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翻译理论与实践翻译理论与实践翻译过程及语言特点Process of translatingl翻译过程主要包括 Step 1 输入理解 即阅读并分析原文(所指意义、关联意义、结构意义见教材p50)Step 2 输出表达 即将原文转换成译入语Step 3 成品校核 即对译文进行修改Contentsl I 存在难点存在难点l1、理解困难 l2、转译困难 l3、表达困难 lII 解题方案解题方案l1、理解原句:解决词汇、分析结构 l2、翻译转换:l1)英汉语言特点 l 2)翻译方法:常规翻译技巧;特殊句型翻译 I 存在难点存在难点 l1、理解困难理解困难。l对原文理解不够。同学往往看到句子便草率翻译,对原文的主要框架结构,互相指代关系理解不够准确,这样以来翻译的准确度就有问题了。l主要产生原因:lA.语法结构理解不当语法结构理解不当lB.词义理解不当词义理解不当lC.缺乏文化、专业知识缺乏文化、专业知识理解困难lA.语法结构理解不当语法结构理解不当l译者对语法结构理解不当,如分不清词性、指代关系以、句型等,就会直接造成误译。l1)Magnetic fields of the former kind are generally about a million times weaker than the Earths field,whereas those originating from the traveling signals of nerve cells are even weaker,some hundred million times less than the earths field at their strongest.l译文前一类磁场通常只有地球磁场的一百万分之一左右,而由神经细胞传播的信号产生的磁场则更弱,最强的时候也只有地球磁场的几亿分之一。理解困难l2)Now Jeffreys points out that,if a number of observations have been found to conform to a law,it is highly probable that next one will do so whether the law is true or not.l误译现在杰佛利指出,如果已获得大量的观察资料与一条法则一致,非常可能下一条法则也将如此,不管该法则正确与否。l分析此句的代词one,它指代observation而不是law,否则变成“法则与法则相一致”,这在逻辑上也自相矛盾。l正译非常可以下一次观察也与该法则相一致,不管它正确与否。l3)Tom is now with his wife in Chicago.It is already 5 years since he was in New York City.l他现在同妻子住在芝加哥;他在纽约市居住已经五年了。l汤姆现在同妻子住在芝加哥,他不在纽约住已经五年了。理解困难lB.词义理解不当词义理解不当:no context,no textlSeat oneself in a wooden chairlAccept a university chairlChair the board meetinglCondemned to the chairl坐在木椅上坐在木椅上l同意在大学里执教同意在大学里执教l主持董事会主持董事会l被处电刑被处电刑l1.I never had much in seeing you.There was no love lost between us at any time.l2.We grumble a little now and then,to be sure.But theres no love lost between us.l1.我我向向来来不不大大想想看看到到你你,我我们们两两人人之之间间大大概概什什么时候都不曾有过好感。么时候都不曾有过好感。l2.当当然然啦啦,我我们们有有时时也也免免不不了了争争论论几几句句,但但是是我们还是相亲相爱。我们还是相亲相爱。lSleeping late on weekends can also disrupt your circadian rhythm.l误译周未迟睡也会打乱人体的日夜周期。l分析此句 sleeping late误译为“迟睡”即“睡得晚”,“晚睡”),实际上它表示“起得晚”或“睡懒觉”。从中式英语到英语的作者Janet Adams 写道:“Remember that sleep late means to get up late and not go to bed late.l正译周末睡懒觉也会打乱人体的日夜周期。理解困难lC.缺乏文化、专业知识缺乏文化、专业知识lWe have a sales force at present of twenty-four salesmen on the road,each with his own territory.l目前我们有一支由24名推销员组成的推销队正在途中,每人有他自己的推销领域。l目前我们有一支由24名外勤推销员组成的推销队伍,每人有自己的推销地盘。lLast night I heard him driving his pigs to market.l昨晚我听到他把猪赶到市场上去。昨晚我听到他把猪赶到市场上去。l昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷,声音就像把猪赶到市昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷,声音就像把猪赶到市场一样。场一样。lMr.Brown is a very white man.He was looking rather green the other day.He has been feeling blue lately.When I saw him,he was in a brown study.I hope hell soon be in the pink again.l布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天,他的脸色不好,近来他一直都感到闷闷不乐。我见到他的时候,他显得心事重重。我希望他早点振作起来。理解困难lD.