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FiguresofSpeechFiguresOfSpeechInEnglishStylistics精品SimileAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikentoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyand enhance an image.It is an explicitcomparisonrecognizablebytheuseofthewordlikeoras.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)精品Simile w1.Origin:Latin,meaninglike w2.Comparativewords:like,as w3.Functions:describingshape,scenery;expressingemotions;explaining;vividdescription,makingeasytounderstand;creatinginterest.精品StructureofaSimilewTenor+comparativeword+vehiclewSubject+comparativeword+referencewExample:MyloveislikearedredrosewTomisastallashisbrother(notasimile)wTomisastallasaMaypole.(simile)精品TypeOne:likewLivingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.wMarriageislikeabeleagueredfortress:thosewhoarewithoutwanttogetin,andthosewithinwanttogetout.精品wTypeTwo:aswAsfirmasarockwAsmuteasafishwAsstrongasahorsewAsbraveasalionwAsobstinateasacowwAswhiteassnowwAsblackasink/pitchwAschangeableastheweatherwAswetasadrownedratwAsblindasabatwAsfatasapigwAsproudasapeacockwAsfreshasarose精品TypeThree:whatTwoPatterns:AistoBwhatCistoD.WhatCistoD,AistoB.精品TypeThree:whatReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。.精品TypeThree:whatWhatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。Whatsaltistofood,witandhumoraretoconversationandliterature精品TypeFour:thanwAhomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.wHehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow精品TypeFive:andwLoveandcoughcannotbehid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。wTruthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.wKingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.wAwordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不回的。精品TypeSix:othersWhoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.怪谁呢？只怪她那暴君般的父亲。Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。精品SimileO,myloveslikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune:O,myloveslikethemelodyThatssweetlyplayedintune.RobertBurns精品Simile啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；六月里迎风初开；啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。精品The first line of the poem above,O,myloveslikeared,redrose,isasimile.Tocommunicatehisfeelings,thepoetinvitesthe reader to perceive in his sweetheartsomeofthepropertiesofarose.Propertiesthis might include are beauty,freshness,scentedness,specialnessandrarity.Greenfly,thorns or blight,also commonproperties of roses,are likely to seemappropriatepointsofcomparison,bearinginmindwhatweknowofthecontext.精品MetaphorAfigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,in which a word or phraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.(WebstersNewWorldDictionary)精品MetaphorAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)精品MetaphorMetaphorsareofteneasytoidentifyandtaketheformXisY.Somethingorsomeoneisbeingcomparedtosomethingorsomeoneelsethroughaconstructionusingtheappropriatepartoftheverbto be(i.e.am,are,is,was,were,willbe).精品MetaphorwEducationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingoffire.w教育不是将桶装满水，而是将火点燃。wMoneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.w金钱像无底的海洋，将荣耀、良知和真理淹没。wMarriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.