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Unit 3Unit 3 Pub Talk and the Kings EnglishAims1.Tolearnthemethodsindevelopinganexpositorywriting,esp.theuseofexamples2.Toknowhowtomakegoodconversation3.TotracethehistoryoftheKingsEnglish4.ToanalysethefeaturesofspokenEnglish5.ToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContents1.Backgroundinformation2.Studyofthetext1.Backgroundinformation1.1 The Author:Henry Fairlie1.2 The Washington Post1.3 The History of BritainThe Author:Henry Fairlie(1924-90)ABritishpoliticaljournalistandsocialcriticBest known for coining the term the Establishment,（权威人权威人士的统称；当权派）士的统称；当权派）an analysis of how all the right people came to run Britain largely through social connections,he spent 36 years as a prominent freelance writer on both sides of the Atlantic,appearing in The Spectator（旁观者，英国周刊）旁观者，英国周刊）,The New Republic,The Washington Post,The New Yorker,and many other papers and magazines.The Washington Post(1)FrontpageforSunday,October25,2009.Type:Daily newspaperFormat:Broadsheet(大幅纸张大幅纸张)Owner:Washington Post CompanyFounded:1877Headquarters:1150 15th Street,N.W.Washington,D.C.,United StatesCirculation:673,180 Daily 890,163 Sunday(Apr.2008)The Washington Post(2)The Washington PostisWashington,D.C.slargestnewspaperanditsoldest,foundedin1877.LocatedinthecapitaloftheUnitedStates,The Posthasaparticularemphasisonnationalpolitics.ThePostisgenerallyregardedamongtheleadingdailyAmericannewspapers,alongwithThe New York Times,whichisknownforitsgeneralreportingandinternationalcoverage,andThe Wall Street Journal,whichisknownforitsfinancialreporting.ThePosthasdistinguisheditselfthroughitspoliticalreportingontheworkingsoftheWhiteHouse,Congress,andotheraspectsoftheU.S.government.The Washington Post(3)PerhapsthemostnotableincidentinthePostshistorywaswhen,intheearly1970s,reportersBobWoodwardandCarlBernsteinledtheAmericanmediasinvestigationintowhatbecameknownastheWatergatescandal.ThenewspapersreportinggreatlycontributedtotheresignationofU.S.PresidentRichardNixon.AsofSeptember2009,itsaverageweekdaycirculationwas582,844,accordingtotheAuditBureauofCirculations(发行审核局),makingit thefifthlargestnewspaperinthecountrybycirculation,behindUSAToday,TheWallStreetJournal,TheNewYorkTimes,andtheLosAngelesTimes.TheHistoryofBritain1.ThenativepeopleinBritainCelts-Celt(language)2.RomanConquest43AD,ruledfor400yearsLatin(language)TheHistoryofBritain3.In449Angles,Saxon,andJutesfromNorthwestofGermany,conqueredthemostpartofEnglandEnglish-oldEnglishTheHistoryofBritain4.9thcentury,ScandinavianconquestDanish(language)5.11thcenturyNormanConquestfor400yearsFrench(language)6.Britishpeopleconqueredtheconquestagain.Englishwonitsrecognition.*http:/www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/o_neo_bronze.shtml*2.Study of the Text2.1TheTitle2.2TheTheme2.3DetailedStudyoftheText2.4OrganizationalPattern2.5StylisticAnalysisPub(1)A public house,informally known as a pub,is an establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises(店内店内)in countries and regions of British influence.A pub that offers lodging may be called an inn or(more recently)hotel in the United Kingdom.Today,many pubs in the UK,Canada and Australia with the word inn or hotel in their name no longer offer accommodation,or in some cases have never done so.Some pubs bear the name of hotel because they are in countries where stringent(严厉的严厉的)anti-drinking laws were once in force.2.1TheTitlePub(2)There are approximately 53,500 public houses in the United Kingdom;a number that declines every year,so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.In many places,especially in villages,a pub can be the focal point of the community.In some writings the pub is described as the heart of England.Public houses are socially and culturally different from places such as cafs,bars,etc.Pub(3)Pubs are social places based on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages,and most public houses offer a range of beers,wines,spirits