文化环境与商业文化资料课件

McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-1What is Culture?A system of values and norms sharedamong a group ofpeople and,whentaken together,constitute a designfor living.1 1FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-2What is culture?Culture is everything that people have,think or do as members of their societyl lshared by two or more peopleshared by two or more peoplel ltransmitted by a learning processtransmitted by a learning process_CULTURE CONSISTS OF:l lMaterial objectsMaterial objectsl l Ideas,values and attitudes Ideas,values and attitudesl l Normative or expected patterns of behaviour Normative or expected patterns of behaviour2 2FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-3Cultural universalsEconomic systemEconomic systemMarriage and family systemMarriage and family systemEducational systemEducational systemSocial control systemSocial control systemSupernatural belief systemSupernatural belief system3 3FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-4Culture is DynamicCultural Change4 4FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-5Norms and ValuesNorms:l lSocial rules and Social rules and guidelines that prescribe guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in appropriate behaviour in particular situations.particular situations.l lFolkways:Folkways:Routine conventions of Routine conventions of everyday life.everyday life.l lMores:Mores:Central to functioning of Central to functioning of society and its social lifesociety and its social life.Values:l lAbstract ideas about Abstract ideas about what a group what a group believes to be good,believes to be good,right,and desirable.right,and desirable.l lThe bedrock of The bedrock of culture.culture.l lHave emotional Have emotional significance.significance.FreedomFreedom.5 5FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-6Culture,Society and the Nation-StateNation-States are political creations6 6FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-7Determinants of Culture7 7FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-8Social Structure8 8FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-9Social StratificationTypically defined by family background,occupation,and income.Class:some social mobilityCaste:Virtually no mobility9 9FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-10ReligionShared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the sacred.Ethical Systems:l lMoral principles or values used to guide Moral principles or values used to guide and shape behavior.and shape behavior.Shapes attitudes toward work and entrepreneurship and can affect the cost of doing business.1010FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-11Worlds Religions1111FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-12Worlds religions1212FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-13Religion and Economic ImplicationsChristianityChristianityl l“”“”Protestant Work Ethic”and“The Spirit of Capitalism”Protestant Work Ethic”and“The Spirit of Capitalism”.”.IslamIslaml l Favors market-based systems.Favors market-based systems.l lNo payment or receipt of interest.No payment or receipt of interest.HinduismHinduisml l Asceticism may have an impact.Asceticism may have an impact.l lCaste system plays a role.Caste system plays a role.BuddhismBuddhisml lLittle emphasis on entrepreneurial behaviorLittle emphasis on entrepreneurial behavior.ConfucianismConfucianisml lLoyalty,reciprocal obligations,and honesty in dealingsLoyalty,reciprocal obligations,and honesty in dealings.1313FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-14LanguageAllows people to communicate.Structures the way the world is perceived.Directs attention to certain features of the world rather than others.Helps define culture.Creates separatist tendencies?1414FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-15Spoken Language1515FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-16Language dimensionsThe spoken languageThe written languageThe official languageLinguistic pluralismLanguage hierarchyInternational languageMass media languageThe non-spoken language/body-language1616FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-17Nonspoken LanguageNonverbal cues:l leyebrowseyebrowsl lfingers/thumbsfingers/thumbsl lhand gestureshand gesturesl lfeetfeetl lpersonal spacepersonal spacel lbody gesturesbody gestures1717FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-18Education1818FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-19Legal systemsCivil/Code lawCivil/Code lawl lContinental Europe.CodificationContinental Europe.CodificationCommon lawCommon lawl lAnglo-Saxon.Court decisions(precedents/prejudikat)Anglo-Saxon.Court decisions(precedents/prejudikat)Islamic law(Sharia)Islamic law(Sharia)l lMiddle East&South Asia.13th century frozen Islamic Middle East&South Asia.13th century frozen Islamic moralmoralPolitical lawPolitical lawl lCommunist countries.Political courts Communist countries.Political courts 1919FEB 690 FEB 690 The cultural environment and the business culture2020FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-21What is Culture?A system of values and norms sharedamong a group ofpeople and,whentaken together,constitute a designfor living.2121FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-22What is culture?Culture is everything that people have,think or do as members of their societyl lshared by two or more peopleshared by two or more peoplel ltransmitted by a learning processtransmitted by a learning process_CULTURE CONSISTS OF:l lMaterial