XiuzhenChengcheng@gwu.edu

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,*,*,Xiuzhen Cheng,Csci136 Computer Architecture II, Introduction,1,Lecture Outline,Administrivia syllabus,Introduction, Technology Trend,2,Administrivia syllabus,Course Information,3 credits; CRN: 62513,11:10AM 12:25PM, Tuesday PHIL 110,Instructor Information,Xiuzhen Cheng, Academic Center, Room 716Tel: 202 994 9751 Fax: 202 994 4875,Office hour: 1:00PM-3:00PM, Tue. or by appointment,3,Syllabus (Cont.),Lab Sections,Section 30: Tomp 405, Wed. 4:10PM 6:00PM,Section 31: Tomp 405, Wed. 10:00AM 12:00PM,Discussion on homework problems, projects, lectures, etc.,Must attend one of them.,TA Information,Fanchun Jin:,Office: Academic Center, Room 730Office hours:Mon, Thur. 4 6PM,Fang Liu:,Office: Academic Center, Room 710Office hours:?,4,Syllabus (Cont.),Textbook,“,Computer Organization & Design: the hardware/software interface,”, 3,rd,edition, by D.A. Patterson & J.L. Hennessy, ISBN 1-55860-604-1,required,“,Introduction to RISC Assembly Language Programming,”, by J. Waldron, 1999, ISBN 0-201-39828-1,optional,Prerequisite,Csci 135 or equivalent knowledge,Programming ability in a higher-level language,Course Plan,5,Syllabus (Cont.),No midterm; 1 final. Final will cover all material.,5 quizes, among which 4 will be counted in your final grades.,Open book, open notes,Graded by Instructors,More than 10 homework assignments. 3 projects.,Will be graded by TA,1: Merge Sort (7%); 2: Simple Calculator (6%); 3: Single Precision Floating Point Addition and Subtraction (7%).,Method of instruction:,lecture and in-class discussion,6,Syllabus (Cont.),Grading Policy,Based on curve.,You must pass final to pass the course,Homework assignments:20%Projects:20%quizes30%Final:30%,Make-up policy:,NO,7,Syllabus (Cont.),Lab plan:,Announcement Page,Please visit routinely,Useful link page,SPIM related pages,Questions?,8,Focus of the Course,Focuses of this course:,How computers work,MIPS instruction set architecture, Assembly Programming,The implementation of MIPS instruction set architecture ( a subset) MIPS processor design,Issues affecting modern processors (caches, pipelines),Pipelining processor performance improvement.,Memory system, I/O systems,9,Course Objective,Objective of the course:,Help you become,a better programmer,!,Learn tools to solve problems,Study the interaction between hardware/software,Learn the design trade-offs that drive the performance of computer systems,By the end of this semester, you will be able to understand,How is high-level language translated to machine code?,How does the hardware execute the program?,What is the interface between hardware and software?,How does software instruct the hardware to perform the job?,What determines the performance and how to improve it?,10,Course ProblemsCheating,What is cheating?,Studying,together in groups is,encouraged.,Turned-in work must be,completely,your own.,Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then pick up output, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, ,Both “giver” and “receiver” are equally culpable,Cheating on homeworks:,negative points for that assignment,(e.g., if its worth 10 pts, you get -10),Cheating on projects / exams; At least,negative points for that project / exam.In most cases, F in the course.,11,What is Computer Organization,Computer Organization: the high-level aspects of a computers design,CPU (datapath and control), memory system, I/O system ,Datapath:,performs arithmetic operation,Control:,guides the operation of other components based on the user instructions,12,Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer,Personal Computer,Processor,Computer,Control,(“brain”),Datapath,(“brawn”),Memory,(where,programs,data,live when,running),Devices,Input,Output,Keyboard, Mouse,Display,Printer,Disk,(where,programs,data,live when,not running),13,What is Computer Architecture,Programmers view: a pleasant environment,Operating systems view: a set of resources (hw & sw),System architecture view: a set of components,Compilers view: an instruction set architecture with OS help,Microprocessor architecture view: a set of functional units,VLSI designers view: a set of transistors implementing logic,Mechanical engineers view: a heater!,For this course, computer architecture mainly refers to Instruction Set Architecture,Programmer-visible. Serves as the boundary between the software and hardware.,14,Example Computer Architectures,Accumulator architecture,1 general purpose register called accumulator. Hold one source and the destination. The 2,nd,source is in memory,Eg. EDSAC (1949), Motorola 6800 (1974),Stack architecture: HP handheld