法律英语第一课课件

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,法律英语,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,法律英语,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Lesson,one,Legal,system,2024/8/29,1,法律英语,LessononeLegalsystem 202,Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.,Wendell phillips, American leader against slavery,若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。,美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯,W,2024/8/29,2,法律英语,Every law has no atom of stren,Background,Two periods of legal history:,The Period of the English Colonies,The Period of the United States,On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony,The Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783),2024/8/29,3,法律英语,Background Two periods of lega,2024/8/29,4,法律英语,2023/9/64法律英语,Characteristics,Common law legal system,普通法系,Decentralization,Case law,Stare decisis,遵从前例,2024/8/29,5,法律英语,Characteristics Common law leg,Text,Part,One,The,United,States,is,at once,a,very,new,nation,a,very,old,nation,既年轻又古老的国家,2024/8/29,6,法律英语,TextPartOneTheUnitedState,it,is,constantly,being,renewed,by,the,addition,of,new,elements,of,population,and,of,new,States,不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入,It,is,a,new,nation,Compared with many other countries,与其他国家相比,2024/8/29,7,法律英语,itisconstantlybeingrenewed,It,is the,oldest,of,the,new,nations,the,first,one,to,be,made,out,of an,Old,World,colony.,第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家,theoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfederalsystem theoldestpracticeofself-government,It,is,old,2024/8/29,8,法律英语,Itis theoldestofthenew,The,whole,of,its,history,belongs,in,the,period,since,the,invention,of,the,printing,press.,美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。,公元,1440,1448,年，德国人谷登堡创造的活版印刷术，在铅合金活字，脂肪性油墨，以及印刷机的制造方面，都取得了巨大的成功，从而奠定了现代印刷术的基础。被各国学者公认是现代印刷术的创始人,2024/8/29,9,法律英语,The wholeofitshistorybelo,foreventssuchas thosethatarelostinthelegendarypastofItalyorFranceorEngland arepartoftheprintedrecordoftheUnitedStates,那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。,Thewholeofitshistoryisrecorded,2024/8/29,10,法律英语,foreventssuchas thosethat,And,the,American,record,Comprehensive,复杂,Immense,繁多,2024/8/29,11,法律英语,AndtheAmericanrecordCompre,Recordofthecolonialera,殖民时代的记载,Record oftheNationsince1776,国家从,1776,年开始的记载,Record ofthepresentfiftyStates,当前,50,个州的记载,Theintricatenetworkof relationshipsbetweenStatesand Nation,各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载,2024/8/29,12,法律英语,Recordofthecolonialera202,The,reports,of,the,United,States,Supreme,Court,fill,350,volumes,The,reports,of,some,States,are,almost,equally,voluminous.,联邦最高法院判例汇编,州法院判例汇编,2024/8/29,13,法律英语,Thereportsofthe UnitedSta,The,reader,who,wants,to,trace,the,history,of,law,in,America,is,confronted,with,over,5,000,stout,volumes,of,legal,cases,.,想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是,5000,多巨册,的,法律案例,。,2024/8/29,14,法律英语,Thereaderwhowantstotrace,No,one,document,no,handful,of,documents,can,properly,be,said,to,reveal,the,character,of,apeople,or,of,their,government.,没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的,特征,。,2024/8/29,15,法律英语,Noonedocument,nohandfulof,When,hundreds,and,thousands,of,documents,strike,a,consistent,note,，,over,more,than,a,hundred,years,we,have,a,right,to,say,that,is,thekeynote.,当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。,2024/8/29,16,法律英语,Whenhundredsandthousands o,The,American,legal,system,like,the,English,is,methodologically,mainly,a,case law,system,.,判例法,Part,Two,2024/8/29,17,法律英语,TheAmericanlegalsystem,lik,Civil law legal system,大陆法系,/,罗马法系,Common law legal system,普通法系,Statutory law,法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等,Case law,形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法,2024/8/29,18,法律英语,Civil law legal systemCommon l,Most,fields,of,private,law,still,consist,primarily,of,case,law,and,the,extensive,and,steadily,growing,statutory,continues,to,be,subject,to,binding,interpretation,through,case,law.,私法,的大多数领域主要包括,判例法,，以及广泛的不断增加的,成文法,，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。