商务英语翻译第二讲

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,死译与活译,1.,He (TV viewer) is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.,三,原译,电视观众是完全的被动，并从他的方面不做任何努力而使每一样东西呈现在他面前。,改译,看电视的人是完全被动的，他可以毫不费力就看到播放的每一个节目。,2. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.,2,原译,他的许多观点对当代青年都特别有趣。,改译,当代青年对他的许多观点都特别感兴趣。,3. Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization.,3,原译,历史上看，城市生活一直在构成文明的因素当中。,改译,从历史上看，城市生活一直都是文明的一个组成部分。,避免“胡译”、“乱译”。,4. He is lying on his back.,4,原译,他坦腹高卧。,改译,他仰卧着。,词义的选择,1. The two friends are hand-in-glove with each other.,1,这两个好朋友亲密无间。,The reactionaries work hand-in-glove with the spies.,反动派和特务狼狈为奸。,2. As a demanding boss, he does not allow his employees to take more than one day off within a month.,2,他是个苛刻的老板，一个月只让手下人休息一天。,As a demanding boss, he required his employees to concentrate on their work during office hours.,他是个要求很高的老板，要求员工上班时间要全神贯注地工作。,3. The country survived the external pressures.,3,这个国家经受了外部压力，未被压垮。,He survived the earthquake.,他在地震中存活了下来。,He was dead and survived by his wife and two children.,他死了，撇下了妻子和两个孩子。,4. I saw him saw with a saw in a sawmill.,4,我看见他在锯木厂用锯子锯木头。,1.,英汉词字对应关系,1,）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如,:Marxism =,马克思主义,Aspirin, 阿斯匹林激光,= laser,白血病,= leukemia,这些词语已约定俗成，不可随意更改名称的选用。,2,）多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不同的对应词，如：,wife,： 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、那口子,president:,总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长、执事,3,）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，如：,cousin:,堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿、远亲、同胞等,.carry:,搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧、具有、包含,.,4,）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个,如：英语中的,say, speak, talk, tell,与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系,5,）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。,teenager:,十三至十九岁的青少年 （解释）,prey:,被捕食的动物、猎物、牺牲品（解释）,hacker,： 黑客（音译）,2,词义辨析,词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲，词典给出的词义解释五花八门，无从定夺。在这样的情况下，可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义：,根据构词法辨别词义可以根据词的前后缀，词根、词干来辨析词义；,如,:miniultrasonicprober = mini,（微型的）,+ ultra,（超）,+sonic,（声音的）,+prober,（探测器）；即：微型超声波探测仪,macrospacetransship = macro,（巨型的）,+ space,（太空）,+ trans,（转运）,+ ship,（船）； 即： 巨型空间转运飞船,2,词义辨析,词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲，词典给出的词义解释五花八门，无从定夺。在这样的情况下，可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义：,根据构词法辨别词义可以根据词的前后缀，词根、词干来辨析词义；,如,:miniultrasonicprober = mini,（微型的）,+ ultra,（超）,+sonic,（声音的）,+prober,（探测器）；即：微型超声波探测仪,macrospacetransship = macro,（巨型的）,+ space,（太空）,+ trans,（转运）,+ ship,（船）； 即： 巨型空间转运飞船,2),根据指代关系辨别词义,根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义；如,:,(1)He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.,他送约翰上大学，巴望能让,儿子（他）,出类拔萃。,(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.,健康比财富更重要，因为,财富,不能像,健康,那样给人以幸福。,(,或,:,因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。,),但汉语更习惯将英语的指示代词明确说明，使用重复法。,3),根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义,语境分析,(contextual analysis),是翻译的重要手段，没有一定的上下文,(context),，翻译就无从着手。,如下面一例：,Tension is building up.,根据不同上下文的具体情况，可分别将其译作：,(1),形势紧张起来。,(2),张力在增大。,(3),电压在增加。,(4),压力在增强。,(5),血压在增高。