跨文化交际案例讨论课件

跨文化交际案例讨论跨文化交际案例讨论 鄧鄧 筠筠 跨文化交际案例讨论 WhatIsInterculturalCommunication?Interculturalcommunicationreferstotheexchangeofinformationbetweenindividualswhoareunalikeculturally.Intercultural communicationissometimesusedsynonymouslywithcross-cultural communication.Today,improvedtechnologiesofcommunicationandmorerapidmeansoftransportationhaveincreasedthelikelihoodofinterculturalcommunication.What Is Intercultural Communic跨文化交际案例讨论课件TheStudyofInterculturalCommunicationOriginIn1946,theU.S.CongresspassedtheForeignServiceAct(外交事务法案),whichestablishedtheForeignServiceInstitute(FSI,外交学院)intheU.S.DepartmentofState(美国国务院)toprovidepre-serviceandin-servicetrainingthroughoutthecareerofForeignServiceofficers,andothersincludingdevelopmenttechnicians.TheFSIwasstaffedmainlywithlinguistsandanthropologists,suchasEdwardT.Hall,GeorgeL.Trager,asitwasthoughtthattheproblemsofineffectivediplomatsstemmedmainlyfromtheneedtobeeducatedinthelanguageandcultureofthehostcountry.The Study of Intercultural ComFounderEdwardT.Hall(1914-2009)AnAmericananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher.Duringthe1950sheworkedattheFSI,teachinginterculturalcommunicationskillstoforeignservicepersonnel,andwroteseveralinfluentialbooksondealingwithcross-culturalissues.EdwardT.Hallisconsideredafoundingfatherofinterculturalcommunicationasanacademicareaofstudy.Books:The Silent Language(1959),The Hidden Dimension(1966),Beyond Culture(1976)FounderSeveralKeyConceptsinInterculturalCommunicationHeterophily(异质性),isthedegreetowhichtwoormoreindividualswhocommunicateareunalike.Homophily(同质性),isthedegreetowhichtwoormoreindividualswhocommunicatearealike.Mostcommunicationoccursbetweenhomophilousindividuals.Peoplefinditeasiertotalkwithsomeonelikethemselves.Homophilouscommunicationismoreeffectivethanheterophilouscommunication.Several Key Concepts in Interc跨文化交际案例讨论课件Ingroup(内部群体；我群内部群体；我群),aningroupisacollectivitywithwhichanindividualidentifies.Outgroup(外部群体；他群外部群体；他群),anoutgroupisacollectivitywithwhichanindividualdoesnotidentify.Aningroupexaltsitselfbyboastingaboutitsownwaysandlookswithcontemptonoutsiders,e.g.,KoreansrefertotheJapaneseas“dwarfs”,theJapanesecallKoreans“garlic-eaters.”Withoutthinking,anindividualtakesthevaluesoftheingroupasanidealandautomaticallyusesthemtojudgeotherlessfamiliarvaluesandbehaviours.Ingroup(内部群体；我群),an ingrou跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Ethnocentrism(民族中心主义；民族优越感民族中心主义；民族优越感),ethnocentrismisthedegreetowhichindividualsjudgeotherculturesasinferiortotheirownculture.TheconceptofethnocentrismcomesfromtwoGreekwords(ethos,peopleornation,andketro,center)whichmeanbeingcenteredononesculturalgroupandthusjudgingotherculturesbyonesculturalvalues.Nooneisbornwithethnocentrism.Ithastobetaught.Ethnocentrismtendstobestrongestconcerningoutgroupsthataremostsociallydistantandmostunliketheingroup.Ethnocentrism(民族中心主义；民族优越感跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Prejudice(偏见),isanunfoundedattitudetowardanoutgroupbasedonacomparisonwithonesowningroup.Someprejudicesconsistoftheirrationalsuspicionorhatredofaparticulargrouporreligion.Discrimination(歧视),istheprocessoftreatingindividualsunequallyonthebasisoftheirethnicity,gender,age,sexualorientation,orothercharacteristics.Prejudiceisanattitude,whilediscriminationisanaction.Whenanegativeattitudetowardanoutgroupistranslatedintoaction,theresultingbehavioriscalleddiscrimination.Prejudice(偏见),is an unfoun跨文化交际案例讨论课件Stereotypes(刻板印象),aregeneralizationsaboutsomegroupofpeoplethatoversimplifyreality.Suchgeneralizationspreventaccurateperceptionofthequalitiesofunalikeothers.Prejudicedindividualsoftenthinkinstereotypes.Thecontacttheoryofprejudice,individualswholackcloseinterpersonalcommunicationwithaparticularculturearemoreprejudicedtowardindividualswiththatculture.Withpersonalcontact,anindividualmaybecomelessprejudiced.跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Culturalrelativism(文化相对主义文化相对主义),istheviewthatallbeliefs,customs,andethicsarerelativetotheindividualwithinhis/herownsocialcontext.Inotherwords,“right”and“wrong”areculture-specific;whatisconsideredmoralinonesocietymaybeconsideredimmoralinanother;andsincenouniversalstandardofmoralityexists,noonehastherighttojudgeanothersocietyscustoms.Culturalrelativistsbelievethatallculturesareworthyintheirownrightandareofequalvalue.跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Xenophobia(仇外；外国人恐怖症),referstotheattitudes,prejudicesandbehaviorthatreject,excludeandoftenvilifypersons,basedontheperceptionthattheyareoutsidersorforeignerstothecommunity,socieyornationalidentity.OriginallythewordxenophobiacomesfromtheGreekwordsxeno(thestranger,theguset)andphobos(fear).Xenophobiacanmanifestitselfinmanywaysinvolvingtherelationsandperceptionsofaningrouptowardsanoutgroup,includingafearoflosingidentity,suspicionofitsactivities,aggression,anddesiretoeliminateitspresencetosecureapresumedpurity.Xenophobia(仇外；外国人恐怖症),refe跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件ProspectHeights,Illinois:WavelandPressInc.1998 FacialmovementsFacialmovementsFacial movements跨文化交际案例讨论课件Typesofnonverbalcommunication（非言语交际）（非言语交际）1.BODYMOVEMENTS(facialmovements,posture,gesture)2.SPACE3.TIME(howorientationstowardtimecommunicate.)4.TOUCH(themeaningoftouchingbehaviorsandwhatcontactisacceptable.)5.VOICE(thenonverbalaspectsofvoice;how somethingissaidratherthanwhatissaid.)6.ARTIFACTS(clothing,hairstyleandotherpersonalpossesions)7.PHYSICALAPPEARANCETypes of nonverbal communicati跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Whyisnonverbalcommunicationsoimportant?1.Nonverbalcommunicationispresenteverywhere.2.Nonverbalcommunicationusuallycomesfirst.3.Nonverbalcommunicationisespeciallylikelytobetrusted.4.Nonverbalcommunicationcanleadtomisunderstanding,especiallywhenverbalmessagesaremissingorlimited.5.Nonverbalcommunicationisespeciallyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationsituations.Why is nonverbal communicationCollectivisticculture(集体主义文化)isoneinwhichthecollectivitysgoalsarevaluedoverthoseoftheindividual.Incontrast,anindividualisticculture(个人主义文化)isoneinwhichtheindividualsgoalsarevaluedoverthoseofthecollectivity.Individualism-collectivismisperhapsthemostimportantdimensionofculturaldifferencesinbehavioracrosstheculturesoftheworld.Collectivistic culture(集体主义文化跨文化交际案例讨论课件High-contextculture(高情境文化)isoneinwhichthemeaningsofcommunicationmessagearefoundinthesituationandintherelationshipsofthecommunicators,orareinternalizedinthecommunicatorsbeliefs,valuesandnorms.Thecommunicationcontextplaysanimportantpartintheinterpretationofacommunicationmessage.Collectivisticcultures,suchasAsianandLatino,areusuallyhigh-contextcultures.Theseculturesemphasizenonverbalcommunicationandsubtlenessincommunicationratherthanbeingfrank.Whatisnotsaidmaybemoreimportantthanwhatis said.High-context culture(高情境文化)iLow-contextculture(低情境文化)isoneinwhichthemeaningsofacommunicationmessagearestatedclearlyandexplicitly,withoutdependingonthecontextofthecommunicaionsituation.Examplesoflow-contextculturesareEuropeanAmerican,English,andothernorthernEuropeancountries.Conversationsinalow-contextcultureareclearandtothepoint.Low-context culture(低情境文化)is跨文化交际案例讨论课件Abu Bakr:Mr.Brown!Howgoodtoseeyou.Brown:Nicetoseeyouagain,Hassan.Abu Bakr:Tellme,howhaveyoubeen?Brown:Verywell,thankyou.Andyou?Abu Bakr:Fine,fine.Allahbepraised.Brown:Ireallyappreciatedyouragreeingtoseemeaboutthesedistributionarrangements.NowcouldweAbu Bakr:Mypleasure.Sotellme,howwasyourtrip?Didyoucomedirectordidyouhaveastopover?Brown:Nostopoverthistime.Imonatightschedule.ThatswhyImsogratefulyoucouldseemeonsuchashortnotice.SoabouttheAbu Bakr:Notatall.Howismygoodfriend,Mr.Wilson?Brown:Wilson？