,2024/8/29,19,法律英语,Mostfieldsofprivatelaws,Knowledge,Technique,central,importance,for,an,understanding,of,American,law and,legal,methodology,2024/8/29,20,法律英语,KnowledgeTechniquecentrali,The,common,law,is,historically,the,common,general,law,with,supremacy,over,local,law,which,was,decreed,by,the,itinerant,judges,of,the,English,royal,court.,普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。,2024/8/29,21,法律英语,Thecommonlawishistorically,enforcement,强制执行,；,claim,请求,；,action,诉讼行为；,writ,法院令状；,classical Roman law,古罗马法,2024/8/29,22,法律英语,enforcement 强制执行；2023/9/622,The,enforcement,of a,claim,presupposed the existence of,a special form of action,a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of,action,similar to that of,classical Roman law.,某项诉讼,请求,的,强制执行,是以,法院令状,这种,特殊诉讼形式,的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于,古罗马法,的,“诉讼行为”,所构成的体系。,2024/8/29,23,法律英语,The enforcement of a claim pr,Ifa,writ,existed(in1227)a,claim,couldbe,enforced,;,有,法院令状,，,诉讼请求,就要,强制执行,；,therewasno,recourse,fora,claim,withoutawrit,the,claim,didnot exist.,没有,法院令状,为前提的,诉讼请求,，就没有,追索权,，因而该,诉讼请求,也就不存在。,2024/8/29,24,法律英语,Ifawritexisted(in1227)a,Thissystembecameinflexiblewhenthe,ProvisionsofOxford,(1258) prohibitedthecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthe,writuponthecase,allowedandwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentof,contractandtortlaw,.,这一制度在（,1258,年）,“,牛津条例,”,禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非,“,本案令状,”,允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成,合同与侵权法,。,2024/8/29,25,法律英语,Thissystembecameinflexible,The,narrow,limits,of,the,forms,of,action,and,the,limited,recourse,they,provided,led,to,the,development,of,equity,law,and,equity,case,law,.,诉讼形式的限制,及其提供的,有限追索权,导致了,衡平法,和,衡平判例法,的产生。,2024/8/29,26,法律英语,Thenarrowlimitsoftheforms,衡平法,由英国,衡平法,法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为,避免过分重视令状和程序,方面的技术性问题，而,集中考虑案情的理据得失,，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是,衡平法,。,2024/8/29,27,法律英语,衡平法 由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避,“,Equity,”,doing,equity,公平,行为公平,deciding,ex,aequo,et,bono,决定,公平且善良（拉丁语）,was,first,granted,by,the,King,and,laterby,his,Chancellor,as,keeper,of,the,Kings,conscience,to afford relief in hardship cases.,首先由,国王,，以后由,作为,“,国王良知守护人,”,的大法官,作出，以便,对难以解决的案例提供救济,。,2024/8/29,28,法律英语,“Equity”doingequity2023/9/6,In,the,fifteenth,century,however,equity,law,and,equity,case,law,developed,into,an,independent,legal,system,and,judiciary,(Court,of,chancery),which,competed,with,the,ordinary,common,law,courts.,15,世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成,独立的法律制度,和,司法制度（大法官法庭）,，大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。,2024/8/29,29,法律英语,Inthefifteenthcentury,howe,普通法,衡平法,普通法专指英国在,11,世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法,。,而衡平法是指英国在,14,世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。,2024/8/29,30,法律英语,普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐,Its,rules,and,maxims,became,fixed,and,to,a,degree,inflexible,as,in,any,legal,system.,衡平法的规则和原则逐渐,确定,，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的,固定性,。,equity,law,2024/8/29,31,法律英语,Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefi,1.reliefintheformofspecificperformance,特定履行的救济方式,特定履行是对需要履行合同义务的合同当事人发出的一种命令。只有存在需要履行的合同，才能取得特定履行的命令。,Special,characteristics,of,equity,law,：,2024/8/29,32,法律英语,Specialcharacteristicsofeq,2.theinjunction,禁令：临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令,禁制令是法院作出的裁定。指示一人或数人不要做某项具体的事或者做某项具体的事：但后一种指示较少。,禁制令只能为强制执行或保护一种普通法上或衡平法上的权利，才能做出。