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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语修辞,(,English Rhetoric Devices),Figures of speech (,修辞,)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Rhetoric devices make your speeches, essays etc. more interesting and lively and help you to get and keep your readers / listeners attention. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.,1,Simile,：,(,明喻）,It is an expressed likeness, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (,特性,)in common. To make the comparison, words like,as, as.as, as if,and,like,are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.,e.g,As,cold water is to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.,Reason is to faith,as,the eye to the telescope.,He bellowed,like,a bull seeking combat.,2,Metaphor,：,(,暗喻）,It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is,implied,rather than,stated,.,e.g The world is a,stage.,The fountain of knowledge will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learning.,Your eye is the lamp of your body; when your eye is sound, your whole body is full of light; but when it is not sound, your body is full of darkness.,3,Analogy: (,类比）,It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. The pattern is :,a,is to,b,as,c,is to,d,借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。,e.g Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun Shells were to ancient cultures as dollar bills are to modern culture,4,Personification: (,拟人）,It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(,赋予,) to inanimate(,无生命的,) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(,抽象,).,把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。,e.g The wind,whistled,through the trees.,Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns.,5,Hyperbole: (,夸张）,It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.,在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。,e.g He almost died laughing.,Hamlet: I love Ophelia:,forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.,His eloquence would,split rocks,.,My legs weigh three tons.,6,Understatement:,低调陈述,/,含蓄陈述,It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(,故意地,) understating it or minimizing the importance, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.,轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。,You know I would be a little disappointed if you were to be hit by a drunk driver at two a.m., so I hope you will be home early.,The face,wasnt a bad one,: it had what they called charm.(,正话反说，反映说话者的矜持,),The man is,no fool.,这个人决不是个傻瓜,Yes, I know a little about rocks.,( A rock expert says),7,Euphemism: (,委婉）,It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(,无冒犯,) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.,用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词， 用通行的词代替禁忌的词。,e.g Charles Shively, 94,passed away,at home and,went to be with the Lord,on April 22, 2004, from natural causes.,He,went to sleep,peacefullybut forever.,(be called to God; be no more; go to his long home; be gone to a better land),Funeralmemorial service graveyard memory garden.,8,Metonymy (,转喻,/,借代）,It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the meaning of one thing for that of another.,用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词,e.g The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war).,Beware of,bottle,. (,谨防喝醉酒,),The red eyes,walked into the classroom.,He has a,good ear,for music.,他善于欣赏音乐。,He has a,sharp tongue.,他言语尖刻。,9,Synecdoche (,提喻）,Synechdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.,用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。,They say theres,bread,and work for all.,Turning our long boat round on the last morning required all hands on deck (hands = people),Troops halt the drivers (troops = soldiers),She wore gold around her neck. (gold = chain),10,Pun: (,双关语）,It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.,一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。,e.g A cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his,arms,. (Here “arms” has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.),e.g Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a,grave man,. ( grave man,，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。,),11,Zeugma: (,轭式搭配,/,拈连）,It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.,用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。,With weeping eyes and grieving hearts - With,weeping eyes and hearts,e.g The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here moon is not strong enough to burn),She was dressed,in a maids cap and a bright smile,.,It is better to have a,patched jacket,than to have a,patched character,.,Pride oppresses humility; hatred love; cruelty compassion,12,Irony: (,反语,/,讽刺）,It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense,.,即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合,.,e.g,We are lucky.(when something bad happens),What you said makes me feel really good.(when someone says sth unplesant),This,diligent student,seldom reads more than an hour per week.,13,Sarcasm: (,讽刺,）,It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a bitter manner, and its aim is to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.,e.g Laws are like cobwebs,（蜘蛛网）, which may catch small flies, but let wasps,（黄蜂）,break through.,14,Paradox: (,似非而是的隽语,),It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.,e.g More haste, less speed.,What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.,15,Oxymoron: (,矛盾修饰,）,It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(,结合,) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(,不协调,) terms,一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，,e.g a deafening silence,震耳欲聋的沉默,; a mournful optimist,悲伤的乐观,. bitter-sweet memories; orderly chaos(,混乱,) ; proud humility(,侮辱,).,16,Climax: (,渐进,/,层进）,It is derived from the Greek word for “ladder” and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.,一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点。