中国民用油漆铅限量和铅污染

单击以编辑母版标题样式,单击以编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,中国民用油漆铅限量和铅污染,Limit and Content of Paint Lead in China,广州市疾病预防控制中心,1,中国有色金属工业协会统计,（,）,China yielded 3.71 million ton of lead during 2009 and had become the number 1 producer of lead for 8 years and the lead were used as follow:,Battery industry 72,Chemical industry (,PbO,) 15,Lead alloy and material 7,Other 6%,我国近年铅产量和用途,Yield and purpose of lead in China,2,油漆中加入铅的用途,Purposes for lead added into paints,Paint filler, to improve paints stickiness,；,Colour, red and yellow for example,；,Antirust, to protect metal ware;,Drier, to make paints surface brighter .,3,GB6675-1986,玩具安全,：油漆总铅,2500 mg/kg,，可溶性 铅,250,mg/kg,。,GB188581-2001,室内装饰装修材料 溶剂型木器涂料中有害 物质限量,GB188582-2001,室内装饰装修材料 内墙涂料中有害物质限量,GB6675-2003,年,国家玩具安全技术规范,可溶性铅,90mg/kg,民用油漆的有关国家标准,Chinese lead limit standard in common paint,4,1Leaded gasoline,2Lead-based paint,3Stationery and toys with lead,Food and drink water polluted by lead,Lead smelt or battery, recycle industry,Some traditional medicine,儿童铅中毒的几种来源,Sources of children lead poisoning,5,儿童摄入油漆铅的途径,Routes for children to intake paint lead,Aged,paintshell,and fall,offchippingpowdermouth,Aged,paintshell,and fall,offchippingdirectly,ate by mouth,Toys with lead gnawed or,bittenlead,dissolved in saliva,6,玩具和文具油漆层中铅的含量,Lead content in paint covering the surface of toys and writing tools,佘小鸣,（中华预防医学杂志,.1991,）,在,1990,年检测了北京市场,23,种玩具的漆层，有种玩具的可溶性铅含量超过,250mg/kg,， 超标率,30.4%,。,林国桢等（,中国学校卫生,.2003,）,于,2001,年对广州市场学生用铅笔抽检，共抽检,9,个厂家产品，油漆涂层超标,6,个，超标率,66.7%,，最高超标,17,倍。,7,墙壁涂层中铅的含量,Lead content of paints used on house walls,高万珍等,（中华预防医学杂志,.1999,）,于,1999,年对北京高,17,所幼儿园教室内墙脱落的漆皮检测：总铅均值,:235.5 mg/kg,，最小值,:66.5 mg/kg,，最大值,:6538.1 mg/kg,，,CI95%:113.1489.7 mg/kg,8,何稼敏等,（中华预防医学杂志,.1998,）,在,1997,年对在上海市面销售的,18,个油漆品种进行检测，就发现有,16.7%,的铅含量超标,Clark,等,（,Environ. Res. 2006,）,2006,年对上海的市售油漆抽检,9,个，其中有,5,个（,56%,）超过,600m,g/kg,，包括,4,个（,44%,）超过了,5000mg/kg,市售新油漆中铅的含量,Lead content in new paints on shelf,9,对市售油漆抽样检测，用原子吸收法检测铅含量,对现存正脱落的油漆采样，用原子吸收法检测铅含量,用便携式,X,线荧光分析仪检测公园内儿童游乐园和幼儿园内油漆涂层铅,广州市油漆铅含量的抽样检查,Paint lead sampling and detecting in Guangzhou,10,分别在市中心区、郊区和郊县选取,1,条集中销售油漆或建材的街道，从街头开始逐间店购买该店正在展销的油漆,共走访,42,间商店，其中从,31,间买到样品,Zeeman-5000,型火焰原子吸收光谱仪,(,日本日立公司制造,),，,市售新油漆铅含量抽查,Lead content in new paints in Guangzhou,11,分别在市中心区、郊区和郊县选取共,12,间小学和,12,间幼儿园,对正在脱落的漆层进行采样,Zeeman-5000,型火焰原子吸收,光谱仪,(,日本日立公司制造,),，,现存旧油漆铅含量的抽查,Lead content in used paints,12,新油漆中不同颜色的铅含量,Lead contents by colors in new paints,13,Comparisons of lead content in,new paints by producer (mg/kg),company,number of companies,Number of samples,maximum,minimum,Median,%(No.)600,%(No.) soluble lead90,local,8,36,153,000,0.8,108,a,36 (13),b,33(12),c,national,4,22,25,600,1.5,1745,73(16),91(20),total,12,58,153,000,0.8,552,50(29),55(32),a