Oh,fine,fine.Hesbeenverybusywiththisdistributionproblemalso,whichiswhatweneedtodiscuss.Abu Bakr:Youknow,youhavecomeatanexcellenttime.TomorrowistheProphetsbirthdayblessingsandpeacebeuponHimandwerehavingaspecialfeastatmyhome.Idlikeyoutobeourguest.Brown:Thankyouverymuch.Abu Bakr:Mr.Brown!How good Culturalclash（文化冲文化冲突突）istheconflictthatoccursbetweentwoormorecultureswhentheydisagreeaboutacertainvalue.Aculturalclashmayinvolvestronglyheldvalues,suchasthoseconcerningreligion.跨文化交际案例讨论课件LiveanimalmarketLive animal marketTheSudaneseteddybearblasphemycaseGillianGibbons,aBritishschoolteacher,leftLiverpool,EnglandinAugust2007toteachagroupofsixandsevenyearoldsatUnitySchoolinKhartoum,Sudan.On25November2007,Gibbonswasarrested,interrogatedandthenputinacellatalocalpolicestation.Ms.GibbonswasallegedtohaveinsultedIslambyallowingherclassofchildrentonameateddybear“Muhammad”.跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件Thestatedorimpliedpurposeofmostresearch,training,andteachinginthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationistoimprovetheinterculturalcompetence(跨文化能力跨文化能力)ofindividuals.Multiculturalism(多元文化主多元文化主义义)istherecognitionthatseveraldifferentculturescanexistinthesameenvironmentandbenefiteachother.跨文化交际案例讨论课件Howcananindividualbecomemoremulticultural?1.Communicatewithculturallyheterophilousothers.2.Workatunderstandingpeopleunlikeyourself.3.Empathizewithheterophilousotherssothatyoucanlookattheworldfromtheirpointofview.4.Capitalizeonthenaturalcuriositythatweallhaveinlearningaboutotherpeoplewhoaredifferentfromus.5.Understandyourself,particularlyyourdegreeofethnocentrism,prejudice,andstereotypingversusculturalrelativism,tolerance,andunderstanding.6.Recognizeandappreciatetheculturaldifferenceamongpeopleinyourenvironment.7.Benonjudgmentalofothersandtheirculturalvalues.How can an individual become m跨文化交际案例讨论课件Assimilation(同化)isthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinquishesanoriginalcultureforanother.Whenindividualsareassimilatedintoamainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.Theassimilationprocessmayoccurovertwoormoregenerations.Acculturation(涵化)istheprocessthroughwhichanindividualissocializedintoanewculturewhileretainingmanyaspectsofapreviousculture.Incontrasttoassimilation,theacculturatedindividualbecomesamixtureoftwoormorecultures.Acculturationinvolvesalesscompleteintegrationofanindividualintothehostculturethandoesassimilation.Assimilation(同化)is the degre跨文化交际案例讨论课件台湾日据时期的老照片台湾日据时期的老照片Sojourner(暂居者暂居者)Ansojournerisaninvidualwhovisitsanothercultureforaperiodoftimebutwhoretainshis/heroriginalculture.Thesojournertypicallyisavisitorortravelerwhoonlyresidesintheothercultureforarelativelyspecifictime,oftenayearortwo,withtheintentionofreturninghome.Sojournermaybebusinesspeople,diplomats,students.militaryperonnel,orguestworkers.Sojourningcouldbeaverydifficultprocess,especiallywhenanindividualissojourningforthefirsttime.Someindividualsperceivethesojourningexperienceasnegativeandpersonallypainful,atleastduringtheirsojourn.However,ifonehasthedesiretounderstandadifferentculture,sojourningcanbeanexcitingandwonderfuleventoncetheperiodofadjustmentpasses.Sojourningcanchangeoneslifebygivingafeelingofself-confidenceandself-efficacy,asenseofcontrollingoneslifeandovercomingdifficultsituations.Sojourner(暂居者)跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件书面报告（任选一个，约1200汉字）1.由尼克松访问巴西时的OK手势所想到的。2.关于中国的liveanimalmarket，本人是这么看的。3.那只叫“Mohammad”的泰迪小熊所带来的风波。4.在菲律宾做一个快乐的Sojourner，偶准备好了么。书面报告（任选一个，约1200汉字）跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件跨文化交际案例讨论课件入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力清聴清聴入力入力入力