,e.g I came, I saw, I conquered.,Some books are,to be tasted, others,to be swallowed, and some few,to be chewed and digested.,The audience,smiled, chuckled,（窃笑）, and finally howled,（捧腹大笑）,.,We are,low, we are very, very low, as low as low can be.,17,Anti-climax or bathos: (,突降）,It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous.,采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等的概念上， 从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明、幽默的交际效果。,What shall I do? I have lost,my lover and lipstick,too.,An early morning walk in the foot hill of the Himalayas lifts his spirit above material concerns and inspires in him noble thoughts. It also,makes him hungry,.,18,Transferred Epithet: (,移就,/,转类形容词）,It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(,修饰,) to another to which it does not really apply or belong.,e.g I spent,sleepless nights,on my project. Forgetful snow,He closed his,busy life,at the age of 80.,Do you think I will have,blood money,?,The American society saw a,gnawing,虫咬般痛苦的,poverty,during the Great Depression.,They talked to the foreigners in,hesitant English,（结结巴巴的英语）,.,He crashed down a,protesting chair.,The thief made a,trembling confession,of his wrongdoings.,19,Parody,（仿拟）,模仿别的固定表达方式而新创的语言表达方式,You are gin-drunk; I am,creed-drunk,.,你是酒醉，我是信条迷醉。,I had no outlook, but an,uplook,rather. My place in society was at the bottom.,我没有人生观， 但我有“上爬观”， 我的地位在社会的最低层。,A friend in need is a friend,to be avoided,.,走别人的路， 让別人无路可走。,20,chiasmus,（回文,/,交错法）,A grammatical figure by which the order of words in one of two of parallel clauses is inverted in the other. One of the most fascinating features of chiasmus is this,“,marking with an X,”,e.g. Pleasures a sin, and sometimes sins a pleasure,1) Its not the men in my life,its the life in my men.,2) Home is where the great are small,and the small are great,3) One should eat to live,not live to eat,21,Alliteration: (,头韵）,It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same initial consonant sound at frequent intervals(,间隔,).,在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音,e.g. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.,the wild winds of winter ;,the white foam flew;,the furrow followed free.,22,Onomatopoeia: (,拟声）,It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(,提示的,) of some action or movement.,以相似的语音描摹非语言的声音。,I hear the clock,ticktacking, and time goes by.,No one talks in these factories. Everyone is too busy. The only sounds are the snip, snip of scissors and the hum of sewing machines.,Click,滴答声,clink,丁当声,coo,咕咕声,mew,猫叫声,moo,牛叫声,23,Antithesis: (,对偶,/,对照）,It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.,两个或多个句子，结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比,.,Speech is silver; silence is golden.,Extremism in the defense of liberty,is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice,is no virtue,.,Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have,our aid,. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is,our foe,.,Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. -Neil Armstrong,24,Parallelism,（平行结构,/,排比）,Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.,e.g. Mary likes to,hike, swim, and ride a bicycle,.,The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward),The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Caleb Colton),Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin),25,Repetition,（反复,）：,repeating words or phrases : Words or phrases are repeated throughout the text to emphasize certain facts or ideas.,一次地使用同一词语或句子。,Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! I wonder how many miles Ive fallen by this time? she said aloud. Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again.,26,Anaphora:,（首语重复法）,successive clauses or sentences start with the same word(s),Every,child must be taught these principles.,Every,citizen must uphold them. And,every,immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, not less, American.,In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace.,Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lay ahead, not knowing what they would find at the top of the hill, not knowing that they were so near to Disneyland.,27,Anaphora,A man,without ambition is dead.,A man,with ambition but no love is dead.,A man,with ambition and love for his blessings here on earth is ever so alive. (Pearl Bailey),We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.,28,rhetorical question (,反问句,),question without a direct answer,But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish(brightly colored) billboards?,. . For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on?,Is justice then to be considered merely a word? Or is it whatever results from the bartering between attorneys?,29,Allusion,引经据典,indirect reference to a person, event or piece of literature,Allusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.:,famous people,history,(Greek) mythology,literature,the bible,30,Examples of allusion :,to meet ones Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo),If you take his parking place, you can expect World War II all over again.,Overnight, the United States perceived a sward of Damocles suspended over its head.(impending danger evil),Plan ahead: it wasnt raining when Noah built the ark.,31,Appositive,（同位语）,A noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive. The appositive can be placed before or after the noun:,Henry Jameson, the boss of the operation, always wore a red baseball cap.,A notorious annual feast, the picnic was well attended.,That evening we were all at the concert, a really elaborate and exciting affair.,Is your friend George going to run for office?,32,Others,ellipsis(,省略,),：句子成分有所省略,Inversion:,倒装,Parenthesis:,插入语,33,Wish You Success,Happy Every Day,34,
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