精品Alltheworldsastage,Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages(Shakespeare,As you Like it)Thefirstclausesetsupthebasiccomparison.Thetenorandvehicleinvokedbythefirstlineareelaboratedinthelinesthatfollow.Themetaphormakespossiblefortheliterarywritertoexplainthingsvividlyingreatdetail.精品MetaphorwTheboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.wSomebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(OfStudies,Bacon)wShehasaphotographicmemoryfordetails.wThemountainouswavesswalloweduptheshipwApolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftraffic.精品Metonymy(借代）Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated.(WebstersNewInternationalDictionary)精品MetonymywDefinition:onethingforanother;associationwMetonymyisGreekfora change of nameFunction:brief,vivid,interestingwExample:wWhatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave(fromthecradletothegrave从生到死）精品Athousandmustachescanlivetogetherbutnotfourbreasts.千条千条汉汉子能共子能共处处，两个婆娘两个婆娘难难相容。相容。Thepenismightierthanthesword.Hekeepsagoodtable.(待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人)Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.Chinawon4goldsand5silvers.WedroveaFordtoHydePark.精品MetonymywThisisthestrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.wItisapitythatthereismoreignorancethanknowledgeinthecountry.wShehasretiredfromthestagetoteach.精品Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)精品Inthispoem,fourmetonymsareused:Sceptre,Crown,Scythe,andSpade.SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartorepresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.ScytheandSpadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.WhatShirleyistryingtosayisthatdeathcomestoallpeople,thenobleandthehumblealike.Theideawouldhavebeenexpressedmuchlesseffectively,ifmetonymshadnotbeenused.精品显贵王侯全会倒毖，与贱民并肩齐埋在尘土之中。在这首诗中诗人借皇冠(crown)和君主节杖(sceptre)来代替显贵王侯、君主贵族。借农民常用的工具大镰刀(scythe)和铁锹(spade)代表农民大众。诗人运用借代这一修辞手段形象生动、简洁地表达了一种不可抗拒的自然规律：无论是至高无上的君主，还是卑微的劳苦大众在死神面前一律平等。精品Parody(Pieceof)writingintendedtoamusebyimitatingthestyleofwritingusedbysomebodyelse.(OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionaryofCurrentEnglish)精品ParodyLiteraryormusicalcompositionimitatingthecharacteristicstyleofsomeotherworkorofawriterorcomposer,buttreatingaserioussubjectonanonsensicalmanner,asinridicule.(WebstersNewWorldDictionary)精品ParodywDefinition:imitationofwell-knownsayingswFunction:humorous,ironical,interestingwExample:精品ParodyIhavenooutlook,butanuplook.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最底层。精品ParodyAfriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.难中的朋友是要躲避的朋友。这句话明显是仿Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.而来的。精品ParodyItissaidJanehasfalleninlovewithJack.Yes,butshesaysshehadhesitatedforalongtimebeforeshefinallywalkedintolove.据说简与杰克坠入了情网。是的，不过她说她曾经犹豫了很长一段时间最后才步入情网。精品ReagansconductintheGovernorsofficedidatleastdemonstratethathisconservativebarkoftencarriedlittlebitewhenhetackledthepracticalproblemsgoverninghisstate.(Time,April28,1980)里根在州长任上的行为至少显示他在处理州里的实际问题时并不像他大叫大嚷的那些保守的调调厉害。barkoftencarriedlittlebite是根据谚语Hisbarkisworsethanhisbite.(心地不如嘴恶)仿拟出来的。精品“Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat!HowIwonderwhatyoureat!”“Youknowthesong,perhaps?”“Iveheardsomethinglikeit,”saidAlice.“Itgoeson,youknow.”theHattercontinued,“inthiswayUpabovetheworldyoufly.Likeateatrayinthesky.Twinkle,twinkle”(l.Carrol,AlicesAdventuresinWonderland)精品“一闪，一闪，小蝙蝠！我不知道你往哪里飞！”“你也许知道这首歌吧？”“我听过相似的歌，”艾丽斯说，“你知道下面还有呢。”帽匠继续道“是这样的离开地面的你高高地飞翔像个茶盘在天上一闪一闪”精品艾丽斯漫游奇境记中帽匠关于蝙蝠的歌明显是仿拟英国诗人JaneTayor写的著名儿歌TheStar的第一节：Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Upabovetheworldsohigh.Likeadiamondinthesky.