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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Biochemistry,Introduction & Universities Analysis,Content,Biochemistry,Brief introduction,History,Biochemistry, from elements to environments,Research Branches,Targets and techniques,Harvard, inner life,Biochemistry,Brief,Biochemistry,is the study of chemical processes,in,living organisms,.,Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. By controlling,information flow,through biochemical signalling and the,flow of chemical energy,through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.,enzyme-catalyzed reactions.,cell metabolism,endocrine system,genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport,and signal transduction,Biohazard I-III,alcoholic fermentation(yeast),AND,structures, functions and interactions of cellular components,such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules(biopolymers).,Monomers: similar repeating subunits,subunit types: eg. protein is a polymer whose subunits are selected from a set of 20 or more amino acids.,Almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are engaged in biochemical research.,Important discoveries:,1828, Friedrich Whler, proved organic compounds can be created artificially.,1833, Anselme Payen, the first enzyme, diastase.,1947, Gerty Cori, Carl Cori, Nobel Prize for their discovery of the Cori cycle.,1953, Hans Adolf Krebs, Nobel Prize, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).,1956, James D. Watson, Francis CrickNobel Prize, DNA structure, gene transfer information.,1958, George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Nobel Prize, one gene produces one enzyme.,2006 , Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello, Nobel Prize, RNAi in the silencing of gene expression.,2021, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz Nobel Prize, ribosome atomic level research.,History,Gerty Cori,and,Carl Cori,Watson and Crick,Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello,Nobel Prizes put Biochemistry in the spotlight,Biochemistry:,fundamental of life sciences,From elements to environments,Chemical elements, molecules, cells, individuals, environments,Elements,Most earth organisms share chemical element needs,6 elementscarbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorusmake up almost 99% of the mass of a human body. Humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more.,Around two dozen of the 94 naturally-occurring chemical elements are essential to various kinds of biological life. Most rare elements on Earth are not needed by life (exceptions being selenium and iodine), while a few common ones (aluminum and titanium) are not used.,The four main classes of molecules in biochemistry are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.,Dehydration synthesis: Monomers(micromolecules) -,polymers(macromolecules),Biological activity: different macromolecules -,larger complexes,glucose,(C,6,H,12,O,6,),Molecules,Carbohydrates,Energy storage and providing structure, cell to cell interactions and communications.,Monosaccharides, include glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), and deoxyribose (C5H10O4).,dehydration synthesis: monosaccharides-,Disaccharides-,Oligosaccharides/polysaccharides,Disaccharides,Sucrose: glucose+ fructose, the most familiar carbohydrate.,Lactose: glucose+galactose. lactose intolerance, lactase,decreases.,Oligosaccharides,and,polysaccharides,one long linear chain, or branched.,cellulose(plants) , glycogen(animal),A molecule of sucrose (glucose + fructose), a disaccharide.,Glycolysis,Glucose,glycolysis,pyruvate,+,ATP,NAD,+,NADH. This does not require oxygen;,anaerobic,if no oxygen is available, the NAD is restored by converting the pyruvate to,lactate (lactic acid),(e.g., in humans) or to,ethanol,plus,carbon dioxide (e.g., in,yeast,).,Aerobic,In,aerobic,cells with sufficient oxygen, as in,most human cells,pyruvate is further metabolized to,acetyl-CoA,citric acid cycle,ATP, NADH.,Lipids,A triglyceride with a glycerol molecule on the left and three fatty acids coming off it.,Lipids, especially phospholipids, are also used in various pharmaceutical products, either as co-solubilisers or else as drug carrier components (e.g., in a liposome or transfersome).,Most lipids have some,polar,character in addition to being largely nonpolar.,amphiphilic,molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions). In the case of,cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (,hydroxyl,or alcohol).,Proteins,Proteins are large molecules made from amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids, each containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-chain (known as an R group). When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.,Longer stretches merit the title proteins. As an example, the important blood serum protein albumin contains 585 amino acid residues.,Antibodies are an example of proteins that attach to one specific type of molecule. Probably the most important proteins, however, are the enzymes.,The structure of proteins is described in a hierarchy of four levels.,sickle-cell disease: hemoglobin, glutamate residue at position 6 with a valine residue change,Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids then be joined together to make new proteins. Humans and other mammals cannot synthesize essential amino acids.,Nucleic acids,Nucleic acids are the molecules that make up DNA. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA). The most common nucleotides are adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil.,Aside from the genetic material of the cell, nucleic acids often play a role as second messengers, as well as forming the base molecule for ATP.,Each nucleotides consists of three components: a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (either a purine or a pyrimidine), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.,Cells,stem cell therapy,The Pros of Stem Cell Research,Individuals,Environments,University of Michigan-Ann Arbor,UCB,Lupines add nitrogen to the soil through their mutually beneficial symbiosis with root-nodulating bacteria,Almost all areas of the life sciences,from botany to medicine,are engaged in biochemical research.,Techniques:,chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, computer modeling and simulation, chemical synthesis, molecular dynamics,simulations, molecular biology,genetics,Equipments:,Samples:,Fungi(yeast),Rat, Mouse,Human being,Branches,Researchers in biochemistry use specific techniques native to biochemistry, but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics, molecular biology and biophysics. There has never been a hard-line between these disciplines in terms of content and technique.,Animal-, Plant-, Microbial-, Insect- biochemistry,Muscle-, Neuro-, Immuno- biochemistry,Protein-, Nucleic acids-, Enzyme- biochemistry,Medical-,Agricultural-,Industrial-,Nutrition- biochemistry,Palaeobiochemistry, Ecological biochemistry, Pharmaceutical biochemistry,Biophysics, Quantum Biochemistry,Thank you for your attention!,
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