考博英语语法

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2002-12-14,*,语法重点总结,独立主格,虚拟语气,非谓语动词,主谓一致,倒装,2002-12-14,1,独立主格特征,1. 充当句子的状语。,2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。,3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词,4.,With +,名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）,例：,a),It being raining, I decided to stay at home.,b),Speech having been delivered, discussion started.,c) he entered the room,with his hands open （holding a rifle),.,2002-12-14,2,真题剖析,(,1995),45,cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are,46,of the material which would,47,feed them.,45.,A. For B. As C. WithD. Because,2002-12-14,3,虚拟语气（1）,从句,主句,与现在事实相反,Were;,动词过去式,Should/would/could +,动词原形,与过去事实相反,Had +done,Would/should/could+have +done,与将来事实相反,Were to+,动词原形,Should +,动词原形,Should/would/could +,动词原形,2002-12-14,4,虚拟语气（2）,1.,（,should）+,动词原形,It +be,动词+形容词(-,able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable),+that,从句,It +be,动词+名词(,pity,shame),+that,从句,It +be,动词+过去分词(,ordered, begged, voted, moved),+that,从句,部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等),+,that,从句,2. Its (high, about) time that +,动词过去式,would rather +,动词过去式,2002-12-14,5,真题剖析,(1997) ,I,wouldn,t be truthful if I,47,say that teaching is hard work . ,47. A. do B. did C. dont D.,didn,t,(1993)The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration,52, and they,53,that the professor,be sent home,.,53. A. ordered,B. pleaded,C. decided D. demanded,2002-12-14,6,非谓语动词,动名词、分词、不定式。,主动或被动。(,doing/done, to do /to be done),发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(,doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been),To,在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。,2002-12-14,7,真题剖析,(2000) ,In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies,60,into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.,60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops,2002-12-14,8,主谓一致,(1),1.,整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。,How you got there,doesn,t concern,me.,Growing vegetables,needs,constant watering.,2.,表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。,Eight hundred dollars,is,enough to live on.,3.,以-,s,结尾的专有名词（,linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes,等），谓语通常用单数形式。,4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。,Two thirds,of the villages,are,flooded (the area,is,under water).,2002-12-14,9,主谓一致,(2),5.,不定代词(,one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something,等)作主语，谓语用单数。,Everyone,knows,that you,ve,come here,.,If,anybody,wants,to see me, let,them,wait till I come back.,(-thing,的情况例外),6.,谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致,（,as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including,等）,He,no less than,John,is,interested in literature.,2002-12-14,10,主谓一致 (3),7.,谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。,(,or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut, partlypartly,等,),Either,my father,or,my brothers,are,coming.,8. each,every,many a, no ,+,主语，谓语用单数。,Many a,student and teacher,has been,to the Great Wall.,2002-12-14,11,真题剖析,(,2000) ,Mexico City already,52,twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank,53,of Africas cities,are,growing by,10%,a year,54,of urbanization ever recorded.,53. A. none B. few C. any D. some,54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate,2002-12-14,12,倒装,一、全部倒装,二、部分倒装,2002-12-14,13,全部倒装,1. “,There (Here) +be+,主语,”,There,stand,big buildings in this district.,Here on the desk,lies,a pile of books.,2.,单个副词,(,in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then),位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如,it blew up.),In,came,the boss. / Ahead,sat,an old man.,3.,介词短语作状语位于句首,In the middle of the room,stood,the naughty boy.,2002-12-14,14,全部倒装,4.,表语位于句首,Especially remarkable,was his flat nose.,Not far from here,is a famous university.,5. so,nor, neither, no more,位于句首,代表前文,She,wasn,t angry, and,neither,was I.,Peter,doesn,t like pop music.,No more,does his brother.,6.,分词短语位于句首（分词+,be +,主语）,Gone forever,were the days that we depended on foreign oil.,2002-12-14,15,部分倒装,1.,疑问句,2.,否定副词(,seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only),位于句首（作形容词时例外）,Never,did John speak rudely to his parents.,3. “only+,状语”位于句首,Only when,he comes back,can be leave.,4. “hardlywhen”, “scarcelywhen”, “no soonerthan”, “not only(but also)”,位于句首,No sooner had he got into the classroom,than the class began.,2002-12-14,16,部分倒装,5.,not,no,组成的词组位于句首(,in no way, under no circumstances, on no account),By no means,should you break the rules.,At no time,should we give in to difficulties.,6.,虚拟倒装(,had, were, should,放到句首),7. “,形容词/名词/动词,+,as/though（,尽管,虽然）+,be,动词”,Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.,Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.,2002-12-14,17,真题剖析,(2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world.,By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban,46,.,46. A. way B. life C. area D. people,2002-12-14,18,限定词的用法,1.,Both, each, either, neither (,只指两个),2.,All, every, each, some, any, no (,指两个以上),3.,Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (,复数可数或不可数),4.,Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (,不可数),eg,. “Got,any,money?” “,None,at all.”,eg,. “Does,either,side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No,neither,side is sunnier than the,other,.”,2002-12-14,19,从句为考察重点,(1999) ,The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that,51,was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. ,51. A. which B. what C. it D. that,2002-12-14,20,(1998) They learned to,51,their farming habits to the climate and soil.,52,they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving,53, they invited their neighbors, ,52. A. While B. When C. So D. If,2002-12-14,21,(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that,45,Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”,46,a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.,46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that,2002-12-14,22,