误解原文的逻辑关系误解原文的逻辑关系l1.The old man informed us that his wife had had thirteen children,one in every month of the year and one over besides.l老人风趣地告诉我们,他的妻子生了老人风趣地告诉我们,他的妻子生了13个孩子,个孩子,每月生一个还多了一个。每月生一个还多了一个。l老人风趣地告诉我们,他的妻子生了老人风趣地告诉我们,他的妻子生了13个孩子,个孩子,如果用一年十二个月的名字给他们取名的话,如果用一年十二个月的名字给他们取名的话,还多出来一个。还多出来一个。l2.when he was a young fellow in the sixties.l当他还是个当他还是个60多岁的年轻小伙子时。多岁的年轻小伙子时。l在在60年代,他还年轻时。年代,他还年轻时。l3.The object did not move because I pushed it.l因为我推了它,该物体才没有移动。因为我推了它,该物体才没有移动。l不是因为我推了它,该物体才移动。不是因为我推了它,该物体才移动。转译困难l2、转译困难转译困难。l考生不懂得英汉句式结构的差异,对翻译技巧方法更是知之甚少,因此在考试中甩不开原文的句式结构,不敢进行必要的语序调整,句序、语序转换,不敢进行词类转换,不会用增词法、减词法之类的基本翻译处理方法。转译困难lIt isnt strange for a woman to want her old husband back,for respectability,though for a man to want his old wife back well,perhaps it is funny,rather!l误译这并不奇怪,一个女人为了受尊重而要她的老老丈夫回来,虽然一个男人要他的老妻子回来嗯,这也许很有趣。l正译女人为了体面而要前夫回来,这并不奇怪,然而男人要前妻回来嗯,这倒是很耐人寻味的事。表达困难l3、表达困难表达困难。l中文表达能力有限,不能将对原文的理解了的东西遂心所欲地用汉语清楚地表达出来,甚至还出现错别字现象。lJuly 4 is one of the times when the American in me feels a twinge of unease about the great lacunae in our childrens understanding of who they are and is prompted to try to fill the gap.l在很多时候,一想到我们孩子对于自己是谁都不清楚,作为一名美国人,我的内心会感到一阵刺痛,同时也迫切地渴望能弥补孩子们这个心灵上的空白,7月4日正是这样的日子。l考生译文:l7月4日是一个对于包括我在内的美国人而言感到不舒服的日子,对于孩子对于他们自己是谁,来自哪里有着巨大的缺失感而感到不舒服,并且竭力希望能填补这一缺失。l7月4日是一重要的日子,美国在我心中让我因为我们的孩子对于他们是谁的一片空白而不安,并试着填上这空白。l7月4日是美国在我心里不开心及痛苦的日子,因为孩子们逐渐开始不知道自己是谁。解题方案:解题方案:理解原句理解原句l1、理解原句:、理解原句:lA解决词汇解决词汇灵活猜词l什么词需要猜?什么词需要猜?l动词:lHe wants to _ her,since he had deep feelings for her from the first sight.l形容词:lI eat a very _ apple.I want to eat one more.lSince the end of 2008,the company had to reduce the bonus of the staff because of the continuously _ profit.l名词:lAnother habit which can slow your reading is called“”.In this case your lips do not move,but you still“hear”each word in your head as you read silently。lB.分析结构分析结构抓主干、加成分抓主干、加成分l翻译长句时,要首先理清主句主句和从句从句,弄懂句子的主要结构,确定主谓(宾)关系确定主谓(宾)关系,然后再逐一分析句义逐一分析句义,将意思翻译出来。一般说来,英语长句结构比较复杂,常带多个从句或冗长的定语和状语。因此,翻译长句时,l首先要运用化整为零化整为零的方法,通过语法分析抓住主谓结构,弄清定语、状语、补语的修饰关系;l然后根据上下文弄清句义的层次和逻辑关系层次和逻辑关系;l最后用恰当的汉语准确表达出句意。进行英译汉时不能固定一种方法,必须灵活运用翻译技巧灵活运用翻译技巧,对句子进行综合处理。l例:You(主)have heard(谓)it(形宾)repeated(宾补)that宾从(1)men of science work by means of induction and deduction,that宾从(2)by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from nature certain natural laws,and that宾从(3)out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.l译文:你们多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,他们用这种方法,在某种意义上说,力求从自然界找出某种自然规律,然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。lExercise:l1)A will had been made which divide the small tax eaten property equally among the remaining four,so that it was really of no interest to any of them.l2)It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth.I have come amidst you from Egypt,On the banks of the Nile,which also has a most ancient civilization.l l遗嘱已立好,把这片快要给税吃光的薄产平分给四个孩子,但谁都对此不感兴趣。l我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明,我正是从那里来到你们中间。解题方案:翻译转换l2、翻译转换、翻译转换lA 英汉语言特点英汉语言特点 lB 翻译方法翻译方法l1)一般性翻译技巧(词义选择、词序调整、词性转换、增减词法等)l2)具体句型的翻译步骤和方法 英汉语言特点1.英语重结构,汉语重语义2.英语多长句,汉语多短句3.英语多从句,汉语多分句4.英语多被动,汉语多主动5.英语多抽象,汉语多具体6.英语多省略,汉语多补充7.英语多前重心,汉语多后重心英语重结构,汉语重语义英语重结构,汉语重语义lChildren will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell television,and digital age will have arrived.l译文:译文:儿童将儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的具有个性内置的计算机将计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,是工具,人们将人们将在气味电视前休闲,到这时在气味电视前休闲,到这时数数字时代就字时代就来到了。来到了。英语多长句,汉语多短句英语多长句,汉语多短句lInterest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.l译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与与其说是因为其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为还不如说是因为历史学家内历史学家内部发生了争吵。部发生了争吵。英语多从句,汉语多分句英语多从句,汉语多分句lOn the whole/such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence/but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared,/and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.l译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,的,但是必须具备两个条件但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个小孩对测试:能够假定这个小孩对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个小孩的态度相同;他也没有的态度和与他相比的另一个小孩的态度相同;他也没有因缺乏别的小孩已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。因缺乏别的小孩已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。英语多被动,汉语多主动英语多被动,汉语多主动一组常用被动句型的汉译:lIt must be pointed out that.必须指出lIt must be admitted that.必须承认lIt is imagined that.人们认为lIt can not be denied that.不可否认lIt will be seen from this that.由此可知lIt should be realized that.必须认识到lIt is(always)stressed that.人们(总是)强调lIt may be said without fear of exaggeration that.可以毫不夸张地说l被被 动动 结结 构的翻译:构的翻译:l英语中的被动句英语中的被动句一般翻译成主动句一般翻译成主动句,可以做,可以做主宾颠倒主宾颠倒的方式翻译,的方式翻译,省略省略“被被”字字,或者直接转化,但有时,或者直接转化,但有时候仍然可以用候仍然可以用“被被 、“受到受到”、“得到得到”“”“加以加以”、“得以得以”“”“为为所所”、“由由 来来”、“是是 的的”等结构来翻译等结构来翻译 ,最后还可以,最后还可以找汉语找汉语中的其他词来代替中的其他词来代替“被被”字,如字,如“受受”、“遭遭”、“所所”、“获获”、“给给”、“由由”、“把把”、“使使”、“加以加以”、“予以予以”、“蒙蒙”、“不得不得”等等。等等。lIt leads the discussion to extremes at the outset;it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.l译译文文:这这种种说说法法从从一一开开始始把把讨讨论论引引导导向向极极端端,它它使使人人们们认认为为应应该该这这样样对对待待动动物物:要要么么像像人人类类对对待待自自己己一一样样关关心心,要要么么一一点也不关心。点也不关心。lHowever,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.l译文:然而,世界就是如此,译文:然而,世界就是如此,完完美系统美系统一般而言是不能一般而言是不能解决解决世界世界上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问问题。题。lOwing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.l译文:译文:由于由于大众通信的显著发展,各地的人们大众通信的显著发展,各地的人们正正感受感受到新的需要并且正到新的需要并且正接受接受到新的习俗和观到新的习俗和观点,然而由于上述原因政府点,然而由于上述原因政府不得不不得不采取更为进采取更为进一步的革新措施。一步的革新措施。