,(6) .,再如,story,一词的翻译,(1) This war is becoming the most important,story,of this generation.,(2) It is quite another,story,now.,(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the,story,.,(4) Hell be very happy if that,story,holds up.,(5) The girls,story,is one of the saddest.,(6) A young man came to Scottis office with a,story,.,(7) , but officials refused to confirm the,story,.,(8) The,story,about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,在不同的上下文中， 以上,8,个,story,在各句中分别具有,8,种不同的含义：,(1),事件,(2),情况,(3),内部信息,(4),说法,(5),遭遇,(6),案子,(7),消息,(8),报道,以上各句可分别译作,:(1),这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。,(2),现在的情况完全不同了。,(3),有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。,(4),如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。,(5),那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。,(6),一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。,(7),但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。,(8),报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。,Examples (1),This general was,charged,with treason.,这个将军被,指控,犯了叛国罪。,The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in,charge,of the research work.,委员会决定让亨利教授,负责,这项工作。,As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the soldiers,charged,the enemy position bravely.,总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地,向,敌人的阵地,冲去,。,She complained that she had been,charged,too much.,她抱怨说，向她,收费,太高了。,Examples (2),The power in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in,charge,.,火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把,炸药,捣实。,This store will,charge,things you buy, and let you pay for them later.,这家商店将你所买的东西,记入账内,，让你以后付款。,Having,charged,the battery, he set the engine in motion.,电池,充电,后，他启动了马达。,Polysemy,-,一词多义,It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings. Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”,每一个词语在新的语境就具有不同的词性和意义。,E.g.,run,-Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language (the 2,nd,College Edition),Run,v. intr.,（不及物动词）,1. To move swiftly on foot so that both feet leave the ground during each stride.,跑，奔,2. To move at a fast gallop. Used of a horse.,奔驰：飞跑，疾驰。用于指马,3. To retreat rapidly; flee:,快速撤退；逃跑：,The thief seized the money and,ran,.,小偷抓了钱就,跑,。,4. To move without hindrance or restraint:,跑来跑去：自由自在地走动：,These dogs always,run,loose.,这些狗总是自由地,活动,。,5. To keep company:,结伴，交往：,He,runs,with a wild crowd.,他与一群野蛮的人,为伴,。,6.To go or move about from place to place; roam:,走动；游荡：,I am always running about, looking for my glasses.,我一直在到处走，寻找我的眼镜。,7. To migrate, especially to move in a shoal in order to spawn. Used of fish.,洄游：尤指为产卵而在浅滩游动，用于指鱼。,8. To move or go quickly; hurry:,赶走，赶紧：赶快：,run for the police,赶快去找警察,ran for help,赶快去求救,9. To go when in trouble or distress:,投靠：遇麻烦或消沉时去：,He is always running to his lawyer.,他总是去咨询他的律师。,10. To make a short, quick trip or visit:,跑一趟（很短的距离）：到很近的地方去一会或拜访一下：,ran next door to borrow a cup of sugar,去隔壁借一杯糖,ran down to the store,去一趟百货店,11.To take part in a race or contest:,参加比赛,ran in the marathon,参加马拉松,12.To compete in a race for elected office:,竞选,ran for mayor,竞选市长,13.To finish a race in a specified position:,获得,ran second,获得亚军,14.To move freely, on or as if on wheels:,行驶,The car ran downhill.,汽车驶向下坡。,15.To be in operation:,开动，运转：,The engine is running.,发动机正常运转。,Methods,翻译方法,Based on the speech of the word,词性选择,Based on the context and the logical relations,文本逻辑关系,Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term,词语的褒贬,Collocation,词语的搭配关系,Based on the Speech of the Word,Your account of what happened is not quite,right,.,你对于发生的事情的叙述不太,正确,。,Go,right,on until you reach the church.,一直,往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。,Its my,right,of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it.,我有优先通行,权,。