精品ParodywOriginal:wWherethereisawill,thereisaway.wImitation:wWherethereisawill,thereisarelative.精品ParodywAbirdinhandisworthtwointhebush：witisbettertobecontentwithwhatonehasthantorisklosingeverythingbybeingtoogreedy.(一鸟在手胜于二鸟在林）wAhusbandinhandisworthtwointhebush.biteoffmorethanonecanchew:attempttodotoomuchorsomethingthatistoodemanding.(试图做过多的事或太费周折的事）wHemarriedabitmorethanhecouldchew.精品wAstitchintimesavesninew(一针及时，可省九针）wAwordintimesavesnine.Tobeornottobe,thatstheproblem.(生存还是毁灭，这是个问题)Tolieornottoliethedoctorsdilemma.精品Toerrishuman;toforgivedivine(人孰无过):Itishumannaturetosinandmakemistakesandthereforeoneshouldbeasforgivingaspossible.wToeatishuman;todigest,divine.精品PersonificationAfigureofspeechinwhichathing,quality,orideaisrepresentedasaperson.(WebstersNewWorldDictionary)精品1.O,myloveslikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune:O,myloveslikethemelodyThatssweetlyplayedintune.RobertBurns啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；六月里迎风初开；啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。(王佐良译）精品2.Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichtheworldisbound.(Goethe)仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。精品3.Theraintothewindsaid“YoupushandIllpelt,”TheysosmotethegardenbedThattheflowersactuallykneltAndlaylodgedthoughnotdeadIknowhowtheflowersfelt.(RobertFrost)精品雨对风说：“你来狂吹，我来猛落。”他们俩就这样在花圃上施暴虐于是花儿们便七歪八倒叶残瓣破最后终于倒下了尽管还奄奄一息活着我知道花儿们此时心中感受如何。精品例1是明喻，将爱人比作花朵，比作乐曲；例2是隐喻，将仁爱比作金链条，都是静止的比喻。例3作为拟人格却活泼得多，风和雨都成了人，变成了冷酷、残暴、以施虐为乐的人，风和雨狂吹猛落直把花儿摧残得奄奄一息。精品HowsoonhathTime,thesubtlethiefofyouth,stolenonhiswingmythreeandtwentiethyear!(Milton)时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞去了。在十七、十八世纪的古典诗歌中，诗人们出于对神话和传统的尊重，常喜欢把自然现象人格化。诗人按照传统把Time比拟做人。精品PersonificationLove,freeasair,atsightofhumanties,spreadshislightwings,andinamomentflies.爱情，自由得像空气，一见到人间的羁绊，伸展开他的翅膀立即飞开。精品PersonificationhereletthemlieTillfamineandagueeatthemup.(Shakespeare:Macbeth)让他们去撒谎吧直到饥荒与疟疾把他们都吃掉。饥荒与疟疾都是可以置人于死地的，所以，用eatup把这些灾祸拟人化，是很贴切的。精品PersonificationwAliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.真理还来不及穿上鞋子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。精品TheRoseandtheGardenerTheRoseinthegardenslippedherbud,Andshelaughedintheprideifheryouthfulblood,Asshethoughtofthegardenerstandingby“Heisoldsoold;andhesoonwilldie!”ThefullRosewaxedinthewarmJuneair,Andshespreadandspread,tillherheartlaybare,Andshelaughedoncemoreassheheardhistread,“Heisoldernow.Hewillsoonbedead!”精品Butthebreezeinthemorningblew,andfoundThattheleavesoftheblownRosestrewedtheground,Andhecameatnoon,thatGardenerold,Andherakedthemsoftlyunderthemold.AndIwovethethingtoarandomrhyme,FortheRoseisBeauty:theGardener,Time.(AustinDobson1840-1921)精品玫瑰与园丁玫瑰花在园中绽开了她的蓓蕾，她讪笑着自恃着年轻娇美，她笑那老园丁竟站在她身边“他已经老了老态龙钟，很快便会命丧黄泉。在六月的暖风中她尽量摇曳盛开，她灿烂地开放，开放，直到袒露心怀，她听见老园丁的脚步声便再次嘲笑：“他越来越老了，他老命难保！”精品可是上午的和风不停地吹，结果发现玫瑰花的花瓣被吹落地上一片又一片，老园丁来时已经到了正午，他把落花轻轻聚拢埋入泥土。我且漫将此事写上我的诗笺，玫瑰虽美但园丁却拥有时间。这首诗是诗人借物抒情，诗人感慨人间有些人妄自尊大、浅薄自傲、负心薄义，但若直接说出便成了乏味的说教，而用拟人的手法将花变成人让花儿自己现身说法，十分巧妙地将诗人的心理感受转移到花儿身上。精品PersonificationSlangislanguagethattakesoffitscoat,spitsonitshands,andgoestowork.Lazinesstravelssoslowly,thatpovertysoonovertakeshim.Australiaissokindthat,justtickleherwithahoe,andshelaughswithaharvest.精品OnomatopoeiaCombinationofsoundsinawordthatimitatingwhatthewordrefersto,likehissorboom.精品Thestreamflowsthroughthewoods.Thestreamismurmuringthroughthewoods.Dasistartedlaughing.Dasistartedgiggling.Thedoorwaspushedopen.Thedoorcrashedopen.