objectsMaterial objectsl l Ideas,values and attitudes Ideas,values and attitudesl l Normative or expected patterns of behaviour Normative or expected patterns of behaviour2222FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-23Cultural universalsEconomic systemEconomic systemMarriage and family systemMarriage and family systemEducational systemEducational systemSocial control systemSocial control systemSupernatural belief systemSupernatural belief system2323FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-24Culture is DynamicCultural Change2424FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-25Norms and ValuesNorms:l lSocial rules and Social rules and guidelines that prescribe guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in appropriate behaviour in particular situations.particular situations.l lFolkways:Folkways:Routine conventions of Routine conventions of everyday life.everyday life.l lMores:Mores:Central to functioning of Central to functioning of society and its social lifesociety and its social life.Values:l lAbstract ideas about Abstract ideas about what a group what a group believes to be good,believes to be good,right,and desirable.right,and desirable.l lThe bedrock of The bedrock of culture.culture.l lHave emotional Have emotional significance.significance.FreedomFreedom.2525FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-26Culture,Society and the Nation-StateNation-States are political creations2626FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-27Determinants of Culture2727FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-28Social Structure2828FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-29Social StratificationTypically defined by family background,occupation,and income.Class:some social mobilityCaste:Virtually no mobility2929FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-30ReligionShared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the sacred.Ethical Systems:l lMoral principles or values used to guide Moral principles or values used to guide and shape behavior.and shape behavior.Shapes attitudes toward work and entrepreneurship and can affect the cost of doing business.3030FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-31Worlds religions3131FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-32Worlds Religions3232FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-33World religionsMap 3.13333FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-34Religion and Economic ImplicationsChristianityChristianityl l“”“”Protestant Work Ethic”and“The Spirit of Capitalism”Protestant Work Ethic”and“The Spirit of Capitalism”.”.IslamIslaml l Favors market-based systems.Favors market-based systems.l lNo payment or receipt of interest.No payment or receipt of interest.HinduismHinduisml l Asceticism may have an impact.Asceticism may have an impact.l lCaste system plays a role.Caste system plays a role.BuddhismBuddhisml lLittle emphasis on entrepreneurial behaviorLittle emphasis on entrepreneurial behavior.ConfucianismConfucianisml lLoyalty,reciprocal obligations,and honesty in dealingsLoyalty,reciprocal obligations,and honesty in dealings.3434FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-35LanguageAllows people to communicate.Structures the way the world is perceived.Directs attention to certain features of the world rather than others.Helps define culture.Creates separatist tendencies?3535FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-36Spoken Language3636FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-37Language dimensionsThe spoken languageThe written languageThe official languageLinguistic pluralismLanguage hierarchyInternational languageMass media languageThe non-spoken language/body-language3737FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-38Nonspoken LanguageNonverbal cues:l leyebrowseyebrowsl lfingers/thumbsfingers/thumbsl lhand gestureshand gesturesl lfeetfeetl lpersonal spacepersonal spacel lbody gesturesbody gestures3838FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-39Education3939FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-40EducationEducation can be a source of competitive advantagel lExample Example IndiaIndiaMalaysiaMalaysiaSingaporeSingapore4040FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-41Percentage of GNP spent on educationMap 3.24141FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-42Adult literacy ratesMap 3.34242FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-43Legal systemsCivil/Code lawCivil/Code lawl lContinental Europe.CodificationContinental Europe.CodificationCommon lawCommon lawl lAnglo-Saxon.Court decisions(precedents/prejudikat)Anglo-Saxon.Court decisions(precedents/prejudikat)Islamic law(Sharia)Islamic law(Sharia)l lMiddle East&South Asia.13th century frozen Islamic Middle East&South Asia.13th century frozen Islamic moralmoralPolitical lawPolitical lawl lInfluenced by political ideologies.Influenced by political ideologies.4343FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-44Legal systemsFour issues important to international businessl lContract lawl lProperty rights l lProtection of intellectual propertyl lProduct safety and liability4444FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-45 A.Contract lawDispute resolution is often complexl lwhere to arbitrate and whose laws apply?where to arbitrate and whose laws apply?host country or home countryhost country or home countryl lvalidity of contracts and decisionsvalidity of contracts and decisionsRole of