calculator,Load-store register architecture ,since 1980,Load data from memory to register, register-register operation,MIPS, SPARC, PowerPC, DEC Alpha,Others:,Register-memory architecture: DEC VAX, Motorola 6800, etc,Memory-memory architecture: DEC VAX,15,Why Register Architecture Dominates?,Mainly refers to General Purpose Register Architecture,A general purpose register can hold an address, an integer, an instruction, a floating point number, an integer, ,Why General Purpose Register?,Registers are faster than memory,Registers are more efficient for a compiler to use than other forms of internal storage,Registers can be used to hold variables,How many registers are sufficient?,Compiler requires at least 16,The more, the better?,No! Why?,MIPS R3000 has 32 32-bit general purpose register,16,Overview of Physical Implementations,The hardware out of which we make systems.,Integrated Circuits (ICs),Combinational logic circuits, memory elements, analog interfaces.,Printed Circuits (PC) boards,substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation.,Power Supplies,Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels.,Chassis (rack, card case, .),holds boards, power supply, provides physical interface to user or other systems.,Connectors and Cables.,17,Integrated Circuits (2003 state-of-the-art),Primarily Crystalline Silicon,1mm - 25mm on a side,2003 - feature size 0.13m = 0.13 x 10,-6,m,100 - 400M transistors,(25 - 100M “logic gates),3 - 10 conductive layers,“CMOS” (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - most common.,Package provides:,spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level,heat dissipation.,Ceramic or plastic with gold wires.,Chip in Package,Bare Die,18,Printed Circuit Boards,fiberglass or ceramic,1-20 conductive layers,1-20in on a side,IC packages are soldered down.,19,Technology Trends: Memory Capacity,(Single-Chip DRAM),year size (Mbit),19800.0625,19830.25,19861,19894,199216,199664,1998128,2000256,2002512,Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years.,8000X since 1980!,20,Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity,2X transistors/Chip,Every 1.5 years,Called,“,Moores Law,”,Alpha 21264: 15 million,Pentium,Pro: 5.5 million,PowerPC 620: 6.9 million,Alpha 21164: 9.3 million,Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million,Moores Law,Athlon (K7): 22 Million,Itanium 2: 410 Million,21,Technology Trends: Processor Performance,1.54X/yr,Intel P4 2000 MHz,(Fall 2001),Well talk about processor performance later on,year,Performance measure,22,Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!,Memory,DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since 96);,64x,size improvement in last decade,.,Processor,Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since 85);,100X performance in last decade,.,Disk,Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since 97),250X,size in last decade,.,23,Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!,State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least),Processor clock speed: 5000,Mega,Hertz (5.0,Giga,Hertz),Memory capacity: 4000,Mega,Bytes(4.0,Giga,Bytes),Disk capacity:2000,Giga,Bytes(2.0,Tera,Bytes),New units!,Mega,=,Giga,Giga,=,Tera,(Kilo,Mega,Giga,Tera,Peta,Exa,Zetta,Yotta = 10,24,),Come up with a clever mnemonic, fame!,24,Technology in the News,BIG,LaCie the first to offer consumer-level 1.6,Tera,byte disk!,$2,200,Weighs 11 pounds!,5 1/4” form-factor,SMALL,Pretec is soon offering a,12GB,CompactFlash card,Size of a silver dollar,Cost? New Honda!,Fast,Samsung 256 Mbit XDR DRAM,25,So What You Will Learn?,Learn some of the big ideas in CS & engineering:,5 Classic components of a Computer,Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is,Stored program concept: instructions just data,Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache),Greater performance by exploiting parallelism,Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers,Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers,Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurement,Assembly Language Programming,This is a skill you will pick up,Hardware design,We think of hardware at the abstract level, with only a little bit of physical logic to give things perspective,26,Summary,Continued rapid improvement in computing,2Xevery 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;,Moores Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip 1.5 yrs),5 classic components of all computers,Control Datapath Memory Input Output,Processor,27,Homework and Questions,Homework #1:,Readings: Chapter 1,Problems:1.1-1.28, 1.29-1.45, 1.46, 1.51-1.52, 1.54-1.55,Questions?,28,