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.精品OnomatopoeiawDefinition:imitationofsound.wFunction:association,direct,vivid.wExample:Thesnakehissed.wGiggle,clap,patter,mew,rumble精品OnomatopoeiawAturkrygobbles.火鸡咯咯叫wAwolfhowls/growls.狼嚎wAsnakehisses.蛇声咝咝wAbeehums.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫wAtigergrowls.老虎吼叫wAsparrowtwitters.麻雀吱吱喳喳叫精品OnomatopoeiawAcockcrows.公鸡喔喔叫wAcricketchirps蟋蟀唧唧叫wAcrowcaws乌鸦哇哇叫wAhorseneighs/whinnies/nickers.马叫/马嘶/马鸣/马萧萧wApiggrunts/squeaks.猪咕噜咕噜/哼哼叫wAmousesqueaks/peeps老鼠吱吱/唧唧/啾啾叫精品OnomatopoeiawThetrainclatteredoutofthestation.w火车哐唧哐唧驶出车站。wTheclockticked,thefirecracked.w钟声滴滴答答，火声噼噼啪啪。wThemanshutthedoorwithabang.w那人砰的一声把门关了。wThewindiswhistling.风呼呼地响。精品OnomatopoeiawSoundfromnature:wMurmur,babble,swish,patter,rumble,roll,rustle,zip,toot,tick,tinkle,screech,bang,bubble,clang,crack,splash,grumble精品EuphemismTheuseofpleasant,mildorindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofmoreaccurateordirectones.InoldGreek,eumeanswellorsoundingwell;phememeansspeech(说话).精品EuphemismwDefinition:totalkaboutunpleasantthingsinapleasantway.wUndertheweather.wHardofhearingwJoinonesancestorswWashoneshands精品Life生:Ugly丑：Homely,plain;Fat胖：weightwatcher,chubby,plumy,stout;Skinny瘦:slender,slim,willowy,svelte精品EuphemismwDiseases：病wLookoffcolourwUndertheweatherwNotalltherewLongillness精品Euphemismw残疾：wDisabilitywDisabledwHandicappedwInconveniencedwVisuallyretarded精品EuphemismwOld老:wAdvancedinagewPastonesprimewFeelingonesagewGoldenagewSeniorcitizenwThelongerliving精品EuphemismwDeath死：wGowestwAtrestwAsleepwReturntodustwPassawaywGotoheaven精品Hyperbole/OverstatementAnexaggeratedorextravagantstatementusedasafigureofspeech(AmericanHeritageDictionary)Exaggerationforeffect,notmeanttobetakenliterally(TheWebstersNewWorldDictionary)Extravagantexaggeration(TheWebstersNinthNewCollegiateDictionary)精品Hyperbole/OverstatementwFunction:exaggeratethetonewCompare:wHerandowntheavenue,makingaloudnoise.wHerandowntheavenue,makinganoiseliketenhorsesatagallop.精品HyperboleOverstatementwOnefatherismorethanahundredschoolmasters.wItsacrimetostayinsideonsuchabeautifulday.wThemosteffectivewaterpowerintheworldwomenstears精品Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,SodeepinluveamI,AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Tillatheseasgangdry,Tillatheseagangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwithesun!AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandsolifeshallrun.精品It is quite obvious that all the seas willnever become dry and the rocks willunlikely melt with the sun.However,wecan notice that the speaker here isexpressingagenuinelyfeltemotion.Whathetriestosaytohisbelovedisthathewillforeverloveher.Thehyperbolicexpressionhere strongly emphasize the promise ofundyinglove.精品Forshewasbeautifulherbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.Shelly精品Thehyperboleherbeautymadethebrightworld dim expresses the speakers greatadmirationforthefemalefigure.Whatthepoetintendstosay,putinplainterms,isthatshewasextraordinarilybeautiful.精品Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestionWhethertisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,OrtotakearmsagainstaseaoftroublesAndbyopposingendthem?.(ShakespearesHamlet)生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题；默默忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，在奋斗中结束一切？