管理信息系统课件

1ManagementInformationSystemFeb.201121Whatisinformationsystem?Whatisinformationsysteminyourdefinition?31.1Thedefinitionaboutinformationsystemasetofinterrelatedcomponentsthatworktogethertocollect,process,store,anddisseminateinformationtosupportdecisionmaking,coordination,control,analysis,andvisualizationinanorganization.41.1.1DataandinformationData are streams of raw facts representing events and occurrencesInformation is data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.51.1.2HowcanISprovidesusefulinformationFeedback:output return to appropriate person to help them evaluate the input or correct the input6It Isnt Simply Technology:The Role of People and Organizations OrganizationsOrganizations PeoplePeople TechnologyTechnology1.2 1.2 Dimensions of Information Systems Dimensions of Information Systems 7UPS Competes Globally with Information TechnologyUPS Competes Globally with Information Technology Read the Focus on Technology and then discuss Read the Focus on Technology and then discuss the following questions:the following questions:What technologies are used?What would happen if these technologies were not available?1.2.1 Technology8Hardwarearethephysicalequipmentthatisusedtocollect,processandouttheinformation.SoftwareTelecommunicationandnetworksDatamanagementtechnologyITinfrastructure91.2.2OrganizationStructureEnvironmentculture101.2.2.1StructureThe four basic functions will work seamlessly together to serve five entities:Suppliers,CustomersEmployees,Invoices/payments,Products and services 11BusinessprocessLogicallyrelatedsetofactivitiesthatdefinehowtasksareperform.Differentcompanyhavedifferentlevelofprocessstandardization12Hierarchiesinafirm131.2.2.2culturebeliefsandideasaboutwhatkindsofgoalsmembersofanorganizationshouldpursueandideasabouttheappropriatekindsorstandardsofbehaviororganizationalmembersshouldusetoachievethesegoals.ItmightaffectcompanytodecidewhatkindofIScomefirst141.2.2.3Environments151.2.3PeopleDowehavethepeoplewhocanbuild,maintaintheIS?Dowehavethepeople(especiallythemangers)wecanunderstandhowtouseIStoachievethebusinessgoals?DoouremployeesknowhowtousetheIS?16HowITischangingyourlife?172 The Role of Information Systems in Business TodayHowInformationSystemsAreTransformingBusinessBusinessObjectivesofInformationSystems18 In 2005,more wireless phone accounts were In 2005,more wireless phone accounts were opened than telephone land lines installedopened than telephone land lines installed More than 35 million people receive their news More than 35 million people receive their news online;32 million Americans read blogsonline;32 million Americans read blogs Internet advertising continues to grow at more than Internet advertising continues to grow at more than 30 percent per year30 percent per year New laws require businesses to store more data for New laws require businesses to store more data for longer periodslonger periods Changes in business result in changes in jobs and Changes in business result in changes in jobs and careerscareers 2.1 2.1 The Role of Information Systems in Business Today19Essentials of Business Information SystemsEssentials of Business Information SystemsChapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your CareerChapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your Career Operational excellenceOperational excellence New products,services,and business modelsNew products,services,and business models Customer and supplier intimacyCustomer and supplier intimacy Improved decision makingImproved decision making Competitive advantageCompetitive advantage SurvivalSurvival Business Objectives of Information SystemsBusiness Objectives of Information SystemsThe Role of Information Systems in Business Today203Howinformationtechnologywillaffectyourcareer?AccountingFinanceMarketingOperations Management in Services and ManufacturingInformation SystemsOutsourcingOutsourcing 21Chapter 2 Aligning Information Systems with business strategies22Competitiveadvantage:doingbetterthansomeothercompaniesintermsofprofit,productivityandrevenuegrowth23StudyobjectivesDemonstrate how Porters competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems.Demonstrate how the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategic information systems applications.24CompetitivestrategyIfacompanywantstogetCA,mustdotwothings:ChoosinganattractiveindustryPositionyourself25Fiveforcemodel26Generic Strategies一般战略一般战略SOURCE OF ADVANTAGELOW COST低成本低成本DIFFERENTIATION差异性差异性BROAD宽宽FOCUS焦点焦点NARROW窄窄Stuck in the middle待在中间27Using Information Systems to Achieve Competitive AdvantageFigure 3-2This figure provides examples of systems for both primary and support activities of a firm and of its value partners that would add a margin of value to a firms products or services.The Value Chain ModelThe Value Chain ModelEssentials of Business Information SystemsEssentials of Business Information SystemsChapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information SystemsChapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems28DataandinformationData are streams of raw facts representing events and occurrencesInformation is data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.29WhatkindofinformationdoweneedtimeOn time relativespaceformataccuracypresentive30TheflowofinformationintheorganizationUpward informationlDaily worklsummaryDownward information：strategy，directionInformation across the departments：31Different level of People need different type of informationbroad long summary decisionfocus short detail 内内 dailyscope time detail source purpose 32BottomlineITcansupportbusinessstrategies.ITcanbeusedto:Low-cost leadershipProduct differentiationFocus on market nicheStrengthen customer and supplier intimacy33Using Information Systems to Achieve Competitive AdvantageFigure 3-2This figure provides examples of systems for both primary and support activities of a firm and of its value partners that would add a margin of value to a firms products or services.The Value Chain ModelThe Value Chain ModelEssentials of Business Information SystemsEssentials of Business Information SystemsChapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information SystemsChapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems343Chapter IT Infrastructure:IT Infrastructure:Hardware and SoftwareHardware and Software35STUDENT OBJECTIVESIdentify and describe the components of IT infrastructure.Identify and describe the major types of computer hardware,data storage,and input and output technology.Identify and describe the major types of computer software used in business.36Assess contemporary hardware and software trends.Evaluate the principal issues in managing hardware and software technology.STUDENT OBJECTIVES(Continued)STUDENT OBJECTIVES37contents4.1ITInfrastructure:ComputerHardware4.2IT Infrastructure:Computer Software4.3 Managing Hardware and Software Technology384.1ITInfrastructure:ComputerHardwareWhatisITinfrastructure?TypesofcomputersClient/severcomputingStorage,inputandoutputtechnologyNewtrends394.1.1ITinfrastructureHardware:input,processing,output,storage,anddeliverySoftware:system software,application software,andenterpriseintegrationData management software:organizeanddeliverdataNetworking and telecommunications technology:linkshardwaretotransferdatafromonelocationtoanotherTechnology services:runandmanageinfrastructureandtrainusers40 Computers come in different sizes with varying Computers come in different sizes with varying capabilities for processing informationcapabilities for processing information FLOPSFLOPS Personal computer(PC)Personal computer(PC)WorkstationWorkstation Midrange computers:servers and minicomputersMidrange computers:servers and minicomputers MainframeMainframe SupercomputerSupercomputer4.1.2 4.1.2 Types of ComputersTypes of Computers4142IT Infrastructure:Computer Hardware4.1.3 Client/Server Computing4.1.3 Client/Server ComputingFigure 4-2In client/server computing,computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network.Users interface with the client machines.43N-tier client/server architecture444.1.4input,storageandoutputtechnologyInputandoutputdevice(119)BatchandonlineprocessingSecondarystoragetechnology45BatchprocessinginvolvesgroupingtransactionstogetherandthenprocessingthesetransactionsatsomelaterpointtoupdateamasterfileOnlineprocessinginvolvesenteringatransactiondirectlyintothecomputerandprocessingitimmediately.Whetherabusinessusesbatch processingoronline processingdependson:HowsoonthedatamustbeinputHowfasttheupdatesmustbemadeHowaccessibletheupdateddatamustbe46Storage,Input,and Output TechnologyStorage,Input,and Output TechnologySecondary storage technologyMagnetic disk:floppy disk,hard drives,USB flash DriverOptical disks:CD-ROM,CD-RW,DVD magnetic tape Storage networking:SANs47a dedicated storage network that provides access to consolidated,block level storage.SANs primarily are used to make storage devices(such as disk arrays,tape libraries,and optical jukeboxes)accessible to servers so that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system.A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the regular network by regular devices.48IT Infrastructure:Computer Hardware4.1.5 Contemporary Hardware Trends4.1.5 Contemporary Hardware TrendsGrid computingEdge computingAutonomic computing49The software that manages and controls the computers activitiesPC operating systems and graphical user intefacesGUIsWindows XP,Windows Vista,and Windows Server 2003UNIXLinuxOperating System SoftwareOperating System SoftwareIT Infrastructure:Computer SoftwareEssentials of Business Information SystemsEssentials of Business Information SystemsChapter 4 IT Infrastructure:Hardware and SoftwareChapter 4 IT Infrastructure:Hardware and Software504.2softwareOperation software Application Software and Desktop Productivity ToolsApplication Software and Desktop Productivity Tools Software for Enterprise