整套教学课件《化学专业英语》

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,化 学 专 业 英 语,教育部明确规定：,“,学生在完成基础阶段的学习任务，达到四级或六级后，都必须修读专业英语，以便从学习阶段过渡到应用阶段,”,。,研究生复试专外（笔试、口试）,毕业论文英语文献阅读、翻译,研究生阶段学习与工作,1,、英语文献检索、阅读、理解,2,、英语报告的汇报、听说,3,、英语讨论会、多媒体汇报,4,、英语论文撰写、投稿、发表,5,、,GRE,考试出国留学（数学，专,G,）,化学专业英语的特点,1,、英语（表达、思维、语言文字）,单词、语法、课文、习题,2,、专业性：,词汇：化学专业词汇,课文,：（,1,）,化学相关的文章,（,2,）英文原版教材,（,3,）化学计算的英文表述,教学方式：,1,、中英文双语讲授,2,、多媒体教学,专业词汇：英文解释,英文报告：专家学者,专业文献：学生英文汇报,习题：英文提问、英文回答,讨论交流：化学专业英语角,(CSEC),Chemistry Speciality English Corner,化学专业英语竞赛：科技部主办,Chemistry Speciality English Society,要求：,1,、熟练掌握常用专业词汇,2,、熟悉化合物的英文命名方法,3,、掌握化学专业英语的表达方式和习惯,4,、具有一定的翻译和写作能力,5,、具有初步听、说化学专业英语的能力,考核：专业英语报告汇报（,10min/person,）,李阳,于,1969,年,6,月,22,日出生于新疆乌鲁木齐，父母都是支援边疆建设的大学生。,李阳,自小就是一个性格内向、胆小怕事，,“,语言能力极为贫乏。,”,1985,1986,年期间，在乌鲁木齐实验中学就学，好几次差点退学，,进入兰州大学后,连续两年英语不及格，,13,门功课不过关,。,在这关键时刻他选择了英语作为突破口，和另一位同学从,1987,年冬一直到,1988,年春喊了,四个月,的英语句子。每天口袋里装满了纸条从宿舍背到教室再背到食堂，嘴巴不停地磨练着,不久在全国英语四级考试中，,李阳,仅用,50,分钟就答完题交了卷，还得了全校第二名，随即又在全校英语演讲中一举夺魁。,一个考试总不及格的落后生突然之间成了英语高手，这一消息轰动了兰州大学。他在大喊英语中改变了内向、自卑、害羞等人性弱点，更加集中精力，加强了记忆力，建立了自信心，还迈上讲台向大家介绍他学习英语的经验心得，从此走上了一条英语成才的漫漫征程。,李阳经典理论精选：,Dont be shy, just try.,I enjoy losing face.,I enjoy being embarrassed.,I enjoy being laughed at.,I enjoy being made fun of.,I enjoy making mistakes.,I enjoy learning from my mistakes!,The more mistakes I make, the more progress I make!,Try to lose face as much as possible!,Try to make people laugh as much as possible!,Try to be embarrassed as much as possible!,Try to make progress as much as possible!,Start to make mistakes and lose face today!,Thats the only way to success!,I enjoy being CRAZY!,Believe in who you are!You are a shining star !,I enjoy losing face!,5,4,3,2,1,Go!,Chapter1. The Nature of Chemistry,Match each of the significant terms in the left-hand column in the table with the most appropriate definitionin the right-hand column.,Significant Terms,Explanation,Biological sciences,Study of living matter,Chemistry,The branch of science that deals with matter, with the changes that matter can undergo, and with the laws that describe these changes,Chemical change,A change in the composition of matter,Descriptive chemistry,Description of the elements and their compounds their physical states, and how they behave,Inorganic chemistry,The chemistry of all of the elements and their compounds, with the exception of compounds of carbon with hydrogen and of their derivatives,Matter,Everything that has mass and occupies space,Organic chemistry,The chemistry of compounds of carbon with hydrogen and of their derivatives,Physical sciences,Study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matter,Physical change,A change in which the composition of the matter involved is unaltered,Principles of chemistry,Explanations of chemical facts, for example, by theories and mathematics,Qualitative analysis,The identification of substances, often in a mixture,Quantitative analysis,The determination of the amounts of substances in a mixture,Theory,Unifying principle or group of principles that explains a body of facts or phenomena,Author:,John C. Bailar, Jr -,member of the chemistry department faculty at the University of Illinois for,56,years.,PS:,美国著名大学列表,普林斯顿大学,Princeton University,威斯康星大学,University of Wisconsin,宾州州立大学,Penn State University,加州大学（圣地亚哥分校）,University of California,San Diego,德克萨斯农业机械大学,Texas A&M University,College Station,普渡大学,Purdue University,南加州大学,University of Southern California,加州理工学院,California Institute of Technology,佐治亚理工,Georgia Institute of Technology,诺伊大学香槟分校,University of Illinois,Urbana-Champaign,南加州大学,University of Southern California,奥斯汀得克萨斯大学,University of Texas,Austin,卡内基梅隆大学,Carnegie Mellon University,北卡罗兰大学查佩尔希尔分校,University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill,康纳尔大学,Cornell University,加州大学（洛杉矶分校）,University of California,Los Angeles,耶鲁大学,Yale University,纽约大学,New York University,弗吉尼亚大学,University of Virginia,密歇根大学,University of Michigan,加州大学（伯克利分校）,University of California,Berkeley,达特茅斯学院,Dartmouth College,哥伦比亚大学,Columbia University,芝加哥大学,University of Chicago,杜克大学,Duke University,西北大学,Northwestern University,麻省理工学院,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,宾夕法尼亚大学,University of Pennsylvania (Wharton),哈佛大学,Harvard University,斯坦福大学,Stanford University,The Nature of Chemistry,Abstract: what is chemistry?,what does chemistry do?,The two groups science: physical sciences and biological sciences,Text,This letter is an answer to your questions about just what chemistry is and what chemists do. Im glad that you asked, for many people have a distorted, or at least superficial, view of what the subject is all about.,Whether I can give you a clear picture of it in a letter like this, I am not sure, but I shall try.,You know, of course, that chemistry is one of the,physical sciences, along with physics, geology, and astronomy. Closely related, but in a somewhat different,category,are the biological sciences, such