Christopher H K Cheng,PhD

按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,How do they see themselves:,Assessing the self-concepts of Hong Kong young people in a cosmopolitan context,Christopher H K Cheng, PhD,City University of Hong Kong,“Understanding Hong Kong Youth Symposium”,The Eighth International Conference on Language and Social Psychology, July 10-14, 2002, Hong Kong.,1,Outline,Part 1: How do Hong Kong young people see themselves?,Content structure (configuration) of self-concept,Age and gender characteristics,Part 2: Comparing the self-concept of young people from three cosmopolitan cities: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia,2,General,Self-Concept,Social,Self-Concept,Emotional,Self-Concept,Physical,Self-Concept,Academic,Self-Concept,English,History,Math,Science,General:,Academic and Non-Academic Self-Concept:,Subareas of Self-Concept:,Peers,Significant,Others,Particular,Emotional,States,Physical,Ability,Physical,Appearance,Evaluation of,Behavior in,Specific,Situations:,Shavelson et al.s (1976) model of self-concept,3,Configuration of Hong Kong Adolescents Self-Concept,Emic and qualitative approach,Considerations:,Potential “imposed etic” problem of imported scales,Cultural sensitivity and validity (use of language?),Psychmetric properties,(Berry, 1980; Bochner, 1994; Hui Yang & Bond, 1990),4,Assessing the Self,From the talks and written responses to the classical “Who Am I” procedure,(Kuhn & McPartland, 1954), a number of self-descriptors categories were generated.,5,Appearance & Attractiveness,肥瘦高矮、四眼（帶眼鏡）、身材好、樣子甜美、醜樣,Physical & Non-academic abilities,身體弱/強、健康、喜歡游泳、反應快、有音樂天份,Family relations,關心家人、喜歡和家人一起、不想講我屋企人,Academic abilities,成績普通、老師成日針對我、沒有進步、不能升預科,General intellectual abilities,記性好、醒目、富創作力、蠢、聰明,、,有分析力,Academic attitude & orientation,有恆心、上堂留心、心散，不專心上課、有上進心,Rule-abiding, self discipline,情緒化、脾氣差、有耐性、做事有原則、無厘頭,Virtues & Conduct,不貪心、為人誠實、有責任心、為人著想、對人坦白、心地善良、老實,Social skills,口材好、有幽默感、害羞、廣結朋友、不曉得與人溝通,Social relations,有義氣、齊齊玩、八卦、不合群,Social manner,文靜、斯文、大方得體、儀態得體、有禮貌,Personality,開朗、活躍、文靜、被動、內向/外向,Filial piety,尊敬老人家、聽父母話、激父母、亂洗父母錢、孝順,General,失敗、有自信、獨特、信自己,6,General,Self-Esteem,Physical,Self,Social Self,Family Self,Intellectual Self,Moral Self,Physical Attractive-ness,Sport & Physical abilities,Discipline & Self-Control,Social relations,Social Skills,Family Relations,Filial piety,Academic abilities,Intellectual abilities,Virtue & Conduct,Altruism,A conceptual structure of Hong Kong adolescents self-concepts.,7,The CASES,Based on the content analysis of the emic study, through vigorous instrumentation procedures, a measuring instrument called the Chinese Adolescent Self Esteem Scales (CASES) was developed.,8,Scales,No. of Items,Cronbachs Alpha,General,8,.82,Social,10,.83,Intellectual,10,.81,Appearance,8,.81,Moral,8,.80,Family,8,.83,Physical/sport,8,.89,Total,60,.93,Table 1:,Means, SD, and,Internal Consistency Reliability of CASES,N=558,9,The CASES,Testing the measurement models (i.e. the conceptual structure that the CASES measures) SEM using LISREL,One general factor or multiple factors?,How many? One level or hierarchical?,10,General,Physical Appearance,Social,Moral,Family,Sport and Physical Abilities,Intellectual,General Self-Concept,11,Family,Sport & Physical Abilities,Moral,Intellectual,General,Social,Physical Appearance,12,Model *,c,2,d.f.,D,c,2,/d.f.,CFI,NNFI,RMSEA,M1: One,g,ener,al factor model,3029.39,349,n/a,.597,.564,.117,M2: First order six correlated factors model,1369.70,335,118.55,.845,.825,.0745,M3:,First order seven correlated,factors,model,767.65,329,100.34,.934,.924,.0489,M4: Hierarchical seven correlated factors model,802.70,338,3.89,.930,.922,.0497,* M2: Six-factors model formed by combining Physical Appearance and Physical/Sports Abilities to one factor.,* M4: Hierarchical model formed by the General Self scale at the apex with the six domain-specific scales at the base, all seven factors were correlated.,D,c,2,/d.f.,(Ratio of the differential chi-square to differential degrees of freedom) was obtained by comparing the differential statistics between the said model and the preceding model. A statistic of 6.63 and 3.84 is deemed to be significant at .01 and .05 significance levels respectively.,Table 2: Goodness-of-,f,it,statistics,of CASES,competing models,13,Confirmatory Factor Analysis,(Structural Equation