IntegrationSoftware for Enterprise Integration Software for the Web:Java and HTMLSoftware for the Web:Java and HTML New trends in softwareNew trends in software514.2.1OperationsystemThesystemsoftwarethatmanagesandcontrolthecomputersactivitiesiscalledtheoperatingsystem.ConvertprogramminglanguageintomachinelanguageTable4.352Application programming languages for businessFourth-generation languagesSoftware packages and desktop productivity tools(Table 4.4)Word processing softwareSpreadsheetsData management softwarePresentation graphics()Integrated software packages and software suites(office)E-mail softwareWeb browsersGroupware(locus Notes)4.2.2 Application Software and Desktop 4.2.2 Application Software and Desktop Productivity ToolsProductivity Tools53JavaOperating system-independent,processor-independent,object-oriented programming languageLeading interactive programming environment for the WebHypertext markup language(HTML)Page description language for specifying how elements are placed on a Web page and for creating links to other pages and objects4.2.3 Software for the Web:Java and HTML4.2.3 Software for the Web:Java and HTML54Legacy systems:replace or integrate?Middleware:software that connects two otherwise separate applications,enabling them to communicate with each other and to exchange data.Enterprise application integration(EAI)software(BEA,web method)EAI software tools are product specific4.2.4 Software for Enterprise Integration4.2.4 Software for Enterprise Integration55Web services and service-oriented architectureSOA:A set of self-contained service that communicate with each other to create a working softwareWeb services offer a standardized alternative for dealing with integration across various computer platforms.XML:describes data in Web pages and databasesSOAP:allows applications to exchange data and instructionsWSDL:describes a Web service so that other applications can use itUDDI:lists Web services in a directory so users can find them564.2.5NewtrendsinsoftwareOpensource(Linux,Apache)Mashups,web2.057OpensourceUNIXwascreatedbyBellLabsinthelate1960sandbegantobedistributedinthe1970stomanyuniversitiesandcompanies.StallmansetupGNU-anticopyrightacomputersciencestudentinFinland,LinusTorvaldsandaskprogrammerstohelpwiththedevelopmentofLinuxNetscapehadbeenlosingthebattlefordesktopsharetoMicrosoftsInternetExplorerandsawopensourceasanewway584.3 4.3 Managing Hardware and Software TechnologyMoores lawCapacity planning and scalabilityUsing technology service providersOutsourcingOn-demand computingApplication service providers(ASPs)594.3.1 Moores lawThenumberoftransistorsthatcanbeplacedinexpensivelyonanintegratedcircuitdoublesapproximatelyeverytwoyears.Thistrendhascontinuedformorethanhalfacenturyandisexpectedtocontinueuntil2015or2020orlater.What is the challenge does it bring to the company60Astechnologiescontinuetorapidlyimprove,hardwaremaybelimitedtooperationofthecompany614.3.2Capacity planning and scalabilityCapacityplanningistheprocessofpredictingwhenacomputerhardwaresystembecomessaturated.Software,Usersvisitatthesametime,responsetime,scalability,datatransactioninthecompany624.3.3 Using technology service providersUsing technology service providersOutsourcingOn-demand computingApplication service providers(ASPs)Cloudingcomputing63Chapter04FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:DatabaseandInformationManagement(I102)64Study ObjectivesDescribe how a relational database organizes dataIdentify and describe the principles of a database management systemEvaluate tools and technologies for providing information from databases to improve business performance and decision making.65Assess the role of information policy and data administration in the management of organizational data resources.Assess the importance of data quality assurance for the business.66The Database Approach to Data Management How to design a databaseHow to design a queryUsing Databases to Improve Business Performance and Decision Making Managing Data Resources 674.1The Database Approach to Data Management FollowingtableistheworkinghourreportsforcompanyA.Theyarefilledmanuallybydifferentdepartmentsandsomeoneinthehumanresourceswillcollectthemandaddthemtogethermanually.CompanyAwantstodigitalizedthetable,herearesomealternativestheycanchoose:AwordBExcelCDatabaseWhatisyoursuggestion?6869Database:a collection of related files containing records on people,places,or things704.1.1ExcelVs.DatabaseExcelisaspreadsheetanditisagoodpersonaldatamanagementsoftwareDatabaseismoreadvancedforsecuritydataconsistentreducedataredundancy714.1.2DatabaseManagementSystem-DBMSA specific type of software for creating,storing,organizing,and accessing data from a databaseLogic view Vs.Physical viewLogical view:how end users view dataPhysical view:how data are actually structured and