Nonparametric test for two independent samples between local and national companies with Mann-Whitney U. Z=-2.468,P,=0.014,b Chi-Square test for a 2x2 table between local and national companies.,2=10.115, P=.002,c Chi-Square test for a 2x2 table between local and national companies.,2=18.302, P=.000,14,Comparison of total lead with soluble lead in new paints,Pearson Chi-Square test,2=27.885, P=0.000; Continuity Correction test for a 2x2 table r2=25.166, P=0.000,.,15,油漆的铅是不是配色中加入的？,Is the lead of paint from colors?,检测了9种液状（色精）和12种粉状（色粉）调色粉，1种红色的色粉铅含量较高（5480mg/kg），另1种蓝色色粉铅含量104mg/kg，其作低于50mg/kg。,From:,16,Comparisons of lead contents in used paints by source (mg/kg),sampled surface,count,maximum,minimum,median,%(No.)600,%,(No.),5000,furniture,10,6,710,0.6,1,185,60(6),10(1),walls,13,30,000,0.6,29,46(6),15(2),toys,5,51,800,47,10,700,80(4),60(3),a,Nonparametric test for two independent samples between old and new paints with Mann-Whitney U. Z=0.470,P=0.638,b Chi-Square test for a 2x2 table between used and new paints,2=0.386, P=0.534,c Chi-Square test for a 2x2 table between used and new paints,2=0.078,P=0.779,sampled surface,count,maximum,minimum,median,%(No.)600,%,(No.),5000,furniture,10,6,710,0.6,1,185,60(6),10(1),walls,13,30,000,0.6,29,46(6),15(2),toys,5,51,800,47,10,700,80(4),60(3),total used paints,28,51,800,0.6,1,005,a,57(16),b,21(6),c,17,新旧油漆涂层总铅含量比较（mg/kg）,Comparison on total lead content between new paints and used paints (mg/kg),18,19,现存油漆的铅含量检测（XRF法）,Lead contents of used paint (XRF),对油漆涂层是非破坏性的，不限于正在脱落的表面。,铅检出下限为,10 mg/kg,。,油漆厚度,12mm,铅含量较低时误差大（,1020%,）,主要用于现场筛查。,Innov-4000,手握式,X,线荧光分析仪,20,21,广州市现有各类公园共,191,间，从市园林管理局取得花名册后，经上网检索并电话联系确认，共有,22,间规模较大的公园在园内设有专门的儿童游乐园，将全部,22,公园作为检测单位。,抽查的幼儿园按分层整群抽样方法确定，即将广州市,12,个区,/,县级市划为市中心区、郊区和郊县，从中各抽取,1,个作为代表，再在每个区（市）再按分层各抽,20,间幼儿园。,抽样方法,Sampling Method,22,22间公园和60所幼儿园油漆铅含量,(mg/kg),Lead contents of used paint in 22 parks and 60 kindergartens,23,24,25,26,27,28,广州市公园和幼儿园油漆铅含量超标严重！,Too much lead in paints certainly resulting in over exposure and risk of poisoning for children!,油漆含铅量的均值为,13992mg/kg,，中位数为,1720mg/kg,，超标率为,38.5%,。,每个被抽查的公园和幼儿园都检出铅超标的油漆，公园样本铅含量中位数为,2945mg/kg,，超标率,42.9%,，幼儿园样本中位数为,1322mg/kg,，超标率为,37.5%,。,黄色、绿色和红色铅含量较高。,各类物体中以护栏（门窗）的油漆铅含量最高，玩具次之。,按物品材料分类，用于金属材料表面的油漆含铅量最高，塑料和水泥次之，木料的油漆铅含量最低。,29,据美国消费者安全委员会公布，仅,2007,年的,34,月份，就有产自中国的,2,500,儿童画架、,128,700,套玩具、,400,000,条匙链、,58,000,条儿童颈链和,40,000,000,只儿童手镯因为铅超标而被召回。,2007,年,8,月,13,日，佛山利达玩具有限公司张树鸿自杀，原因是其生产的玩具铅超标，美国美泰公司要求召回而面临约,3000,万美元的损失。,2008,年,4,月,17,日，,CNN,主持人卡弗蒂（,Cafferty,）在转播旧金山火炬传递时说“由于在伊拉克打仗，我们已经把身上几乎所有的东西都典当给了中国。我们却在不断地进口他们铅超标的垃圾商品,”,。,儿童玩具铅超标的问题也应引起重视,Lead in toys, another threat to childrens health,30,美国的做法可否借鉴？,What we can learn from American experience?,31,32,谢谢,Thank You Very Much!,33,