语言学教程第一章-课件

English LinguisticsSchool of Foreign Languages,Shandong University of TechnologyWhat do you expect of the course?Textbook:胡壮麟（主编），2011，语言学教程（第四版），北京大学出版社。Time for the course：twosessions,oneyearAssessment method:finalexamination(70%)+attendance+homework Miss more than six classes,fail;Leaveofabsenceforprivateaffairsformorethanelevenclasses,fail.Course DescriptionCourse DescriptionAim:Thiscoursewillpresentyouwithsomeofthebasicknowledgeaboutlanguage,includingthenatureoflanguage,itssystemandorganization,itsrelationswithotherfactorssuchaspsychology,culture,society,mind,literature,languagelearningandteaching,etc.Haveabasicunderstandingonthekeyideasandmainbranchesoflinguistics.DeveloptheabilityofobservationandanalysisuThe myths of language wait us to reveal:u四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。u我激动得说都不会话了。u菊清平乐相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊，相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少黄昏。uIs bilingual environment beneficial for childrens IQ?uIs English or Chinese a more developed language than others?uWhybothertostudylinguisticsuIt makes you distinct from mere English learners and English speakers.uIt helps to develop your ability to think consciously,the ability to find and solve problems.uIt is tested if you pursue your graduate study in the English department.WhybothertostudylinguisticsHow to study网络教学平台网络教学平台PreviewandreviewRelateittoyourdailylanguageuse,useitasatooltoexplainAnofficialaccountinWechat:语言学午语言学午餐餐Ling-Lunch What is special about language of linguistics?Language of commonsense Vs.Language of scienceThe discourse of science cannot translate into commonsense without lost of meaning.In any typical group of science students there will be some who find themselves in difficulty.Is linguistics difficult to learn?人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。What to learn in this sessionChapter 1 Invitations to linguisticsChapter 2 Speech sounds Chapter 3 Morphology(word formation)Chapter 4 Syntax(sentence structure)Chapter 5 MeaningChapter 8 Language in use(meaning in use)Chapter OneThebasicissuesinthischapter:1.What is Linguistics?1.1Thedefinitionoflinguistics1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.What is Language?2.1Thedefinitionoflanguage2.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage2.3Functionsoflanguage 1.What is Linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Twoimportantmessagesareconveyedinthisdefinition:first,scientificcommunicatesthemethodthatshouldbeadoptedinlinguisticstudy;second,languagecommunicatestheproperobjectofstudyforlinguistics.1.1 The definition of linguistics The method used in linguistic study1.Collectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremade.2.Hypothesesaboutthelanguagestructureareformulated.3.Theformulatedhypothesesarecheckedagainsttheobservedfactstoprovetheirvalidity.Aoneyearoldboypronouncessomeunintelligiblesounds.Hismomfindsitlikethesoundofball.(collectandobserve)Thirsty?Hungry?Ball?Circles?Theboysmileswhenmomcallcirclesinahandkerchiefball.Somethingroundisaball.（hypotheses）Tryotherroundobjects.(checkthevalidityofhypotheses)The study object of linguisticsWhat is language?What are rules there are that govern the structure of language?What do all languages have in common?How social factors are reflected in language?How does a child acquire his mother tongue?1.2 Main branches of linguistics 1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics1.Descriptive vs.prescriptive2.Synchronic vs.diachronic3.Langue and parole4.Competence and performance5.Speech and writing1)Descriptive vs.prescriptive Thedescriptivestudyoflanguageistorecordlinguisticphenomenaorrules,tostudylanguageasasocialphenomenon.Theprescriptivestudyoflanguageistostatethatcertainlinguisticphenomenaorrulesshouldorshouldnotbeobeyed,likeagrammarbookdoes.Linguistsusuallyusethefirstmethodintheirstudyoflanguage.Prescriptive:网络语言不标准，不规范。Descriptive:网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征；网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度；网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。2)Synchronic vs.diachronic Synchronicstudyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Diachronicstudyexamineslanguagethroughthecourseoftime.Itstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryoflanguage.Synchronicordiachronic?