as,botany, physiology,ecology, and,genetics,. There is no sharp distinction between,the two,groups of sciences, or between those in either group, for they,overlap,each other. Often it is difficult to decide whether a specific topic belongs in one area or another. Many important subjects fall within the boundaries of several different,discipline,s. Definitions of,terms given in,boldface,type are listed at the end of this letter.,GMP 1,GMP 2,All of the sciences overlap extensively with,chemistry,:,they depend upon it and , in large measure, are based upon it. By that I mean that chemistry is really a part of all of the natural sciences, and a person cannot go very far in any science without much knowledge of astronomy or physiology, but certainly, one could not make great progress in astronomy or physiology without some understanding of chemistry. A knowledge of chemistry is essential in other scientific fields as well. Agriculturists, engineers, and medical doctors use,chemical concepts constantly.,Chemistry,is concerned with the composition of,matter,and the changes in composition which matter,undergoes,in brief, chemistry is the science of matter.,Physics,is concerned chiefly with energy and with the interactions of matter and energy, including energy in such forms as,heat, light, sound, electricity, mechanical energy, and nuclear energy.,All changes in the composition of matter either release or absorb energy and for this reason the relationship between,chemistry and physics is a most intimate one.,Gms 1,GMP 3,GMP 4,We think of any change in which the composition of matter changes as a,chemical change,. For example, if you pour,vinegar,on baking,soda,in a glass vessel, you will see,bubbles,of gas escaping and the liquid will become warm as energy is released. When the bubbling stops, you can,evaporate,the liquid by boiling it, until finally only a white,powder,remains. But this white powder is not the original baking soda. It is a new substance with new characteristics. For example, it wont give off bubbles if you pour vinegar on it . This new material is different in composition from either of the materials which you,originally,mixed together. A chemical change has taken place.,By contrast, a,physical change,does not involve a change in the composition of matter. The melting of ice or the stretching of a rubber band are physical changes. It is often impossible to say whether a particular change is chemical or physical. Happily, it is not usually necessary to make a clear distinction between the,two.,GMP 5,GMP-6,You must not assume that in your,first course,in chemistry youll learn about the chemistry of the,digestion,of food or how a mixture of cement and water sets and hardens. These are complex processes, and before one can understand them one must first learn the chemistry of simpler substances. In learning to play the piano, a student does not start with,Rachmaninoffs Prelude in C# Minor,. A music student must first learn to play,scales, and then simple pieces. It is only after months or years of practice that an individual can play the music of the masters. So it is with chemistry. You must first learn the fundamental principles and something about simple substances such as water and,oxygen,. A good understanding of the behavior of such substances will then allow you to,understand the chemical behavior of more complex materials.,The science of chemistry is so broad that no one can be,expert,in,all of its aspects,. It is necessary to study the different branches of chemistry separately, and,if you become a,chemist,to,specialize in one or two branches of the subject.,Until about 150 years ago, it was believed that,inanimate,matter and living matter were of entirely different natures and,GMP-7,GMP-8,had different origins. The inanimate matter was referred to as “inorganic” (meaning “without,life,”) and the living matter and material derived from living matter were called “organic.” However, in 1828, a German chemist named,Friedrich Wohler,heated a,material,which was known to be inorganic and obtained a substance which all chemists recognized to be a product formed in life processes. So the distinction between “inorganic” and “organic” broke down. We still use these terms, but they now have different meanings from those they had in the early days. All living matter contains carbon chemically combined with hydrogen, so the chemistry of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, whatever their origin, is called,organic chemistry,. Substances that do not contain carbon,combined with hydrogen are “inorganic,” and their chemistry is called,inorganic chemistry,.,Carbon is very versatile in its,behavior and is a key substance in a great many compounds, including most of the compounds essential to life.,There are other branches of chemistry, too.,Analytical chemistry,is concerned with the detection or identification of what substances