organized72TheprincipalcapabilitiesofaDBMSincludeThedatadefinitionlanguagespecifiesthestructureandcontentofthedatabase.Thedatadictionaryisanautomatedormanualfilethatstoresinformationaboutthedatainthedatabase,includingnames,definitions,formats,anddescriptionsofdataelements.Thedatamanipulationlanguage,suchasSQL,isaspecializedlanguageforaccessingandmanipulatingthedatainthedatabase.734.2HowtodesignadatabaseRelationaldatabaseDesignadatabase744.2.1RelationaldatabaseEntityisaperson,place,thing,oreventonwhichinformationcanbeobtained.Attributeisapieceofinformationdescribingaparticularentity.Eachtablecontainsdataonanentityanditsattributes.PrimarykeyTherelationaldatabaseistheprimarymethodfororganizingandmaintainingdatatodayininformationsystems.754.2.2HowtodesignadatabaseThefourprimarystepsinclude:1.Definingentityclassesandprimarykeys.2.Definingrelationshipsamongentityclasses.3.Defininginformation(fields)foreachrelation.4.Usingadatadefinitionlanguagetocreateyourdatabase.764.2.3Designadatabase7778Createrelationstheprimarykeyfromonetableisstoredinarelatedtableasaforeign keyinputdata794.3QueryWhenyouworkwithqueries,youneedtokeepinmindthequestionsthatyouwantyourdatatoanswer.Thebetteryoustatethequestion,themorepreciselyyoucandefinethequery.804.4DatawarehouseWhatisDatawarehouse?OLAPDatamining814.4.1WhatisDatawarehouseDatawarehouse A database that stores current and historical data that may be of interest to decision makers 82Components of a Data WarehouseComponents of a Data WarehouseFigure 5-13The data warehouse extracts current and historical data from multiple operational systems inside the organization.These data are combined with data from external sources and reorganized into a central database designed for management reporting and analysis.The information directory provides users with information about the data available in the warehouse.Using Databases to Improve Business Performance and Decision MakingThe main function include:extraction,transportation,transformation,and loading(ETL)solution,online analytical processing(OLAP)and data mining capabilities,client analysis tools,and other applications that manage the process of gathering data and delivering it to business users 834.4.2OLAPOLAP(online analytical processing)help user to view the same data from multiple dimensionsSuppose you have a table which include the information about you product types,price,cost,region,sales date,you can use OLAP to do the analysis as you like without predefine the analysis 844.4.3DataminingOLAPhelpsussummarizesdataandmakesforecasts?Whataretheaveragesalesofproducts,byregionandbyyear?Dataminingdiscovershiddenpatternsindatalikeifpeoplebuynuts,aretheygoingtobuyscrews?.854.5ManagingDatapolicyInformationpolicylaysoutspecificproceduresandaccountabilities,identifyingwhichusersandorganizationalunitscanshareinformation,whereinformationcanbedistributed,andwhoisresponsibleforupdatingandmaintainingtheinformation.Data administrationData quality problems can be caused by redundant and inconsistent data produced by multiple systems865Chapter Telecommunications,the Telecommunications,the Internet,and Wireless Internet,and Wireless TechnologyTechnology87TelecommunicationsandNetworkinginTodaysBusinessWorldCommunicationsNetworkTheInternetWirelessDevices885.1 Networking and Communication TrendsNetworkingandCommunicationTrendsWhatisaComputerNetwork?KeyDigitalNetworkingTechnologies89Telephone networks puter networksSingle,digital networks and Internet-based standardsTelecommunications providers(regulation or deregulation)Broadband5.1.1 Networking and Communication Trends5.1.1 Networking and Communication Trends903VOIPVoIP（VoiceoverIP）isoneofafamilyofinternettechnologies,communicationprotocols,and transmission technologies fordeliveryofvoicecommunicationsandmultimediasessionsoverInternetProtocol(IP)networks91Components of a Simple Computer NetworkComponents of a Simple Computer Network5.1.2 What Is a Computer Network?5.1.2 What Is a Computer Network?Figure 5-1Illustrated here is a very simple computer network,consisting of computers,a network operating system residing on a dedicated server computer,cabling(wiring)connecting the devices,network interface cards(NIC),switches,and a router.Two or more connected computers form a network92Networkinlargecompany935.1.3 5.1.3 Key Digital Networking TechnologiesKey Digital Networking TechnologiesClient/server computing VS.peer to peerPacket switchingTCP/IP and connectivity94TCP/IP and connectivityProtocolisasetofrulesandproceduresthatgovernstransmissionbetweenthecomponentsinanetwork.955.2Communications NetworksPhysicalTransmissionMediaTypesofNetworks96Twisted wire(双双绞线)Coaxial cable（同（同轴电缆）Fiber optics and optical networks（光（光纤）5.2.1 5.2.1 Physical Transmission MediaPhysical Transmission Media 97985.2.2 Types of NetworksLocal-area networks(LANs)Metropolitan and wide-area networks99Local-area networks(LANs)Topologies:star,bus,ring5.2.2.1 5.2.2.1 Local-area networks 1005.2.1.2Metropolitan and wide-area networksWide-area networks(WANs)Metropolitan-area networks(MANs)101Internet Addressing and ArchitectureInternet serviceThe World Wide Web Te