United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CIGS)4545FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-46B.Property rightsA bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income from that resourceProperty rights can be violated throughl lprivate actionprivate actionl lpublic action and corruptionpublic action and corruption4646FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-47 C.Protection of intellectual propertyIntellectual property refers to property that is the product of intellectual activity l lPatentPatent:inventors exclusive rights to:inventors exclusive rights to manufacture,use,sale of an inventionmanufacture,use,sale of an inventionl lCopyright:Copyright:same for authors,composers,same for authors,composers,artists,publishersartists,publishersl lTrademarksTrademarks:unique designs and names,:unique designs and names,often officially registeredoften officially registered4747FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-48D.Product safety and liabilityProduct safety laws set safety standards for products and manufacturing processesProduct liability laws hold the firm and its officers responsible for product safety standardsCriminal laws/civil liability lawsl lLeast extensive in lesser developed Least extensive in lesser developed countriescountriesl lRaise important ethical issues for firms Raise important ethical issues for firms doing business abroaddoing business abroad4848FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-49Legal systemsRules-laws-that regulate behaviorl lprocesses through which laws are enforced&grievances are redressedBusinesses must observel lhome country lawsl lhost country lawsl linternational Laws and Treaties4949FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-50Business culture5050FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-51Gert Hofstede(NL)l lStudy(IBM)is a general way to look at differences between Study(IBM)is a general way to look at differences between culturesculturesl l4 dimensions:4 dimensions:Power distance.Power distance.Individualism versus collectivism.Individualism versus collectivism.Uncertainty avoidanceUncertainty avoidance Masculinity versus femininityMasculinity versus femininityl lBut:But:Assumption of one-to-one relationship between culture Assumption of one-to-one relationship between culture and nation stateand nation state Research may be culturally boundResearch may be culturally bound Respondents worked within a single companyRespondents worked within a single company Work is beginning to look dated(1967-1973Work is beginning to look dated(1967-19735151FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-52Hofstede:Work Related Values for Selected CountriesTable 3.15252FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-53Richard Gestland(DK)Dealfocused cultures Relationfocused culturesDealfocused cultures Relationfocused culturesInformal cultures Formal culturesInformal cultures Formal culturesRigid-time cultures Fluid-time culturesRigid-time cultures Fluid-time culturesExpressive cultures Reserved culturesExpressive cultures Reserved culturesBased on own experiencesBased on own experiences5353FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-54Trompenaar(NL)Larger base for national comparisonsNot limited to one companyOther findingsl lRelation to timeRelation to timel lTone of voiceTone of voicel lSilenceSilencel lHigh/low contextHigh/low context5454FEB 690 FEB 690 Swedish business cultureWhat is typical?5555FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-56Psychic distanceHow close are two countries in business culture?Swedish research in Uppsala5656FEB 690 FEB 690 A European structure of business cultureBased on a study by top-managers5757FEB 690 FEB 690 Different management systemsUnited statesJapanEurope5858FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-59Global Business EtiquetteDress codeDress codePunctualityPunctualityNon-verbal greetingsNon-verbal greetingsForms of addressForms of addressVerbal greetingVerbal greetingExchange business cardsExchange business cardsGiftsGiftsRefreshmentsRefreshmentsWining and diningWining and dining5959FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-60Business ethicsCorporate social responsabilityManagerial behaviorState interventions6060FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-61Corporate social responsibility(related to business policy issues)Two perspectives:l lThe efficiency perspectivel lThe social responsibility perspective6161FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-62Ethics in international business(=managerial behaviour)(=managerial behaviour)A teleological perspective(goaloriented doctrine)A deontological perspective(=theory of moral obligations)6262FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-63Possible ethic issues in international businessExamples:Group orientationFalse informationDealing with competitorsGender equalityAttitudes to unions and environmentCorruption and bribes6363FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-64State interventions:US Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977OECD recommendations are expectedSweden/India:BoforsFrance:Elf6464FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-65Country Corruption Rankings 2000CanadaU.K.AustraliaFranceGreeceRussiaNigeria10=Highly clean 0=Totally corruptFigure 2.16565FEB 690 FEB 690 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,All Rights Reserved.3-66Be aware of your ethnocentricbehavior!(=we are superior)6666FEB 690 FEB 690 供娄浪颓蓝辣袄驹靴锯澜互慌仲写绎衰斡染圾明将呆则孰盆瘸砒腥悉漠堑脊髓灰质炎(讲课2019)脊髓灰质炎(讲课2019)供娄浪颓蓝辣袄驹靴锯澜互慌仲写绎衰斡染圾明将呆则孰盆瘸砒腥悉漠堑脊髓灰质炎(讲课2019)脊髓灰质炎(讲课2019)