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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Chapter 3 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions,3.1 Atoms and Ions in Combination,1,、,Molecular and Ionic Compounds,molecular compounds,:,the compounds composed of molecules as molecular compounds,Ionic compounds:,compounds composed of positive and negative ions held together by electrical,attration,.,(1)The chemical formula of ionic compounds gives the ratio of ions,(2)The individual molecular are not ordinarily present in the ionic compounds, that is, the ionic compounds can be the individual molecular,as a whole,.,2,、,Formula for chemical compounds,chemical formula: the symbols for the elements in a compound with subscripts indicating the number of atoms of each element present.,molecular compounds: represents the number of atoms in one molecule.,ionic compounds: gives the ratio of ions in its simplest unit, or one formula unit.,3. Naming Chemical Compounds,Chemical nomenclature,: The procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of organisms listed in a taxonomic(,分类,) classification,In the,Stock,system: stock: chemical nomenclature,1) the name of,cation,: name of element + charge on the ion + ion , e.g. Cu,2+,: Copper (II) ion,2) Monatomic anion : name of element +,ide,+ ion ,e.g.,Cl,-,: chloride ion O,2-,: Oxide ion,Binary compound :,二元化合物,consists of only two elements.,e.g. CO,2,HCl,3) Acid: name + acid , e.g.,HCl,: Hydrochloric acid,HNO,3,: Nitric acid,4) Binary molecular compound: prefix + name of each element:,e.g. N,2,O :,dinitrogen,monoxide,e.g. N,2,O,5,:,dinitrogen,pentoxide,4. Chemical Equation,Reactant : substance that undergoing chemical change,Chemical Reaction Equation:,reactant + conditions +products + symbol,For example :,“one,phosphor,4 molecule plus six,chlorine,yields,for molecules of,phosphorus,trichloride,”,“Gaseous nitrogen reacts with gaseous hydrogen at 400 and 250,atm,pressure in the presence of,ferrous oxide,as a catalyst to produce gaseous ammonia”,3.2 Atomic, Molecular and Molar Mass Relationships,Molecular Mass: the sum of the atomic masses.,Avogadros Number, The Mole, and Molar Mass,Avogadros Number: the number of atoms in exactly 12 gram of carbon-12, equal to 6.02210,23,a mole of something: 6.02210,23,of something.,Molar Mass: the mass in grams of one mole of that substance,3.,Molarity,(M): Molar mass in Solutions,molarity,: the concentration given in moles per liter of solution , with the unit “mol/L”,3.3 Composition of a Chemical Compound, Simplest and Empirical Formulas, and Molecular Formulas,Simplest formula: the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms it contains,Empirical formula: simplest formula determined experimentally,Molecular formula: actual number of atoms in a molecule,e.g.2 The mineral,cryolite,contains 33% by mass of Na, 13% by mass of Al, and 54% by mass of F. Determine the empirical formula of the,compound.,
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