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2有机物的命名1烷烃（alkanes）1.1直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecane2有机物的命名1烷烃（alkanes）1Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4MethaneCH3CH2CH3PropaneCH3CH3EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 DecaneAlkane=Number21119Alkane=Numberprefix-decaneforexample:11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane17-alkaneHeptadecane318-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane20-alkaneIcosane2129Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane18-alkane430-AlkaneTriacontane3139Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontaneforexample:31-AlkaneHentriacontane32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane34-AlkaneTetratriacontane35-Alkanepentatriacontane36-AlkaneHexatriacontane30-Alkane54090Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane4090Alkane=Number61.2含支链烷烃和烷基命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkylgroups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如：CH3-MethylCH3-(CH2)9-CH2-UndecylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH33-Methylpentane1.2含支链烷烃和烷基7UnivalentradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylUnivalentradicalsRa8Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbonbranched-chainhydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkaneforexample:Saturatedbranched-chainhydro9UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:UnivalentbranchedradicalsRad10AlkanesThenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.Alkanes11Table1Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanesCH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42EicosaneTable1Namesofcontinuous-12AlkenesandAlkynesUnbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedintheIUPACsystembyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingis-adiene,-atriene,etc.Unbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingis-adiyne,-atriyneetc.Table2showsnamesforsomealkylgroups,alkanes,alkenesandalkynes.AlkenesandAlkynes13Table2SomeAlkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,AlkynesAlkanesAlkylsAlkenesalkynesIUPACCommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl(amyl)PentenePentylenePentyneHexaneHexylHeptaneHeptylOctaneOctylNonaneNonylDecaneDecyl-ane-yl-ene-ene-yneTable2SomeAlkanes,Alkyl14ThePrefixesIntheIUPACsystem,alkylandarylsubstituentsandmanyfunctionalgroupsarenamedasprefixesontheparent(forexample,iodomethane).SomecommonfunctionalgroupsnamedasprefixesarelistedinTable3.ThePrefixes15Table3SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixesStructureNameStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-FFluoro-NH2Amino-HHydro-N=N-Azo-IIodo-BrBromo-NO2Nitro-ClChloro-NONitroso-*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroupTable3SomeFunctionalGro16Insimplecompounds,theprefixesdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.areusedtoindicatethenumberoftimesasubstituentisfoundinthestructure:e.g.,dimethylaminefor(CH3)2NHordichloromethaneforCH2Cl2.Incomplexstructures,theprefixesbis-,tris-,andtetrakis-areused:bis-meanstwoofakind;tris-,threeofakind;andtetrakis-,fourofakind.(CH3)2N2isbis(dimethylamino)andnotdi(dimethylamino).Insimplecompounds,thepref17hypochloriteClO-ChloriteClO2-chlorateClO3-perchlorateClO4-hypochloriteClO-Chlorit18Appendix2SIUnitsPhysicalQuantityNameofUnitsSymbolLengthmetermMasskilogramkgTimesecondsTemperatureKelvinKAmountofsubstancemolemolElectriccurrentAmpereALuminousintensitycandelacdSIFundamentalUnitsAppendix2SIUnitsPhysicalQ19TraditionalMetricandSIPrefixesFactorPrefixSymbol FactorPrefixSymbol1012teraT10-2centic109gigaG10-3millim106megaM10-6micro103kilok10-9nanon102hectoh10-12picop101dekada10-15femtof10-1decid10-18attoaTraditionalMetricandSIPref20DerivatedSIUnitsPhysicalQuantity NameofUnitSymbol DefinitionAreaSquaremeterm2VolumeCubicmeterm3DensityKilogrampercubicmeterkgm-3ForceNewtonNkgms-2PressurePascalPaNm-2EnergyJouleJkgm2s-2ElectricquantityCoulombCAsElectricpotentialdifferenceVoltVJ/(As)DerivatedSIUnitsPhysicalQu21HomeworkPrepare an introduction of yourselfFast read practice of the current textPrepare for the next text 1-5 Green ChemistryHomeworkPrepareanintroductio22
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