近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009）汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴离合词形成的历史及成因分析主观化对句法限制的消解国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究 3)Langue and parole Saussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisasocialphenomenon.Paroleistheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.Itisanindividuallinguisticphenomenon.LangueParole1setofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabidebytheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules2abstractconcrete3relativelystablevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation4)Competence&performance Chomskyscompetencereferstotheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Itstressesthepsychologicalormentalpropertyoflanguage.Performancereferstotheactualuseofthelanguagebyaspeakerinarealcommunicationalcontext.Itistheexternalrealizationoftheinternallinguisticcompetence.HowisChomskysdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancesimilartoSaussureslangueandparole?Similarity:thestudyobjectoflinguistsDifferences:sociologicalviewvs.psychologicalview5.Speech and Writing Isspeechorwritingtheprimarymediumofhumanlanguagesaccordingtomodernlinguists?Why?FromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionFromthewaysthataregottenbyusersFromtheinformationconveyed2.What is Language?2.1 The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.2 Design features of language Design features refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyaredevisedtodistinguishthecommunicationsystemaspossessedbyhuman,whichwetermlanguage,fromcommunicationsystemsaspossessedbyotherlifeforms.1)ArbitrarinessByarbitrarinesswemeanthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.e.g.Aiscalleda“laoshu”inChinese,whilea“rat”or“mouse”inEnglish.AndoutofthegroundtheLORDGodformedeverybeastofthefield,andeveryfowloftheair;andbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem:andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature,thatwasthenamethereof.Genesis2:19Onomatopoeicwords,asdirectimitationsofnaturalsounds,arenotinconflictwiththisfeature.e.g.aChinesedogbarkswangwangwang,whileanEnglishdogbarksbowwow.Althoughtheydescribethesamesound,theformsaredifferent.Arbitrariness at the syntactic levele.g.He came in and sat down.He sat down and came in.He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and conventionThe link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.“WhenIuseaword,”HumptyDumptysaidinratherascornfultone,“itmeansjustwhatIchooseittomeanneithermorenorless.”“Thequestionis,”saidAlice,“whetheryoucanmakewordsmeansomanydifferentthings.”Byarbitrarinessitmeansthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicrelationbetweensoundandmeaningforhumanlanguage.However,thisdoesnot entailthatspeakersofhumanlanguagecanuselanguageinhisownmanner,regardlessofwhatotherspeakerswouldthink.Iflanguagecanbeusedtoexpressmeaningandexchangeinformation,amutualagreementasforwhatsoundcanexpresswhatmeaninghastobereachedatthefirstplace,otherwiselanguagewouldnotexistatall.Wecallthismutualagreementconventionality.ThisisexactlywhatAliceremarksinthedialogue,i.e.youcannotuselanguageinwhateverwayyouyourselflikeittobeused.2)Duality b k t l s f r :e u Old,sad,glad,let,back,farBydualitywemeanthateachlanguageisorganizedattwolevels,oneissoundandtheotherismeaning.Thesoundsatthebasiclevelaremeaninglessbythemselves,buttheycanbegroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningathigherleveloflanguage.山东soundsoundswordsLower levelHigher level Theadvantageofthisdivisionisthatwecanuselimitednumberofsoundstoproduceunlimitednumberofsoundcombinationswithdistinctivemeanings.e.g.inthelanguageofEnglishweusearound48soundstoproducealmostinfinitenumberofsoundcombinations(words).Thisfeatureisveryeconomicalforthesystemoflanguage.A large number of words can be formed out of a small set of sounds.And out of the huge number of words,there can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.Sounds(small number)words(large number)sentences(large number)texts(large number)Does the traffic light system have duality?Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Does the traffic light system have duality?Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?3)Creativity/Productivity蒜你狠、富二代、裸婚、低头族A red-eyed elephant is dancing on a hotel bedBycreativitywemeanthatspeakerofalanguagecanproducenewexpressionsandunderstandutterancesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.Can you tell which feature of language makes it a creative system?dualityMy goal for 2016 is to accomplish the goals of 2015 which I should have done in 2014 because I made a promise in 2013&planned in 2012Another sense of creativity of language is due to its potential to create endless sentences.