and soft drinks.Many pubs are controlled by breweries(啤啤酒酒厂厂),so beer is often better value than wines and spirits,while soft drinks can be almost as expensive.All pubs also have a range of non-alcoholic beverages available.Traditionally the windows of town pubs are of smoked or frosted glass(磨磨 砂砂 玻玻 璃璃)so that the clientle(常常客客)is obscured from the street.In the last twenty years in the UK and other countries there has been a move away from frosted glass towards clear glass,a trend that fits in with brighter interior dcors.Pub(4)The owner,tenant or manager(licensee)of a public house is known as the publican or landlord.Each pub generally has locals or regulars,the people who drink there regularly.The pub that people visit most often is called their local.In many cases,this will be the pub nearest to their home,but some people choose their local for other reasons:proximity to work,a venue for their friends,the availability of a particular drink,or a place to smoke freely,or maybe a darts(掷掷镖镖游游戏戏)team or pool table(撞球台撞球台).Pub(5)Until the 1970s most of the larger public houses also featured an off-sale(外卖外卖)counter or attached shop for the sales of beers,wines and spirits for home consumption.In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences(卖酒执照卖酒执照)undercut(削弱削弱)the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters.The interior of a typical English pub,showing three common features:the bar(left),an old-fashioned fireplace(left of centre),and a modern fruit machine(right)A thatched country pub,The Williams Arms,near Braunton,North Devon,EnglandpubA city pub,the Worlds End,Camden Town,LondonpubQuestions:1.What is the Writing style of this article?Apieceofexposition.2.What is Kings English?Thewriterconcludes:“theKingsEnglishisaclassrepresentationofreality.”Hemeans“theKingsEnglish”isusedandheldupasamodelorstandardbytherulingclass,theeducatedpeoplewhiletheworkingpeoplemockandjeeratit.3.What is pub talk?Conversationheldinthepublichouse.4.How do you comment on the title?What is the first topic the writer puts forward?Thetitleofthispieceisnotveryaptlychosen.ItmisleadsthereadersintothinkingthatthewriterisgoingtodemonstratesomeintrinsicorlinguisticrelationshipbetweenpubtalkandthekingsEnglishwhereasthewriter,inreality,isjustdiscoursingonwhatmakesgoodconversation.Hefeelsthatbarconversationinthepubhasacharmofitsown.Thewriterillustrateshispointbydescribingthecharmingconversationhehadwithsomepeopleoneeveninginapubonthetopic“theKingsEnglish2.2TheThemetheopeningsentenceofPara1.“Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.”Thelastsentenceofthelastpara.windsupthethemebypointingoutwhatisthebane(祸害）ofgoodconversation-“talkingsense”Therealthesis-inthe3rdpara.“Barconversationhasacharmofitsown”.Abettertitlewouldbe:TheArtofGoodConversationTheCharmsofConversation2.3DetailedStudyoftheTextsociable:adj.(of people)enjoying spending time with other people 好交际的；友好的；合群好交际的；友好的；合群的的intricate:adj.having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together 错综复杂的错综复杂的indulge:v.in sthenjoy;satisfy容许自己享受；尽情totakepartinanactivity,esp.onethatisillegal参加，参与（尤指非法活动）（尤指非法活动）Original:Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans.Paraphrase:More than any other human activity,conversation helps to promote an agreeable,pleasant and informal relationship among people.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings(animals and birds are not capable of conversation).E-C Translation:人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。