,She tried her best to,right,her husband from the charge of robbery.,她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案,伸冤,。,Based on the Context and the Logical Relations,Verbal Context -time context, place context, cultural background.,E.g.,George passed.,Verbs (1),We,passed,another town before daylight.,go through by,我们在天亮前,经过,了另一个镇。,I used to,pass,the whole evening that way.,以前我总是这样,消磨,整个黄昏。,Now the moment has,passed,.,现在已经,错过,机会了。,Verbs (2),If I kept on reading, that feeling would,pass,.,如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会,消失,。,That vessel will soon be,passing,us.,那只船就要和我们,相遇,了。,We know what was,passing,in his mind.,我们知道他心理在,想,什么。,We,passed,our hands over the fabric.,pass,a ribbon around a package.,The officers,passed,their troops in review before the general.,He,passed,his winter in Vermont.,The legislature,passed,the bill.,The inheritance,passed,my wildest dreams.,If you,pass,the new photographs in the collection, youll miss some outstanding ones.,Luckily the kidney stone,passed,before she had to be hospitalized.,我们用手摩挲着这块布。,把丝带缠在包裹上。,在阅兵大典中，军官指挥他们的部队经过将军面前接受检阅。,他在佛蒙特度过了冬季。,立法机关通过了这项议案。,这份遗产超出了我最漫无边际的梦想。,如果你不注意这一影集中的新相片，你就错过了一些杰作。,幸好这个肾结石在她必须住院之前化掉了。,Adjective(1),It was a,good,dinner.,这是一个,丰盛的,宴会。,He proved to be a,good,listener.,他这个人,善于倾听,别人说话。,Tom must be a,good,football player.,汤姆一定是个,优秀的,足球队员。,Adjective (2),I cant find,good,words for it.,我找不到,合适的,语言来表达。,It was a,good,morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain.,这是一个,明媚的,早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。,The checks are all,good, of course.,当然，这些支票是完全,有效的,。,Adjective (3),Each time he gave the bartender a,good,tip.,每次他都给酒保,优厚的,小费。,I do not speak without,good,evidence.,我不会说没有,可靠,根据的话。,It was a,good,paper.,这是一家,声誉很高的,报纸。,Is this a,good,dress for the party?,The milk is still,good,.,a,good,tooth.,a,good,student.,good,books.,good,taste.,ruined the familys g,ood,name.,good,features.,a,good,nights rest.,a,good,machinist.,good wives,穿这件裙子去跳舞合适吗,?,这瓶牛奶还能喝。,健康的牙齿,优秀的学生,好书,好的鉴赏力,沾污了家族的好名声,美貌,有益健康的夜间休息,熟练的机械师,a good workout,完整的训练,a good investment,可靠的投资,a good reason,正当的理由,a good dollar bill,真的美元纸币,a drivers license that is still good.,驾驶执照仍然有效,Im good for another round of golf.,我能再打一局高尔夫球。,Is she good for the money that you lent her?,她能把你借给她的钱还给你吗,?,He is always good for a laugh.,他总是逗人发笑。,翻译以下例子:,1. good saying 2. good boy3. good child 4. good contract,5. good debt 6. good eggs7. good eyesight 8. Good heavens!,9. good father 10. good features,11. good friend 12. good table13. good idea 14. good investment15. good joke 16. good looks,17. good luck 18. good manners19. good match 20. good mother,21. good neighbor 22. good reason23. good soil 24. good teacher,1. good saying 名 言 2. good boy 乖孩子,3. good child 孝子 4. good contract 有效的合同,5. good debt 有把握收回的债6. good eggs 新鲜鸡蛋,7. good eyesight 正常的视力 8. Good heavens! 天啊!,9. good father 慈父 10. good features 漂亮的相貌,11. good friend 挚友 12. good table 美餐,13. good idea 妙计 14. good investment 可靠的投资,15. good joke 有趣的笑话 16. good looks 美貌,17. good luck 鸿运 18. good manners得体的举止,19. good match 佳偶、劲敌 20. good mother良母,21. good neighbor 睦邻 22. good reason充足的理由,23. good soil 肥沃的土地 24. good teacher良师,Noun(1),We can make out the meaning of the word from the,context,.,我们可以从,上下文,判断出这个词的意思。,We should settle the disputes in the,context,of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.,我们应当,在,和平共处五项原则的,基础上,解决这些争端。,It is in this,context,that the tragedy of Sahara was born.,撒哈拉悲剧正在这种,情况,下发生。,Noun (2),We must operate within the,context,of the Olympian Spirit.,我们必须,按照,奥林匹克精神办事。