,2024/8/29,33,法律英语,2.theinjunction2023/9/633法律英语,3.thedevelopmentofsocalled maximsofequitylaw,形成所谓的衡平法座右铭,衡平法不允许有错误存在而没有救济（,Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without remedy,）,；,求助于衡平法者自身必须公正行事（,He who seeks equity must do equity,）,；,求助于衡平法者自身必须清白（,He who comes to equity must come with clean hands,）,；,衡平法注重意图而不重形式（,Equity looks at the intent rather than the form,）,2024/8/29,34,法律英语,3.thedevelopmentofsocalled,However,equitable,relief,regularly,will,lie,only,when,the,common,law,relief,is inadequate.,只有当,普通法救济,不充分时，才适用,衡平救济,。,2024/8/29,35,法律英语,However,equitablereliefreg,甲向朋友乙借款,100,英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如数归还，但出于对朋友的信任，甲未要求乙当面归还借据，而是请乙将借据撕掉。事实上，乙一时大意，并未撕掉借据。,又过了一年，甲乙两人反目成仇，乙持甲的那张借据向法院起诉，要求甲还钱。按照普通法，法院依法只能判决甲（再次）偿还乙,100,英镑，因为按照当时的诉讼规则，法院惟一接受的证据，就是那张应当撕掉却没有撕的借据！,但是，如果按照衡平法审理，枢密大臣可以发布命令，要求乙将借据交给甲，命令乙不得就欠款一事向普通法院起诉；如果乙已经起诉，并且普通法院已经作出了乙胜诉的判决，大法官可以命令乙不得执行判决。同样地，如果损害赔偿不是适当的救济，大法官可以命令当事人将原物返还，或者禁止当事人采取一定的行动。,2024/8/29,36,法律英语,甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如,As,the,common,law,equity,law,became,part,of,American,law,either,through,judicial,acceptance,司法接受,or,through,express,statutory,provision,明确的成文法条款,2024/8/29,37,法律英语,Asthecommonlaw,equitylaw,Today,both,legal,systems,have,been,merged,in,many,American,jurisdictions,普通法衡平法,there,is,only,one,form,of,civil,suit,in,these,jurisdictions,as,well,as in,federal,practice.,在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有,一套民事诉讼形式,2024/8/29,38,法律英语,Today,bothlegalsystemshav,美国纽约州立法机构于,1848,年,通过了由戴维,菲尔德起草的,菲尔德民事程序法典,，稍后更成立了一个,“,法典化委员会,”,来,“,将纽约州的全部法律简化为,成文的、系统化的法典,”,。,2024/8/29,39,法律英语,美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维菲,Only,few,States,continue,to,maintain,a,separate,chancery,court,.,独立大法官法庭,2024/8/29,40,法律英语,OnlyfewStatescontinuetom,Reference to the historical development is important,参考历史发展非常重要,It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts,thedivisionoftitleinthelawofproperty,财产法上的所有权分割,2024/8/29,41,法律英语,Reference to the historical de,itisstillrelevantforthedecisionofsuchquestions,Reference to the historical development is important,参考历史发展非常重要,a righttoatrialbyjury,陪审团的审判权,2024/8/29,42,法律英语,itisstillrelevantforthe,“,ordinary,”,common,law,relief,of,damages,普通法规定的赔偿金救济,“,extraordinary,”,equity,remedy,of,specific,performance,衡平法规定的特定履行救济,2024/8/29,43,法律英语,“ordinary”commonlawreliefo,Caselaw,describestheentirebodyof,judgemadelaw,andtodayincludes,commonlawandequityprecedents,.,“,判例法”,指所有的,法官定法,，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。,2024/8/29,44,法律英语,Caselawdescribestheentir,In,imprecise,and,confusing,usage,the,terms,common,law,and,case,law,are,often,used,synonymously,with,the,term,“,common,law,”,in,this usage,connoting,judge-made,law,in,general,as,contrasted,with,statutory,law.,普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指,“,法官定法,”,。是与成文法相对的概念。,2024/8/29,45,法律英语,Inimpreciseandconfusingus,Case,law,：,always,connotes,judge,made,law,判例法总是指法官定法,common,law,：,either,the,judge,made,law,in,common,law,subject,matters,or,more,extensively,all,judge-made,law.,普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法，又包括更广义的所有的法官定法。,2024/8/29,46,法律英语,Caselaw：alwaysconnote,重点词汇,UnitedStatesSupremeCourt,Common law legal system,Civil law legal system,Case law,Statutory law,classicalRomanlaw,2024/8/29,47,法律英语,重点词汇UnitedStatesSupremeCour,privatelaw,binding interpretation,itinerantjudges,Englishroyalcourt,Enforcement,，,claim,，,action,，,writ,writuponthecase,2024/8/29,48,法律英语,privatelaw2023/9/648法律英语,equitylaw,equity caselaw,exaequoetbono,specificperformance,injunction,equitablerelief,commonlawrelief,commonlawdamages,2024/8/29,49,法律英语,equitylaw2023/9/649法律英语,civilsuit,Jurisdictions,title,trialbyjury,judge-madelaw,2024/8/29,50,法律英语,civilsuit2023/9/650法律英语,2024/8/29,51,法律英语,2023/9/651法律英语,Exercises,1. Questions about the text,2. Dictation,3. Discussion,2024/8/29,52,法律英语,Exercises1. Questions about th,法律英语第一课课件,53,