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增减翻译法增减翻译法4.1 词量的增减词量的增减 1.词量的增加词量的增加 英汉翻译过程中的加词,往往是为了更准确地传达原文的意思,并做到汉语表达流畅。主要表现为:重复英语省略的某些词,增加关联词语,增加英语复数表达的概念,英语抽象名词的增译,逻辑及修辞加词,补充汉语的概括总结性词语以及时态加词等。1.Some of the gases in the air are constant in amount,while others are not.(=while others are not constant in amount)空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定,有些就不稳不稳定定。(重复英语省略的某些词)2.White or shining surfaces reflect heat;dark surfaces absorb it.白色或发亮的表面反射热,而而黑色的表面则吸收热。(增加关联词语)3.However,in spite of all this similarity between a voltmeter and an ammeter there are also important differences.尽管伏特表与安培表之间有这些类似之处,然而他们之间还有若干若干重要区别。(增加英语复数表达的概念)4.These principles will be illustrated by the following transition.这些原理将由下列演变过程演变过程来说明。(英语抽象名词的增译)5.Air pressure decreases with altitude.气压随海拔高度的增加增加而下降。(逻辑加词)6.It may well improve long term weather forecasting.这会提高长期天气预报的准确率准确率。(逻辑加词)7.This question is really a circuit design rather than a layout problem.这个问题实际上是属于线路设计方面的方面的,而不是线路布置方面的方面的。(修辞加词)8.The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe,the diameter of the pipe,and the nature of the inside walls(rough or smooth).水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素下列三个因素:管长、管道直径、管道内壁的性状(粗糙或平滑)。(汉语中补充概括总结性词语)2.词量的减少词量的减少 英语中有些词,如冠词、介词、连词和代词等,在汉语中要么没有,要么用的不多,主要是因为汉语可以借助词序来表达逻辑关系。因此,英汉翻译中的词量减少主要出现在英语冠词、介词、代词省译,“it”在某些句型中的省译,连词的省译以及关系代词的省译等。英语的谓语动词有时也可省译,因为汉语不一定要用动词作谓语,可直接用形容词、名词、偏正词组、主谓词组等做谓语。英语系动词的省译更为常见。1.A salt results when a metal takes the place of the hydrogen in an acid.当酸中的氢被金属取代后,会生成盐。(省译三个不定冠词a,两个定冠词the)2.Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.008.氢是最轻的元素,原子量为1.008.(省译介词)3.A wire lengthens while it is heated.金属丝受热则延长。(省译代词)4.It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.直到十九世纪中叶,鼓风炉才开始使用。(it 引出强调句,汉译时省译)5.This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.这一公式使得确定声音的波长十分容易。(it 作形式宾语,汉译时省译)6.Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。(省译连词)7.When the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低。(汉译时系动词gets 及becomes 均可省译)4.2 句量的增减句量的增减-分译与合译分译与合译 由于英汉两种语言的表达习惯不同,常需要把英语中只有一个主谓结构的句子译成具有两个或两个以上主谓结构的汉语句子,这就是分译;反之就是合译。1.分译法分译法 汉语一般不用长句,因此英译汉时,往往要把英语较长的句子成分或不易安排的句子成分拆开,译成汉语的分句,以使译文层次分明,合乎汉语的习惯。a 单词的分译单词的分译 有的英文句子虽不长,但字对字译出的译文很别扭,读起来拗口,这时往往可把这个单词译成一个分句或单句。1.This year the estimated production of transistors is 400 million,and we can safely assume that even this tremendous number is likely to increase.今年晶体管的产量估计是四亿只。这个数字虽然已经很大,但产量可能还要增加。我们这样估计是有把握的有把握的。(表示主观评价的副词分译)2.He spoke with understandable pride of the invention of the instrument.他谈到那种仪器的发明时很自豪,这一点是可这一点是可以理解的以理解的。(形容词的分译)3.As a secret training base for a new plane,it was an excellent site,its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作为新型飞机的秘密训练基地,这地方是很理想的;它地处穷乡僻壤地处穷乡僻壤,特别便于有效隐蔽其活动。(名词分译)b 短语的分译短语的分译 这样现象在英译汉中比单词分译更为常见。英语中能提出来分译的短语通常有分词短语、介词短语(包括分词独立结构)、动词不定式短语和名词短语。1.Let us have a good look at Fig.2 showing how heat makes objects expand.让我们仔细看一下图2,它说明热如何使物体它说明热如何使物体膨胀膨胀。(分词短语的分译)2.The weight of an object has been found to vary from place to place on the earth.已经发现,一个物体的重量在地球上因地而异在地球上因地而异。(动词不定式短语分译)c 句子的分译句子的分译 所谓句子的分译,指的是把原文的从句译成分句,或把一个简单句拆开译成两个或两个以上的句子,以及在翻译复合句过程中增加分句或句子的数量。1.Two of the advantages of the transistor are its being small in size and its being able to be put close to each other without overheating.晶体管有两个优点,一是体积小,二是相互能靠近放置而不过热。(简单句分译)2.Flying is the oldest dream of man,perhaps reaching back to the days when caveman looked longingly upward at the birds flying overhead as they wearily pursued the animals on the earth beneath.飞行是人类最古老的梦想,也许要追溯到穴居人时代。那时候,当他们在地面上追捕动物累得精疲力竭时,仰头看着在头顶上飞翔的鸟儿,无限向往。(复合句的分译)2.合译法合译法 合译法是把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个句子,或把主从复合句或并列复合句合译成一个单句。1.There are always particles of dust in the air.Dust tints sunsets and pollutes city air.空气中总是有尘埃,会使夕阳染上红色,也使城市空气受到污染。(简单句和并列句的合译)2.The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.钢的结构及最终特性,将视其加热程度及冷却快慢而定。(主从复合句合译)3.The Post Office was helpful,and Marconi applied in June 1896 for the worlds first radio patent.在英国邮局的帮助下,马可尼于1896年6月申请了世界上第一项无线电专利。(并列句的合译)句子翻译练习句子翻译练习1.Friction always manifests itself as a force that opposes motion.2.A list of all the ways that diesel power is used would take pages.3.Geology is a synthesis of the natural sciences;astronomy,biology,chemistry,mathematics,and physics.4.For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.5.In Figure 5,A is the resistance,L the distance and C the effort.6.In the absence of friction,belts would not be capable of conveying power from one machine to another.1.摩擦总是表现为一种阻碍运动的力。2.一份列举柴油机所有用途的清单可能要好几页。3.地质学是下列各种自然科学的综合科学:天文学、生物学、化学、数学和物理学。4.每一个作用力都有一个大小相等,方向相反的反作用力。5.图5中,A表示阻力,L表示距离,C表示作用力。6.没有摩擦力,皮带就不能将动力从一台机器传送到另一台。
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