,In this,context, Ive to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.,就此,而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。,“,Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.,”,合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。,Jonathan Swift,Others,此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。,Examples (1),He traveled to foundling homes, prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and,in time,built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull.,他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院，去寻找头型特殊的人，,同时,积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。,I know you think I am talking nonsense, but,in time,you will realize that was right.,我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你,将来,终究会理解我说的话是对的。,Examples (2),We have been working all day. We must,have a break,.,我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。,Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must,have a break,somewhere. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.”,引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方,断了线,。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”,Based on the Commendatory Term or Derogatory Term,任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。,文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划人物性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。,翻译注意五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。,词语的轻重,shine,照耀；指光的稳定发射,glitter,闪光，闪耀；指光的不稳定发射,glare,耀眼；表示光的高强度,sparkle,发火光，冒火星；指发射微细的光度,twinkle,闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁,词义的范围和侧重不同,agriculture,指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，包括的范围最广,farming,指农业的实践，种田活动,cultivation,指农作物的栽培技术，耕作法,agronomy,指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践，科学农业,模拟动作情状不同,Walk,走，走路，强调散步,Saunter,悠然自得地走,闲逛,漫步,Amble,从容不迫地走,缓行,溜达,Stride,大踏步地走,Trudge,步履艰难地走,跋涉,Traipse,懒散疲乏地走,闲逛,长途跋涉,Shamble,蹒跚地走,拖沓地走,Prance,昂首阔步地走,欢腾,Scamper,蹦蹦跳地走,奔跳,Clump,拖着沉重的脚步走,词语的感情色彩,to expire,逝世,(,断气,),to pass away,去世,to close (end) ones day,寿终,to breathe ones last,咽气，短气,to go west,归西天，一命呜呼,to pay the debt of nature,了结尘缘,to depart to the world of shadows,命归黄泉,to give up the ghost,见阎王,to kick the bucket,翘辫子,to kick up ones heels,蹬腿，翘脚,to lay down ones knife and fork,不吃饭,to play over,玩完,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬,(1),They,incited,him to go into further investigation,他们,鼓励,他做进一步的调查。,The plotters,incited,the soldiers to rise against their officers.,阴谋家,煽动,士兵们造军官的反。,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬,(2),The enemy,killed,one of our comrades and we,killed,an enemy agent.,敌人,杀,了我们一个同志，我们,宰,了一个敌特。,An,aggressive,country is always ready to start a war.,一个,好侵略的,国家总是准备挑起战争。,An,aggressive,young man can go far in this firm.,一个,富有进取心的,年轻人在这家公司前途无量。,Collocation,任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。,Examples (1),That,beat,me.,真把我,难住,了。,We can,beat,him.,我们可以,打败,他。,He was cursing to,beat,the band.,他骂了个,痛快淋漓,。,beat the band,美俚,作状语用,精力充沛地,超过一切地 猛烈地,出众,显眼,Examples (2),These constant changes in the weather,beat,me.,这儿变化无常的天气使我,适应不了,。,He can,beat,me in mathematics.,他的数学,比我高明,千万倍。,It,beats,me how he did it.,我,不懂,他怎么干出这种事来。,Examples (3),The long tramp,beats,me.,长途跋涉使我,筋疲力尽,。,I,beat,the truth out of him.,我从他那里,探出,了真实情况。,They,beat,their swords into plowshares.,他们,化,剑,为,犁。,The sun continued to,beat,on them.,太阳还是,热得炙人,。,总结,翻译实践中,词语的选择非一日之功,非经年累月之锤炼不可,;,此举并非仅关乎词汇量的多少,更是对于所掌握的词汇在特定情境下,特定文化习俗风格褒贬情况下的灵活掌控,;,词语的选择是语感的一面镜子,!,