Para.2Whatmakesgoodconversation?1)it doesnt really start from anywhere:Anythingcanstartaconversation.Itdoesnotneedaspecialtopictostartaconversation.Andoncestarted,nooneknowshoworwhereitwillend.The charm of conversationor just glows:amixedmetaphor.Thewritercompares“conversation”toastreamwhichmeandersandleaps,andalsotofirewhichglowsandsparkles.metaphormeander(flowslowlyturninghereandthere)leap-river(jumpover)meanders or leaps:(likeastream)flowplacidlyandaimlesslyorflowswiftlyandjoyouslyonwardsmetaphorsparkleglow-fire1.smallflashes2.brightlightmixedmetaphormeander/sparkle-smooth/peacefulleap/glow-exciting/heatedThe writer in the same sentence compares conversation to river and fire as well.2)The enemy“something to say”:Whatspoilstheconversationispeoplewhothinktheyhavealotofimportantthingstosay.Hewhowouldhaveanythingimportanttosayspoilstheconversation.enemy:anythinginjuriousorharmful3)Conversation is not for making a point.:Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview.Inaconversationweshouldnottrytoestablishtheforceofanideaorargument.4)There is no winning in conversation.:Onedoesnottrytoprovehimselfrightandotherswrong.Wemayarguebutweneednttrytoconvinceothersthattheyarewrongandweareright.make a point/make a point(make ones point):a)expressonesviewandtrytopersuadeotherstoacceptitInthiscasehemadeapoint.在这一点上，他发表了自己的观点。b)scoreapoint(证明论点正确)Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infactapersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofview.5)They are ready to let it go.:Theyarereadytogiveuptheopportunitytotelloneoftheirbestanecdotes(becausetheconversationhasmovedontoothersubjects)conversationalist:n.a person who is good at talking to others,eps.in an informal way 能聊的能聊的人；健谈的人人；健谈的人 anecdote:n.a short,interesting or amusing story about a real person or event 趣闻；逸事趣闻；逸事inaflash:very quickly and suddenly,inasecond转瞬间转瞬间e.g.The weekend seemed to be over in a flash.那个周末转瞬即逝。那个周末转瞬即逝。Inaflashherealizedthattheywerepresentsfromhispatients.Everythinghappenedinaflash.aflashinapanPara 2leap:v.(leapt,leapt)1)to jump high or a long way 跳；跳跃；跳越跳；跳跃；跳越 2)to move or do sth suddenly and quickly 猛冲；突然做某事猛冲；突然做某事meander:v.1)(of a river,road,etc.)to curve a lot rather than being in a straight line 蜿蜒而行；迂回曲折蜿蜒而行；迂回曲折2)to walk slowly and change direction often,esp.without a particular aim 漫步；闲逛漫步；闲逛 3)(of a conversation,discussion,etc.)to develop slowly and change subject often,in a way that makes it boring or difficult to understand 漫谈；闲聊漫谈；闲聊Para 3 the real thesis:Bar conversation has a charm of its ownQuestion:Whydoesthewriterlikebarconversationsomuch?1.Thewriterisonlyafrequenter(regular)ofpubs.2.Bargoersarenotintimatefriends.(Barorchurchistheplaceforpeopletomakefriends.Barplaysanimportantroleinsocialactivitiesinthewesternworld.)up-bringing:thetrainingandeducationreceivedwhilegrowingupe.g.Hisupbringingexplainsalotabouthisattitudetowardswomen.of ones own:belongstrictlytooneselfe.g.Shehasamindofherown.她颇有主见。Forreasonsofhisown,herefusedtojointheclub.由于某些个人理由，他拒绝参加那个俱乐部。Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachotherslives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotintimatefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachotherslives.ontherocks:a relationship or business that is on the rocks is having difficulties and is likely to fail soon（关系或生意）陷于困境；濒临崩溃（关系或生意）陷于困境；濒临崩溃e.g.Sues marriage is on the rocks.休的婚姻触礁。休的婚姻触礁。Ancient superstition:1.get out of bed on the wrong side:get up on the wrong side of the bed Gettingoutofbedonthewrongsidewillbringyoubadluck.Thewrongsideisusuallytheleftside.Itwasunluckytosettheleftfootonthegroundfirstongettingoutofbed.Whenonegetoutofbedonthewrongside,itusuallymeansyoureinthegrumpyorbadmood.Go back to bed and get up on the right side.2.“Step on a spider.it is sure to rain”Thissuperstitionistoldtoallchildren,becausenoonewantsittorain.Spidersgenerallylivealongandhealthylife.3.The number 13 has often been thought to be a bad omen.People should never invite 13 guests to dinner.It is believed that one will die before the year is out.4.Friday the 13th is day to stay at home and do nothing.It is doubly unlucky,when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday.Bad things will happen.Many people refrain from starting activities on the 13th to make sure no evil will happen to them.Alexandre Dumas,pre.Born:24 July 1802Aisne,FranceDied:5 December 