（recursiveness递归性）Attention:我骗了你。我知道你骗了我。我知道你知道我骗了你。张三知道我知道你知道我骗了你。4.DisplacementWhere is the book?相对论的基本假设是相对性原理，即物理定律与参照系的选择无关。Journey to the WestBydisplacement wemeanthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarepresentornotpresent,realorimagined.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusetorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureenablesspeakerstocommunicatefreeofthebarrierscausedbytimeandspace.Italsogiveshumanbeingstheabilitytogeneralizeandabstract.5)Cultural transmission Itreferstothefactthatdetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.e.g.AChinese-AmericanchildbroughtupintheStatesmaynotbeabletosayonesingleChinesewordifheisnotpurposefullytaughttospeakChinese,hecanonlyspeakEnglish.2.3 Functions of Language Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense,that is,not in terms of using language to chat,to think,to buy and sell,to praise and condemn etc.They summarize these practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language.Comprehensive theories Jakobsons theory Hallidays theoryComprehensive theoriesInformative functionInterpersonal functionEmotive functionPerformative functionPhatic functionRecreational function Metalingual function1.InformativeTheuseoflanguagetorecordfacts,tostatewhatthingsarelike,andtoexchangeinformation.Thisservesastheprimaryfunctionoflanguage.e.g.2.InterpersonalFunctionlThe most important sociological use oflanguage,which serves to establish andmaintainpeoplesstatusinasociety(throughexpressingidentity).lEg.honorable guests;dear teacher;lCan you think of other examples thatperforming the interpersonal function oflanguage?Do you like my new hair style?Its terrible.I apologize for The interpersonal function is such a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms as performative,emotive(expressive),phatic,recreational.3.PerformativeFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtodothings(AustinandSearle),tochangethesocialstatusortheimmediatestateofaffairsofpeople.e.g.inWesterncountries,whenthepriestsays:“Itherebypronounceyouhusbandandwife.”Themarriagestatusofthecoupleisrecognizedlegally.Canyouthinkofotherexamplesshowingperformativefunction?4.EmotiveFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtoexpresstheemotionalstateofthespeaker.e.g.exclamation.Theexpressionsofgratitudeandapologyarealsoexamplesofthisfunction.Expressivefunction5.PhaticCommunionRitualexchanges,exchangesthathavelittlemeaningbuthelptomaintainourrelationshipswithotherpeople.e.g.Speaker A:Whats up?”Speaker B:Hey,man,hows it going?(And each just walks on.)Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese?6.RecreationalFunction1.（初入江湖）化肥会挥发2.（小有名气）黑化肥发灰，灰化肥发黑3.（名动一方）黑化肥发灰会挥发；灰化肥挥发会发黑4.（天下闻名）黑化肥挥发发灰会花飞；灰化肥挥发发黑会飞花5.（一代宗师）黑灰化肥会挥发发灰黑讳为花飞；灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花Wordplay,wordforwordssake,theuseoflanguagetohavefun.e.g.Tonguetwisterssuchasshesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore,andtheshellsthatshesellsonthesea-shorearesea-shellsisutteredonlyforthesheerjoyoflanguage.TheChinesecrosstalkandmini-comedyalsobelongtothiscategoryoflanguageuse.7.MetalingualFunctionLanguagecanbeusedtoexplainordescribeitselforotherlanguages.e.g.Manisbipedalhairlessprimate.Manisanoun.Itiscomposedof3phonemes.Jakobsons framework of language functionsHow is Jakobsons theory similar to language functions we learned just now?Can you give examples for each function according to Jakobsons theory?1.We use language to talk about our experience of the world,including the world in our own minds,to describe events and states and entities involved in them.(ideational function)2.We also use language to interact with other people,to establish and maintain relations with them,to influence their behavior,to express our own viewpoint on things in the world,and to elicit and change theirs.(interpersonal function)3.Finally,we organize our messages in ways which indicate how they fit in with the other messages around them and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing.(textual function)Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister,when she notices a talking,clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past.She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes.