美国养猪体系课件

USGC-Harmon,2015Design of Modern Wean-to-Finish Barns for Contractor Farms:Details&Project Management方便养殖户的现代化断奶-育肥一栏到底饲养设施的设计：详情和方案管理Jay D.Harmon,Ph.D.,P.E.杰伊D哈蒙 博士Professor,Ag&Biosystems EngineeringIowa State University教授，农业生物系统工程爱荷华州立大学1USGC-Harmon,2015IOWA 爱荷华州Area 145,754 km2面积 145,754km2Population 3 million人口300万Avg Jan.Temp-7oC一月份平均气温-7oCAvg July Temp 24oC7月份平均气温24oCAvg Rain 81 cm/yr年平均降雨量81cm得梅因（州府）爱荷华州美国USGC-Harmon,2015Iowa 2013 reports爱荷华州-2013年报道State Rankings(%of US)州排名（占美国总量%）#1 Pigs(31%)猪（31%）#1 Eggs(16%)鸡蛋（16%）#1 Corn for Grain(16%)玉米带（16%）#2 Soybeans(13%)大豆（13%）#4 Cattle&calves on feed(10%)家畜或幼畜存栏量（10%）#10 Sheep(3%)羊（3%）USGC-Harmon,2015Goals 目的Design a facility that provides:设计一种设施可以提供：Proper water adequate flow and access合理的饮水适中的流量及通道Proper feed adequate access合理的饲喂足够的通道Proper space adequate for good growth合理的空间可供健康成长Proper air temperature,humidity,air speed and air quality舒适的空气温度，湿度，风速和空气质量Proper storage of manure 合理的粪便存放4USGC-Harmon,2015Water 饮水5Young Pigs(34 kg)仔猪（34 kg）Flow-250 to 500 ml/min流速-250 到 500 毫升/分钟Pressure-140 kPa压力-34 kg)长大些的猪（34 kg）Flow-500 to 1000 ml/min流速 500 至 1000毫升/分钟Pressure 210 kPa压力 210 千帕10 pigs/nipple waterer10头猪每个乳头饮水器20 pigs/bowl waterer20头猪每个饮水槽Nipple乳头饮水器Cup水槽Wet/dry feeder干/湿饲喂器USGC-Harmon,2015Example Water Flow水线示例 Regulators 调节阀32 Waterers 32个饮水器30 Waterers30个饮水器Pipe-All 25mm schedule 40 PVC beyond regulator管道全部为25mm的40PVC置于调节阀远处30 Waterers30个饮水器32 Waterers 32个饮水器USGC-Harmon,2015Feeders 饲喂器7Wet/dry feeder干/湿饲喂器Feeder Space 饲喂器规格2 cm/pig for 8 weeks4cm/头猪，大于8周龄Example:If the feeder is 150 cm long,then it would work for up to 37 large pigs示例：如果饲喂器的规格是150cm长，那么此饲喂器最多可供37头大于8周龄的猪采食USGC-Harmon,201535.6 cm wide Feeder Spaces 9 pigs per space(36 total)35.6 cm宽的饲喂器隔间9头猪每个隔间（一共36头）Slat saver板条节约装置USGC-Harmon,20151.22 m Long Feeder works for up to 31 pigs1.22 m长的饲喂器最多可容纳31头猪USGC-Harmon,2015Tube Feeder with Slat Saver Mat带有板条节约垫的管道饲喂器USGC-Harmon,2015Space 饲养密度Weight(kg)体重（体重（kgkg）Adequate Space(m2/pig)适中空间适中空间 （m m2 2/头）头）ADG reduced 5%(m2/pig)日增重下降日增重下降5%5%（m m2 2/头）头）22.70.270.2345.40.430.3668.00.570.4890.70.680.58113.40.790.67136.00.890.7611National Swine Nutrition Guide国际猪营养指南Typical in US is about 0.70 to 0.74 m2/pig for pigs marketed at 130 kg对于130kg的上市猪，美国的饲养密度通常约为0.70到0.74m2/头USGC-Harmon,2015Group Size 群体大小12Small Pen Example:小圈栏示例：2.4 m x 5.8 m 21 pigs/pen 21头/栏Large Pen Example:大圈栏示例：5.8 m x 6.1 m 51 pigs/pen 51头/栏Larger pens require less gating but research indicates pens of 35 or less have better average daily gain and fewer lesions due to fighting.大圈栏饲养可以减少门的使用，但是研究发现每栏35头或者更少的群体具有较高平均日增重和较少的因打斗造成的损伤USGC-Harmon,2015Manure Storage粪污存放13Manure Production(including wash water)粪污产量（包括污水）4.92 liters/space-day(1.5 standard deviation)4.92 公升/猪位/天（标准差1.5）Range for design=4.92 to 5.68 设计范围=4.92至5.68For 1 year 年产量1796 to 2073 liters/space-yr1796至2073 公升/猪位/每年If stocking density is 0.7 m2/pig如果饲养密度为0.7 m2/头Required depth for“deep pit”需要“深坑”的深度2.57 to 2.96 mUSGC-Harmon,2015Weight Weight 体重体重 OptimumOptimum最优最优Range Range 范围范围 5-14 kg 5-14 kg 28 C 28 C24-30 C24-30 C 14-23 kg 14-23 kg 24 C 24 C21-27 C21-27 C 23-34 kg 23-34 kg 18 C 18 C16-21 C16-21 C 34-82 kg 34-82 kg 16 C 16 C13-21 C 13-21 C 82 kg Adult82 kg Adult（成猪成猪）16 C 16 C10-21 10-21 CCTarget Temperature Ranges for Wean-Finish Pigs断奶-育肥猪的最适温度范围USGC-Harmon,2015Chilled（偏冷）Too warm（过热）Comfortable（舒适）USGC-Harmon,2015Temperature Fluctuations温度波动温度波动For weaned pigs no more than 2.1 C fluctuation per hour.对于断奶仔猪每小时内温度波动不超过2.1 USGC-Harmon,2015Ventilation Goals通风目标Relative Humidity 60%相对湿度 60%Air Quality 空气质量Ammonia 15 ppm 氨气 15 ppmCarbon Dioxide 3000 ppm 二氧化碳 3000 ppmCarbon Monoxide 2 ppm 一氧化碳 2 ppmHydrogen Sulfide 2 ppm 硫化氢 2 ppmMethane 1000 ppm 甲烷 1000 ppm17USGC-Harmon,2015Ventilation Guidelines通风指南For sizing the fan system:风机系统的规格：Minimum Ventilation for young pigs 仔猪需要的最小通风量3.4 m3/hr pig(may be higher in warmer climates)3.4平方米/小时/头（较暖气候条件下也许更高）Summer Ventilation for large pigs成猪的夏季通风量203 m3/hr pig203平方米/小时/头18USGC-Harmon,2015Ventilation Strategies通风策略Tunnel Ventilation 纵向通风Uses fans all the time 风机时刻运转Curtain-sided Barns with Fans for Winter侧墙卷帘并具有冬季风机的猪舍Uses fans in winter,natural ventilation in summer冬季采用风机，夏季则采用自然通风Full Natural Ventilation 完全自然通风Uses chimneys and curtains to ventilate using thermal buoyancy and wind运用烟囱效应和卷帘通风，依靠热压和风压实现Not very common in Iowa 在爱荷华州不太常见USGC-Harmon,2015Tunnel Ventilation Facilities纵向通风设施Winter Uses small fans on the sides and inlets 冬季应用侧墙小风机和进风口通风Summer Uses end fans to create a wind of 5.5 km/hr from one end to the other夏季应用山墙风机，可产生5.5千米/小时的气流，从一端到另一端USGC-Harmon,2015Single Wide 单个宽度单个宽度12.5 m 15.5 mTriple Wide 三倍宽度三倍宽度46 mDouble Wide24.7 m 36.6 mTunnel Ventilation纵向通风Advantages:优点Works with multiple side-by-side rooms 可供多个并排的猪舍使用Does not require wind 不依赖风Does not need stir fans 不需要搅拌风机Disadvantages:缺点Equipment cost is higher 设备费用高Energy cost is higher 能耗高USGC-Harmon,2015Tunnel Ventilated Curtained Opening纵向通风卷帘开启时USGC-Harmon,2015Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准1)Producing desired airspeed 产生所需气流速度 Fan Capacity=cross-section area x airspeed 风机风量=横截面积 x 气流速度 =Ceiling height(m)x Room width(m)x Desired velocity(m/hr)=天花板高度（米）x 舍宽（米）x 所需气流速度（米/小时）Desired velocity:5500 meters/hr(m/hr)所需气流速度：5500 米/小时2)Producing desired air exchange(m3/hr-hd)产生所需空气交换率（立方米/小时/头）#pigs x 203 m3/hr-pig at least 猪数 x 203 立方米/小时/头 至少Use the higher fan capacity based on:运用高风量风机的依据：运用高风量风机的依据：USGC-Harmon,201515.2 m wide 15.215.2米宽米宽58 m long 5858米长米长2.44 m ceiling 2.442.44米高米高 Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准Example 示例1200 Head WF building 1200 1200 头的断奶头的断奶-育肥猪舍育肥猪舍USGC-Harmon,20151)Producing desired airspeed 产生所需风速 Ceiling height x Room width x Desired vel 2.44 m x 15.2 m x 5500 m/hr=203,984 m3/hr（立方米/小时）2)Producing desired air exchange 产生所需气流交换率#1,200 hd x 203 m3/hr-hd=243,600 m3/hr（立方米立方米/小时）小时）Use the Higher Fan Capacity:运用高风量的风机：运用高风量的风机：Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准Example 示例USGC-Harmon,2015Winter Ventilation 冬季通风for Tunnel or Curtain Barns with Fans基于纵向通风猪舍或者带有卷帘-风机的猪舍26Uses Variable Speed fans to provide the low level ventilation rates 通过风机速度的调控提供低水平的通风量Uses ceiling inlets for distribution通过顶部的进风口使气流扩散Bring air in through openings in the attic 让气流从开启的钟楼通过USGC-Harmon,2015Air Inlets 进风口Place for even air distribution可以使气流均匀分布的地方Size for capacity to meet maximum ventilation needs其大小可满足最大通风量的需要Include ability to adjust properly具有适当调整的能力Attic/building air intake?阁楼/整舍的空气摄入？Ensure there is enough!要确保足够的进风口！USGC-Harmon,2015Powered InletsWeighted or Velocity InletsAs Always,Inlets Are Key一如既往，进风口是关键一如既往，进风口是关键USGC-Harmon,2015Curtain Sided Barn with Fans for Winter带有侧墙卷帘和冬季风机的猪舍Use a flat ceiling with inlets for winter ventilation运用带有进风口的平面天花板为冬季通风Uses sidewall curtains for ventilation from wind as top ventilation stage 运用侧墙卷帘保温的通风方式是冬季通风的首选Works best on buildings that are 13.7 m wide用于宽度小于13.7米的猪舍效果最好Provide 76 m3/hr-pig with fans before opening curtain在卷帘开启前风机提供76立方米/小时-每头猪的通风量USGC-Harmon,20151200 Head Wean to Finish Swine Facility(15.5 m x 61 m room)1200 头断奶-育肥一栏到底饲养设施（15.5 米 x 61 米 的猪舍）USGC-Harmon,2015Curtain Sided Barn with Winter Fans侧墙卷帘并带有冬季风机的猪舍Advantages:优点Lower electricity costs电能耗低Fewer fans to purchase风机购买量少Disadvantages:缺点Ineffective when no wind无风条件下通风效果差May require stir fans for cooling可能会需要搅拌风机来降温Requires more management管理复杂 USGC-Harmon,2015Winter冬季冬季Mild温暖天气温暖天气Hot炎热天气炎热天气Curtain Sided with Deep Pit and Pit Exhaust Fans侧墙卷帘，深粪坑，侧墙卷帘，深粪坑，粪坑排气粪坑排气USGC-Harmon,2015USGC-Harmon,2015Multi-Stage Controller多级控制器USGC-Harmon,2015Set Point设定值Temperature温度782 Variable-Speed Fans&2 Single-Speed Fans两台变速风机和两台普通风机Minimum最小值Airflow rate 通风量Bandwidth调控范围Stage 2阶段 234Offset滞后Bandwidth 1调控范围 1Stage 1 阶段 112Differential 3管辖范围 3Stage 3阶段 35Differential 4管辖范围 4Stage 4 阶段 4691011USGC-Harmon,2015Example Fan Staging 1200 Tunnel Barn风机分段调控示例1200头纵向通风猪舍36Stage阶段阶段Fans Added增加风机增加风机Controller控制器控制器Setting设置值设置值11 61 cmSetpoint*设定值28 CMin Speed#最小风速50%Bandwidth 调控范围1 C22 61 cmOn Temp 开启温度29.5 CMin Speed最小风速50%Bandwidth调控范围1 C31 91 cmOn Temp 开启温度31.0 C41 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度31.5 C51 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度32.0 C61 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度32.5 C71-137 cmOn Temp开启温度33.0 C*Initial setpoint,use a temperature curve to adjust as pigs grow.初始设定值，根据猪的生长阶段的温度曲线进行修正。#Initial minimum speed,use a speed curve to adjust as pigs grow.初始最小风速，根据猪的生长阶段的风速曲线进行修正。USGC-Harmon,2015Ramps 曲线Day天天Temperature Ramp 温度曲线温度曲线Speed Ramp风速曲线风速曲线128 C50%727 C62%2823 C62%4221 C85%4919 C92%6019 C100%37最小风速设定值日龄风速 设定值USGC-Harmon,2015Brooder with Floor Mats具有加温垫的保育舍具有加温垫的保育舍Barn can be operated cooler 舍内温度可以控制的稍低些舍内温度可以控制的稍低些Mat captures heat加温垫可以供热加温垫可以供热Reduce drafts through slats减少通过漏缝地板倒灌上来的贼风减少通过漏缝地板倒灌上来的贼风Sized to accommodate piglets first 2 weeks其大小可满足猪仔两周的适应期其大小可满足猪仔两周的适应期 sq.ft.per pigs0.05平方米/头猪USGC-Harmon,2015Direct Cooling 直接降温Wetting the pig and then allowing moisture to evaporate off provides substantial cooling(1050 BTUs lost for every lb of water evaporated)使猪体表湿润，然后让水分蒸发，从而达到降温(每蒸发1磅水，能带走1050英热单位的热量)Good systems wet the pig&allow the water to evaporate 优良的系统可使猪湿润并使水蒸发Increased air speed 提高风速提高风速Lower humidity=increased evaporation so want intermittent wetting 降低湿度降低湿度=增加蒸发增加蒸发,间歇进行间歇进行Sprinkling&dripping 喷淋降温和滴水降温USGC-Harmon,2015Once a pig gets to 22 kg,it starts feeling heat stress above 21 0C,and losses occur above 29猪的体重一达到20千克，就会在温度21以上时感到热应激，气温高于29就会发生损失If the pig is to survive in hot conditions,it must lose heat through evaporation如果猪要耐过热应激，它必须通过蒸发的方式来散发体热USGC-Harmon,2015Locating Supplemental Cooling Fans额外降温风扇的按放(Plan View:Partially-Slatted Floors)（平面图：部分漏缝地板）Prevailing summer winds盛行的夏季风=cooling fanStandard pen size represented.代表标准圈栏大小Drawing not to precise scale 粗略标尺Throw 10 x fan diameterImpacted areaImpacted areaImpacted areaImpacted area 影响区域Impacted area 影响区域Impacted area 影响区域Dr Rick Stowell,Extension Ag Engineer,University of Nebraska降温风机投掷距离 10 x 风机直径USGC-Harmon,2015Tilting Fans for Cooling Effect倾斜式风扇降温的效果(View from Center Aisle toward Sidewall)（视角从中间走到面向侧墙方向）Spacing 25 x fan diameter(m)Fans Used for Distributing AirSpace to utilize throw Throw 10 x fan diameter(m)Tilt fans to expose pigs to moving air streamNo tilt results in air circulation without exposing pigs to moving air streamDr Rick Stowell,Extension Ag Engineer,University of Nebraska使用投掷距离的空间投掷距离 10 x 风机直径（米）空间 25 x 风机直径（米）风扇未倾斜的结果是产生空气环流，并防止猪直接处于流动的气流中USGC-Harmon,2015USGC-Harmon,2015Project Management 项目管理Management of daily and upcoming issues管理日常及将要面临的问题 Resources 资源Time 时间Money 资金Scope 范围44USGC-Harmon,2015Project Management 项目管理Resources 资源People 人员What skills do they need?需要具备那些技能？When will you need them?何时需要？How many will be needed?需要多少？Equipment 设备What will be needed?需要那些设备？Is it owned or will it need to be rented?已有或还需要租赁？Does it need a special operator?是否需要专业操作员？Materials 材料What and how much?需要什么及多少？When do you need it?何时需要？Where will it be stored if it is on-site early?若提早到现场如何安置？How much lead time does the supplier need?需要提前多长时间预定？45USGC-Harmon,2015Project Management 项目管理Time 时间What tasks?什么任务？How long does each take?需要多长时间？Which items are dependent on another?那些项目相互依赖？Money 资金Costs?预算多少？When are funds needed?合适需要资金？Contingencies for cost over-run?超出预算的应急资金？46USGC-Harmon,2015Scope 范围Project size 项目大小Goals(when does it need to be completed?)目标（完成期限何时？）Requirements 要求Permits 许可证Insurance 保险Legal requirements 法律规定47Project Management 项目管理USGC-Harmon,201548Example Gantt Chart.These case be made in Excel or MS Project甘特图表示例。此表可以通过Excel 或者MS进行制作阴影部分代表周末，非正常工作日。非工作日有计划的工作日这些任务近期可以完工。挖掘任务只有在这些绳线设定后开始任务二月/三月安排服务电路连接水线连接厕所订购围栏和指示牌场址动工选址并考察建筑场地清理并填平场地设定线行挖掘场地挖掘根基挖掘USGC-Harmon,201549A more complex Gantt chart.一张更为复杂的甘特图表Tasks and sub-tasks任务和子任务Duration 周期Start and End dates起止日期Who is responsible?由谁负责？USGC-Harmon,201550Questions?问题？