1870(aged68)Puys,FranceOccupation:playwright and novelistNationality:FrenchLiterary movement:Romanticism and Historical fictionNotable work(s):The Count of Monte Cristo,The Three MusketeersImage by Maurice Leloir,1894The Three Musketeers(1844)The Three Musketeers(1844)Set in the 17th century,the novel recounts the adventures of a young man named dArtagnan after he leaves home to become a guard of the musketeers.DArtagnan is not one of the musketeers of the title;those are his friends Athos,Porthos,and Aramis,inseparable friends who live by the motto“all for one,one for all(tous pour un,un pour tous).ThethreeMusketeersinDumasnovelareveryclosefriends.Theysupportedeachotherwiththeirfortuneandtheirlives,yettheyshowednocuriosityinortriedtofindoutanythingabouteachothersprivatelife.delvedig,research;investigatedelveintobook专研书本delveintothepast调查过去的情况Ifyoudelveintosth,youtrytodiscovernewinformationaboutit.recess:n.C,usuallypl.thepartofaplacethatisfurthestfromthelightandhardtoseeorgetto隐蔽处；幽深处e.g.Thedoubtwasstillthere,inthedeeprecessesofhermind.在她的内心深处依然存有疑虑。twokindsoflanguage:a)colloquialexpressionontherocksgetoutofbedonthewrongsideb)literaryallusion文学典故，引喻inreferencetoaperson;event;story“Musketeers of Dumas”Para.4Specificexample.Itmaybeusedasatransitionalparagraph.Inordertoarousethereaderscuriositythewriterdidntmentionthetopicuntilthenextparagraph.desultory-aimless,half-hearted(fml)散漫Somethingthatisdesultoryisdoneorhappeninanunplannedanddisorganizedway,andwithoutenthusiasm.Thereweresomedesultoryattemptstodefendhim.Hebegantolookdesultorilyforanotherapartment.aconversation漫谈research漫无边际的研究awalk漫步Para 4commonplace:adj.ordinary,common,doneveryoften,orexistinginmanyplaces,andthereforenotunusual 平凡的；普通的；普遍的；常见的平凡的；普通的；普遍的；常见的alchemy:n.U 1)a form of chemistry studied in the Middle Ages which involved trying to discover how to change ordinary metals into gold 炼金术炼金术 2)(literary)a mysterious power or magic that can change things（改变事物的）神秘力量，魔力（改变事物的）神秘力量，魔力 Para.5Thewriterpassesfrom a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instanceofit.Para.6The glowinto flames:metaphor.Conversationisbeingcomparedtoafire.Theconversationbecamespiritedandexciting.affirmation:astatementofyourbeliefinandsupportfortheme.g.thedenunciationofprivilegeandaffirmation指责特权affirmationofequality赞同平等2)that we would look,morning:Wewouldlookupreferencebooks(dictionariesandsoon)nextmorningtofindouttheexactmeaning.It could still go ignorantly on:Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.Para.71)It was an Australian of convicts:convict:apersonwhohasbeenfoundguiltyofacrimeandsenttoprisonesp.foralongtimeanescapedconvictanex-con前科犯WhenthespeakerexplainedthedefinitionwasgiventoherbyanAustralian,herlistenersimmediatelymadesomesharpcuttingrepliessayingitwasnotsurprisingtohearAustralianstalksuchnonsensebecausetheyweredescendantsofconvicts.Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth,England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay,1792Para.8History of English.The writer here makes digression to show conversation going on without focus.Look at the language barrier their Norman Conquerors.:TheNormanrulers,kingandnoblepeoplesspokeFrenchatcourtandtheconqueredSaxonpeasantsspokeEnglishandrefusedtolearntheFrenchoftheirmasters,hencetheyhaddifficultycommunicatingwitheachother.barrier,obstacle,difficultyTheword“difficulty”isthemostgeneralandmaybeappliedlooselytoanytroublesomestateofaffairse.g.thedifficultyofdrivingacarthroughdeepmudobstacle:somethingthatonemusteitherremoveorgoaroundbeforebeingabletoproceed e.g.Thehugetreethathadbeenblowndownbythestormwasan obstacle to traffic.barrier:anobstaclethattemporarilyimpedesprogressbutisnotnecessarilyimpassablee.g.Thethickwallsandmoats(护城河)ofcastleswerebuiltasbarriersagainstattackers.城堡修筑厚实的城墙及护城河都是作防御进攻的障碍物。