英语多抽象,汉语多具体英语多抽象,汉语多具体l英语的语言是抽象的 汉语的语言是具体的l disintegration disintegration 土崩瓦解土崩瓦解.ardent ardent(热心的;热情的)(热心的;热情的)loyalty loyalty 赤胆忠心赤胆忠心ltotal exhaustion total exhaustion 筋疲力尽筋疲力尽lfar-sightedness far-sightedness 远见卓识远见卓识lcareful consideration careful consideration 深思熟虑深思熟虑lperfect harmony perfect harmony(和声;和睦)水乳交融(和声;和睦)水乳交融lfeed on fancies feed on fancies 画饼充饥画饼充饥lwith great eagerness with great eagerness 如饥似渴如饥似渴llack of perseverance lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网三天打鱼,两天晒网lmake a little contribution make a little contribution(捐款;捐助)添砖加瓦(捐款;捐助)添砖加瓦lon the verge of destruction on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕危在旦夕The other way round:lOn ones knee lBear ones heart to sbl A rolling stonelBreak ones neckl苦苦哀求l向倾诉l立场不坚定l尽力英语多省略,汉语多补充英语多省略,汉语多补充lWhether to use tests,other kinds of information,or(to use)both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and(depends)upon such factors as cost and availability.l译文:译文:因此因此,究竟,究竟是是使用测试,其它种类的信使用测试,其它种类的信息,息,还是还是在特定的情况下两者都使用,在特定的情况下两者都使用,取决于取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,同时同时还取决还取决于于成本和可获得性这样的因素。成本和可获得性这样的因素。英语多前重心,汉语多后重心英语多前重心,汉语多后重心lMost Englishmen would like to take an umbralle in case of rain,although the weather forcast may have predicted a nice day.l虽然也许天气预报预测天气晴朗,但大多数的英国人都喜欢带把伞以防万一。Exercisesl1.President Kennedy wanted people/who raised questions,/who criticized,/on whose judgment he could rely,/who presented an intelligent point of view,/regardless of their rank or viewpoint.l肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。l肯尼迪总统需要的是那些能提出问题、给予批评、判断正确而值得信任以及观点明智的人,ll2.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,/combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,/makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.l强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用的跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学。l3.But that,/Pearson points out,/is only the start of man-machine integration:/It will be the beginning of the long process of integration/that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human/before the end of the next century.“l但皮尔逊指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”l4.This seems mostly effectively done/by supporting a certain amount of research/not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.l通过支持某些与当前目标无关但是在将来可能产生结果的研究,这个问题能够有效地解决。l5.New forms of thought/as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future/as they have in the past,/giving rise to new standards of elegance.l在将来将像过去一样,新的思维方式和对象必然会产生一个新的完美标准。l6.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,/and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.l届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。温馨提示为方便回顾和学习本章节内容,本课件可在PowerPoint软件里进行编辑,请下载后根据自己的实际情况修改。-Fortheconvenienceofreviewingandlearningthecontentofthischapter,thiscoursewarecanbeeditedinPowerPointsoftware,pleasedownloadandmodifyaccordingtoyourownactualsituation-
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