlarged anterior extension of the spinal cord, is located in the _. Meanwhile, the cerebellum is the dorsal outgrowth of the _.,a) metencephalon; mesencephalon,b) myelencephalon; metencephalon,c) diencephalon; myelencephalon,d) myelencephalon; mesencephalon,e) telencephalon; metencephalon,72,28. The medulla oblongata, an enlarged anterior extension of the spinal cord, is located in the _. Meanwhile, the cerebellum is the dorsal outgrowth of the _.,a) metencephalon; mesencephalon,b) myelencephalon; metencephalon,c) diencephalon; myelencephalon,d) myelencephalon; mesencephalon,e) telencephalon; metencephalon,73,29. Which of these statements is true about the role of Prozac?,a) Prozac enhances serotonin production,b) Prozac inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.,c) Prozac is a neurotransmitter that acts like serotonin.,d) Prozac inhibits the production of serotonin.,74,29. Which of these statements is true about the role of Prozac?,a) Prozac enhances serotonin production,b) Prozac inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.,c) Prozac is a neurotransmitter that acts like serotonin.,d) Prozac inhibits the production of serotonin.,75,30. All of the following are components of plasma except.,a. water,b. inorganic salts,c. red blood cells,d. proteins,76,30. All of the following are components of plasma except.,a. water,b. inorganic salts,c. red blood cells,d. proteins,77,31. What is the process by which vertebrate bone is formed?,a. calcification,b. mineralization,c. ossification,d. assimilation,e. carburation,78,31. What is the process by which vertebrate bone is formed?,a. calcification,b. mineralization,c. ossification,d. assimilation,e. carburation,79,32. Why is the rectal gland in Lake Nicaragua sharks non-functional?,a) The food (other fish) that they get in the lake is not high in protein.,b) They have higher urea levels than salt water sharks.,c) They have a lower level of body fat.,d) They dont need them, because they live in fresh water.,e) The rectal gland is not functional in ANY modern living shark.,80,32. Why is the rectal gland in Lake Nicaragua sharks non-functional?,a) The food (other fish) that they get in the lake is not high in protein.,b) They have higher urea levels than salt water sharks.,c) They have a lower level of body fat.,d) They dont need them, because they live in fresh water.,e) The rectal gland is not functional in ANY modern living shark.,81,33. The immune system cytotoxic T-cell aids the bodys defenses by.,a) marking infected cells for destruction.,b) causing infected cells to lyse.,c) stimulating antibody production,d) engulfing the cell through phagocytosis.,82,33. The immune system cytotoxic T-cell aids the bodys defenses by.,a) marking infected cells for destruction.,b) causing infected cells to lyse,.,c) stimulating antibody production,d) engulfing the cell through phagocytosis.,83,34. Bird droppings are very difficult to clean off your windshield. This is due to the fact that.,a) ammonia is extremely toxic and dangerous to touch.,b) urea has very little water in it, and therefore absorbs a lot of water before it will dissolve.,c) uric acid is insoluble in water,d) urea is soluble in water,e) none of the above,84,34. Bird droppings are very difficult to clean off your windshield. This is due to the fact that.,a) ammonia is extremely toxic and dangerous to touch.,b) urea has very little water in it, and therefore absorbs a lot of water before it will dissolve.,c) uric acid is insoluble in water,d) urea is soluble in water,e) none of the above,85,35. What structure(s) or cell type(s) within the eye is/are most important in seeing something with the greatest acuity (perception of detail)?,a. rods,b. cones,c. fovea,d. ciliary body,e. b & c,86,35. What structure(s) or cell type(s) within the eye is/are most important in seeing something with the greatest acuity (perception of detail)?,a. rods,b. cones,c. fovea,d. ciliary body,e. b & c,87,36. What is the name of the structure(s) or cell type(s) that let you see best at night?,a. rods,b. cones,c. fovea,d. cornea,88,36. What is the name of the structure(s) or cell type(s) that let you see best at night?,a. rods,b. cones,c. fovea,d. cornea,89,37. The _ is like FedEx , and _ is like mass mailing.,a) nervous system; endocrine system,b) digestive system; reproductive system,c) respiratory system; excretory system,d) endocrine system; nervous system,90,37. The _ is like FedEx , and _ is like mass mailing.,a) nervous system; endocrine system,b) digestive system; reproductive system,c) respiratory system; excretory system,d) endocrine system; nervous system,91,38. The following is true of oxygen consumption:,a) Total oxygen consumption goes up with body size.,b) Total oxygen consumption goes down with body size.,c) Oxygen consumption per unit weight of body tissue goes down with increasing body size.,d) a & c,e) none of the above,92,38. The following is true of oxygen consumption:,a) Total oxygen consumption goes up with body size.,b) Total oxygen consumption goes down with body size.,c) Oxygen consumption per unit weight of body tissue goes down with increasing body size.,d) a & c,e) none of the above,93,39. Which of the following is NOT an immune system feature?,a)