精品Ahyperboleisoftenmetaphorical.Thephraseaseaoftroublesinlinefourisanexaggeratedaswellasmetaphoricwayofsayingthatitisagreatquantityoftroubles.Hamlet:IlovedOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.哈姆雷特：我爱奥菲莉亚，四万兄弟的爱集合起来也抵不上我的爱。精品Understatement(低调陈述)Statementthatexpressedanidea,etc,tooweakly.（轻描淡写地来陈述一种想法）(AdvancedLearnersDictionary)精品Understatement(低调陈述）wFunction:controlthetoneofspeakingOverstatement:deliberatelymaximizingtheimportance;playup;highprofileUnderstatement:deliberatelyminimizetheimportance;playdown;lowprofilew1)正话反说：wThisproblemisnotaboveus.wHeisamannotwithoutambition.精品2）回避正面说法或不作正面回答IwishIcouldwritebetter.3）弱说代替强说Mr.Liissomethingofaphilosopher.精品ParallelismThearrangementofanumberofrelatedideasofthesameimportanceinanumberofparallelorbalancedstructuresformsaintegratedwhole,inordertointensifyemotion and to emphasize the authorspoint.精品ParallelismwFunction:createrhythm,brief,compareandcontrastwCivilizedmenarrivedinthePacific,armedwithalcohol,syphilis,trousersandtheBible.wAnEnglishmanthinksseated;aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.精品ParallelismwTheycoulddescribeanentertainmentwithaccuracy,relateananecdotewithhumour,andlaughattheiracquaintancewithspirit.wReadnottocontradictandconfuse;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.精品ParallelismwTheworldlistens.Theworldwatches.Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo.wIamveryfondofthecompanyofladies;Iliketheirbeauty.Iliketheirdelicacy;Iliketheirvivacity,andIliketheirsilence.精品ParallelismWomenwererunningouttothelineofmarch,cryingandlaughingandkissingthemengood-bye.(JohnD.Killens:“GodBlessAmerica”)精品Theyriseoutoftheearth,theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkback into the nameless mounds of thegraveyardandnobodynoticesthattheyaregone.GeorgeOrwell,Marrakech精品Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheage of foolishness;it was the epoch ofbelief,it was the epoch of incredulity;itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwasthespringofhope,itwas the winter of despair;we hadeverything before us,we had nothingbefore us;we were all going direct toHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.CharlesDickensA Tale of Two Cities精品Foritisnotlightthatisneeded,buttire;itisnotthegentleshower,butthunder.Weneed the storm,the whirl-wind,and theearthquake.Thefeelingofthenationmustbequickened;theconscienceofthenationmustberoused;theproprietyofthenationmust be startled;the hypocrisy of thenation must be exposed;and its crimesagainstGodandmenmustbeproclaimedanddenounced.FrederickDouglass精品Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus,thatfromthese honored dead we take increaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheyheregavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion;thatwe here highly resolved that these deadshallnothavediedinvain;thatthisnation,under God,shall have a new birth offreedom,and that government of thepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.精品WhenItookuponthetombsofthegreat,everyemotionofenvydiesinme;WhenIread the epitaphs of the beautiful,everyinordinate desire goes out;When I meetwiththegriefofparentsuponatombstone,myheartmeltswithcompassion;WhenIseethetomboftheparentsthemselves,Iconsider the vanity of grieving for thosewhomwemustquicklyfollow.精品Ifyouprickus,dowenotbleed?Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?(TheMerchantofVenice)精品Theseedyesow,anotherreaps;Thewealthyefind,anotherkeeps;Therobesyeweave,anotherwears;Thearmsyeforge,anotherbears.