are present in a material (qualitative analysis) and how much of each is present (quantitative analysis).,Physical chemistry,is the application of the methods and theories of physics to the study of chemical changes and the properties of matter. Physical chemistry really forms the foundation for all of the other branches of the subject.,Biochemistry,as the name implies, is concerned with the chemistry of the processes that take place in living,things.,Inorganic, organic, analytical, physical chemistry, and biochemistry are the main branches of chemistry, but it is possible to combine portions of them, or to,elaborate,on them in many ways. For example,Bioinorganic chemistry,deals with the function of the metals that are present in living matter and that are essential to life.,Pharmaceutical chemistry,is concerned with drugs: their manufacture, their composition, and their effects upon the,body.,Clinical chemistry,is concerned chiefly with the analysis of blood,GMP-9,GMP-10,urine,and other biological materials.,Polymer chemistry,deals with the formation and behavior of such substances as,rayon,nylon, and rubber. (Some people would include inorganic polymers such as glass and quartz.),Environmental chemistry, of course, deals with the,composition of the atmosphere and the purity of water supplies essentially, with the chemistry of our surroundings.,Agricultural chemistry,is concerned with fertilizers, pesticides, plant groth, the nutrition of farm animals, and every other chemical topic that is,involved in farming.,One more topic should be mentioned. This is,chemical engineering, which is concerned with the applications of chemistry on a large scale. Chemical engineers design and operate chemical factories; they deal with the economics of making chemicals on a commercial scale. They are also concerned with such processes as,distil,ling, grinding, and drying materials in large amounts-even the study of the,friction,of liquids and gases flowing through pipes.,GMP-11,GMP-12,Before you can undertake the study of any of these broad fields of chemistry, you will need to take a course, usually called “General Chemistry”, which is the basis for more specialized study. You will quickly learn that general chemistry consists of two interrelated parts,descriptive chemistry,and,principles of chemistry,.,Descriptive chemistry generally deals with the “What?”questions :What does that substance look like? What happens when it is heated? What happens when an electric current flows through it? What occurs when it is mixed with another specific substance ? Chemistry is an experimental science and chemists work with a great many substances. It is important that they know the nature of these substances: their solubility in water or other liquids, their,flammability, their toxicity, whether they undergo chemical changes in damp air, and many other characteristics. Sometimes the availability and cost of a substance are also important. The descriptive part of the general chemistry course is concerned chiefly with the behavior of some of the simpler inorganic substances, but often includes brief discussions of organic and biochemical,materials as well.,GMP-13,GMP-14,The,principles,part of the course is concerned with theories of chemical behavior. That is, it attempts to answer the “Why?” questions: Why wont a substance dissolve in water ? Why did an explosion take place when a mixture was heated ? Why was a particular substance and not different one formed in a chemical change ? Why does a chemical change speed up dramatically if a tiny amount of something else is added ?,The study of chemical principles is of great practical as well as intellectual interest. We can, for example, calculate how much heat is given off when a particular,fuel,burns, and determine how to speed up or slow down its combustion. When we know why certain substances behave as they do we can often modify their behavior to achieve desirable or useful results.,Chemistry is an experimental science. By,this,statement,I do not mean that chemists do not have theories about changes in chemical composition,-under what conditions they will or will not take place, how they take place, and what the products,GMP-15,GMP-16,will be.,There are always theories.,But,theory,must always be subject to experiment. If ones theory is not in accordance with carefully executed experiments, then the theory, not the experiment, must be wrong. The theory must then be abandoned or modified. In this regard, chemistry is quite different from the social sciences, such as sociology and economics. People who work in those fields may have theories about the causes of inflation or unemployment or marital unhappiness, and they may carry out experiments to test their theories. But these experiments can never be repeated and checked under the same conditions, for in the act of doing the experiment the conditions have