Modeling),Confirmed:,Six domain specific factors and one general factor,Hierarchical model supported,14,General Self,Intellectual Self,Social Self,Moral Self,Family Self,Physical Appearance Self,Physical Abilities & Sport Self,Structural Model of the CASES,15,General,Social,Intellectual,Appearance,Moral,Family,Physical,General,1.0,Social,.64,1.0,Intellectual,.81,.55,1.0,Appearance,.77,.52,.62,1.0,Moral,.49,.45,.39,.40,1.0,Family,.39,.30,.29,.31,.34,1.0,Physical/Sport,.48,.37,.44,.49,.20,.21,1.0,*All coefficients significant at p.01, and were obtained by LISREL.,Table 3: Correlation between latent factors of the CASES (Hong Kong sample),16,Age Groups,Scales,11-13,14-15,16-17,18-20,F-tests,General,4.43,4.43,4.48,4.44,.15,ns,Social,6.01,6.05,5.97,5.82,1.38,ns,Intellectual,4.29,3.98,4.14,4.19,3.36 *,Appearance,3.90,3.97,3.98,4.04,.52,ns,Moral,4.57,4.61,4.88,5.04,11.84 *,Family,4.80,4.86,4.93,4.93,.66,ns,Physical,/Sport,4.19,4.12,4.23,4.18,.65,ns,*,p .01, d.f.=1, 829,ns = non-significant,Table 4: Age Differences on Multiple Self-Concepts,Age Differences,17,18,Age Differences,Moral self increased with age (linear contrast significant),Intellectual self changed in a quadratic fashion rapid drop from age 12 to age 14 (i.e. F.1 to F.3), then some recovery in higher forms,19,Scales,Boys,Girls,F-tests,General,4.56,4.36,7.63 *,Social,5.91,6.05,3.25,ns,Intellectual,4.13,4.12,.01,ns,Appearance,4.12,3.85,14.96 *,Moral,4.64,4.85,11.37 *,Family,4.77,4.98,8.24 *,Physical,/Sport,4.66,3.85,77.99 *,*,p .01, d.f.=1, 829,ns = non-significant,Table 5: Gender Differences on Multiple Self-Concepts,Gender Differences,20,21,Boys high:,Physical self-concepts (incl. appearance & physical abilities),General self-esteem,Girls high:,Moral self-concept,Family self-concept, similar levels in,Social Self,and,Intellectual Self,22,Comparing the self-concepts of young people from three cosmopolitan cities: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Sydney,23,Scales,Australia,M(s.d.),Singapore,M(s.d.),Hong Kong,M(s.d.),F-tests,General,4.32(.93),4.09(.93),3.49(.93),49.60*,Social,4.02,(.77),3.89,(.77),3.31(.78),58.08*,Intellectual,3.34,(.93),3.47,(.93),3.03(.93),14.21*,Appearance,3.37(.87),2.98,(.87),2.88,(.87),19.54*,Moral,4.34(.71),4.14(.71),3.50(.70),92.72*,Family,3.18(.87),4.04(.87),3.45(.87),59.12*,Physical,/Sport,3.80(1.19),3.47,(1.18),3.30,(1.12),10.38*,Notes:,All m,ultivariate tests (Pillais, Wilks, Hotellings) significant at p.001.,*,p .01,N(Singapore)=249, N(Australia)=211, N(Hong Kong)=251, d.f.=2,708,# Post-hoc tests of the underlined pairs were non-signficant, all other pairwise comparisons were significant at p.01.,Table,6,: Comparing the multiple self-concepts across Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong,24,Comparing young people in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia,General self-esteem,Physical self-concepts (appearance,and abilities),Social & Intellectual self-concepts,25,Moral Self,Family Self,26,Reflection 1:Developmental Differences,Intellectual Self,shows a clear drop from F.1 to F.3, then some recovery from F.4 onward, similar to other research,(e.g. Cole et al., 2001; Lau, 1990; Marsh, 1989),Physical, cognitive, social transitions: Educational transition can be detrimental,(Cole et al., 2001; Harter, 1998),Moral Self,shows a linear rise: consistent with cognitive development (from concrete to formal operations), i.e. adolescents are becoming more confident of their moral/ethical selves during their maturation,But no significant changes in other facets (incl. general self-esteem) quite stable,27,Reflections 2: Gender Differences,Consistent with gender-role stereotypes, but boys tend to have higher general self-esteem,Social desirability of masculine stereotypes?,Impacts of the new secondary school placement allocation (SSPA) system?,28,Reflection 3: Challenges,Self-concepts of H.K. youth rather low but not entirely grim, e.g. similar to Singapore youth in,family,and,physical,self-concepts (incl. appearance & abilities),Need to note the weak facets in particular,intellectual,&,social,self-concepts (academic pressure? peers acceptance? self-expectation and parents aspiration?),More work on enhancing self-esteem and self-efficacy in these facets is necessary (Note: enhancing,specific,facets will automatically enhance,general self-esteem,),29,Thank You,30,