(P.B.Shelley,SongtotheMenofEngland)精品MyHeartLeapsUpMyheartleapsupwhenIbeholdArainbowinthesky,Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;SoisitnowIamaman;SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,Orletmedie!TheChildisfatheroftheMan;AndIcouldwishmydaystobeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.精品Inthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,presentandfuture.Thethemeisthoughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhich exists in lines 3,4,and 5.Firstly,thesameness of structure implies the sameness inmeaning.Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathis response to seeing a rainbow remains thesame throughout his life.Secondly and moreimportantly,theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimaxin the final parallelunit.Reinforcedbytheimperativemoodandthemeaningofthelinefollowingit,line5mosteffectivelyexpressesthespeakersstrongdeterminationforcontinuingtoholdadeeploveandrespectfornature.精品ContrastwCowardsdiemanytimesbeforetheirdeath;thevaliantnevertasteofdeathbutoncewLetusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.wMenalwayswanttobeawomansfirstlove;womenhavemoresubtleinstinct;whattheylikeistobeamanslastromance.精品ContrastwAmothertakestwentyyearstomakeamanofherboy,andanotherwomanmakesafoolofhimintwentyminutes.精品Antithesis(对偶)Contrastofideasmarkedbythechoiceandarrangementofwords,e.g.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath不自由，毋宁死。精品AntithesiswFeature:contrastinmeaning,parallelinstructurewKnowledgemakehumble,ignorancemakeproud.wthenegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.精品AntithesiswThelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.(对敌人的仁慈就是对人们的犯罪。)wShortaccountsmakelongfriendswLifecanonlybeunderstoodbackwards,butitmustbelivedforwards.wWheretheresmarriagewithoutlove,therewillbelovewithoutmarriage.BenjaminFranklinwIftheeconomystaysdown,canconservativesstayup?精品OxymoronTheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionswhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.精品OxymoronwFeatures:contradictoryinmeaningwThecomplexityofthingswExample:wAlivingdeath半死不活（不是：活着的死）wSweetsorrow忧喜参半（不是：甜蜜的悲伤）wProudhumility不卑不亢（不是：骄傲的谦卑）wCruelkindness害人的仁慈精品Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)Adj.+N.creativedestruction,livingdeath,tearfuljoy,orderlychaos,etc.Adj.+Adj.coldpleasantmanner,sour-sweetdays,poorrichguys,etc.Adv.+Adj.dullybright,mercifullyfatal,falselytrue,wiselystupid,etc.V.+Adv.hastenslowly(=makehasteslowly),shinedarkly,groanloudly,etc.N.+N.love-haterelationship,thesoundofsilence,etc.精品OxymoronwIt(NewYork)hasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers.精品OxymoronAn honourable murderer ifyouwill;FornoughtIdidinhate,butallinhonour.WilliamShakespeare,Othello精品Juliet:Oserpentheart,hidwithaflowringface!Dideverdragonkeepsofairacave?Beautiful tyrant!fiend angelical!Dove-featherd raven!Wolfish-ravening lamb!Despisedsubstanceofdivinestshow!Justoppositetowhatthoujustlyseemst,A damned saint,an honourable villain!WilliamShakespeare,Romeo and Juliet精品Themajoragainpressedtohisblueeyesthetipsofthefingersthatweredisposedontheedgeofthewheeledchairwithcarefulcarelessness,aftertheCleopatramodelandMr.Dombeybowed.(Dombey and Son)Thesemanticclashisevenmoreapparentinthetwoantonymscarefulandcarelessness.Thegroupingtogetheroftheantonymsvividlyandunreservedlydemonstratesthepretenceandaff
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