Saxon churls:afarmlaborerorpeasantinearlyEngland;atermusedpejorativelybytheNormanconquerorstomeananill-bred,ignorantEnglishpeasantswing:(causeto)changetoalargedegreee.g.Sheswungfromhappinesstotears.Thevalueofthedollarswungdownwards.The conversation was on wings:metaphor,comparingconversationtoabirdflyingandsoaring.Theconversationsoonbecamespiritedandexciting.Comparethiswith“theglowintoflames”.on wings:a)asifflyinge.g.Thesupermanwalksonwings.b)spiritedly,excitedlyHewenthomeonwings.Para.9Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields;butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeatbeef.Theword“beef”comesfromtheFrenchword“boeuf”.EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrench outofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish.snobbery:theattitudeofsomeonewhobelongstooradmiresthehighersocialclassofsociety,anddespisespeopleofalowersocialclassout of snobbery:inordertoshowonessuperiortasteinmatteroffood.ButeveniftheywrotetheirmenusinEnglish,theywouldhavetousemanywords,suchaspork,beef,veal,etc.,derivedfromFrenchwordsandwhichwerefirstintroducedintoEnglishbytheNormanrulers.What all this tells us is a deep class riftNorman conquest:rift-fml,lit.1.acrack,narrowopeningmadebybreakingThesunappearedthroughariftintheclouds.2.(fig)divisionImafraidtheresbeenariftbetweenus.Healedtheriftbetweenus.弥补我们之间的裂痕Adeeprifthasstartedintheirfamilylife.theNormankingsandnoblesusedFrench,toimposethislanguageontheconqueredEnglish,persistedawideningoftheclassgapName of Animal(s)pig cattlechickencalf Name of Meat on the Tablepork(porc)beef(boeuf)poultry(poulet)veal(veau)vs.Para.10exampletoshowclassdistinctionscamper-Whenpeopleorsmallanimalsscamper,theymovewithsmall,quick,bouncingsteps.Themousescamperedintoitshole.turn up ones nose at:showcontemptfor/ignore/score/considersthnotgoodenoughe.g.Iwishmychildwouldntturnuphisnoseatvegetables.Myfriendturnsuphisnoseatanyonewhohasnthadacollegeeducation.turnuponestoes:todie(slang)Onemorningthechildrenfoundthattheirdoghadturneduphistoes.一天早晨孩子们发现他们的狗死了。turnuponesthumb竖起大拇指表示赞成/同意The language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors.Illustration in Para.9:When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words;when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words.Even if our menus were not written in French,the English we used in them would still be Norman English.More Illustration in Para.10:One exception:“rabbit is still rabbit on our table”.The reason:The meat was cheap,so the Norman lords turned up their noses at it.Paras 8-10Para.11ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.culturalhumiliation-TheEnglishmusthavefeltgreatlyhumiliatedwhentheywereforcedtolistentoanduseaforeignlanguageandtoacceptaforeignculture.Sotheytookuparmsagainstthisculturalhumiliation.TheleaderisHerewardtheWake.Paras 8-11The language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors.“language barrier”(para.8)“class rift”(para.9)“cultural barrier”“cultural humiliation”revolt/resistance in the lower classes to the upper class(para.11)Para 12intercept:v.VN to stop sb/sth that is going from one place to another from arriving 拦截；拦截；阻拦阻拦abuse:v.VN 1)to make bad use of sth,or to use so much of sth that it harms your health 滥用（以致危害健滥用（以致危害健康）康）e.g.to abuse alcohol 酗酒酗酒 2)to use power or knowledge unfairly or wrongly 滥用；妄用（权力、所知所闻）滥用；妄用（权力、所知所闻）Thomas Nashe(1567 c.1601)an English Elizabethan pamphleteer,poet and satirist.Polemical woodcut deriding Nashe as jailbirdNewes-archaicspellingStrangeNewsoftheInterceptingCertainLettersan English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer,a versatile and prolific writer whose career spanned several decades and brought him into contact with many of the periods most famous dramatists.Thomas Dekker(c.15721632)“thou clipst the Kings English”:middleEnglish.“youcliptheKingsEnglish”.clip:a)omitorabbreviate(esp.theendof)soundsof(words),simplifyb)cutwithscissorsorshears,makeshortorneat;cutoffwoolfrom(asheep,etc.)clip sbs wings(fig.):preventhimfromdoingwhatheisambitioustodo(阻止某人活动;扼杀某人雄心)clipanarticleoutofanewspapernewspa
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