been,irretrievably,changed. This is true to some extent also in the biological sciences. A pharmacologist may test the effect of a given drug on a mouse and draw some conclusions from what happens to the mouse. But he cannot repeat the experiment with that same mouse, for he cannot be sure that the health of the mouse has not been changed by,the first administration of the,drug. He can do the experiment with another mouse, but he cannot be sure that the second mouse will respond exactly as the first one did. Chemists are more fortunate; under the same conditions, pure,chemicals,will always react with each other in exactly the same way. The trick is to be sure that the chemicals are pure and that the conditions of the experiment are exactly the,same.,But, you will ask, “Just what do chemists do?” That is a difficult question to answer, for chemists do many different things. About half of the chemists in the United States work in laboratories. Some of them are “,quality control,” chemists. By a variety of laboratory techniques (some simple and some complex), they analyze or otherwise test materials which are to be used or the products of a chemical factory (be it a drug factory, a food factory, or a steel mill) to ensure that these products are uniform and pure. Some chemists do laboratory research, hoping to discover new chemicals or new uses for known chemicals, or to improve methods of making useful,GMP-17,chemicals. Some seek to,unearth,new principles of chemical behavior, and their activities may range from laboratory work to using only pure mathematics. None of this, of course, is,hit-and miss,experimentation. A chemist is always guided by a background of both chemical theory and practical experience, and,the broader these are the more successful the chemist will,be,.,But what about those who do not work in laboratories? Are they still chemists? Indeed they are, though they may combine their chemical activity with some other,professional,work. Some spend their time looking for new uses and markets for substances that the research chemists have discovered; some are teachers (or divide their time between teaching and research ) ; some become writers of scientific articles for newspapers and magazines.,You may be wondering whether you should study chemistry at all. I hope that you will do so, for as I indicated earlier, a knowledge of chemistry is useful, no matter what profession you follow. If you decide to become a mechanical engineer, youll,GMS-18-1,GMS-18-2,GMP-18,GMP-19,need to know something about fuels and alloys and,corrosion,; if a,civil engineer, you must have a knowledge of cement,plaster, steel, and other building materials; if an electrical engineer, youll need a knowledge of how a battery produces electrical energy, and the changes that take place in it when it is recharged, as well as a knowledge of,transistors,and,lasers,. Should you become a medical doctor, youll be dealing with the most complex chemical plant of all the human body and the multitude of chemicals in it. My own son, John, studied chemistry for three years as an undergraduate, but after one year in medical school, he returned to his undergraduate college to take summer course in physical chemistry, for he had discovered that he needed that extra chemical knowledge in his medical,studies.,If you decide to go into agriculture, youll need to know about fertilizers and pesticides, as well as animal nutrition. Even if you enter some profession that seems to have no connection with chemistry, such as law, youll find a knowledge of chemistry very useful.,Lawyers frequently have to deal with patents that concern chemical inventions.,Some members of the U. S. Congress have had extensive chemical training, which gives them a great advantage in discussions,of environmental pollution, nuclear energy, the regulations of the Food,GMP-20,and Drug Administration, and in other legislation that concerns scientific matters.,The chemical profession is so broad that persons of many different interests and temperaments find satisfaction in it.,A person who studies chemistry for very long,develops habits,of thinking logically and clearly. Once he has accomplished that , he can do almost any sort of work.,I hope that you will enjoy your study of chemistry. I have found it to be fascinating subject, because of its history, the beauty of its logic, and its multitude of applications.,Sincerely.,The signature of,John C. Bailar, Jr,Assignment,Write the new words of chemistry speciality, and remember them.,Write an short passage in English about your thought of chemistry after reading the text of this chapter, and give it to me next time, or send it to my mail box:,General meaning of each paragraph,GMP 1,、,The writer try to give us a clear picture of what chemistry is and what chemists do.,GMP 2,、,It is difficult to distinguish the definite field which matter or terms belong to, because the d