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共 61 页1 专题七非谓语动词 共 61 页2 一、非谓语动词的形式和作用1非谓语动词的形式主动被动一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式不定式to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done现在分词或动名词doing having done being done having been done过去分词done 共 61 页3 一般来说，非谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前时，多用完成式；同时发生时用一般式或进行式；之后发生时则用一般式。例如：Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.(2)非谓语动词的否定式为在非谓语动词前加 not。例如：not to have, not being done, not having been done, his not having succeeded 等。 共 61 页4 2非谓语动词的逻辑主语(1)不定式的逻辑主语为 for sb. 或 of sb. 当逻辑主语前的形容词是表示人的品质、性格特征和心理变化的词时用 of sb. 而当形容词是表示事物的特点、特征时用 for sb.，这时的句子不可改写成以人做主语。例如：It is necessary for you to help him.It is kind of you to help him.(You are kind to help him.)逻辑主语前没有形容词时用 for sb.。例如：Here is the book for you to read. 共 61 页5 (2)动名词的逻辑主语一般用名词普通格或所有格，代词宾格或所有格，但在句首时只能用所有格。例如：Do you mind me (my) smoking here?My coming late may interrupt you.(3)分词的逻辑主语一般用名词的普通格或代词的主格(主要出现在独立主格结构中)。例如：The students having finished the exercises, the teacher brought the class to an end. 共 61 页6 3.非谓语动词的句法作用主语宾语表语定语状语宾补主补时间原因条件伴随目的结果不定式动名词现在分词过去分词 共 61 页7 (1)现在分词的完成式在句中只能作状语，表示时间或原因。(2)现在分词间或也可作结果状语(表示一种自然而然的结果)。例如：It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. 共 61 页8 二、非谓语动词的用法和辨别1不定式与动名词做主语、表语、宾语时的用法和区别(1)不定式、动名词做主语、表语、宾语时的一般区别 动词特征时间概念不定式具体的、一次性的、特定的行为，强调动作多表将来或已完成动名词抽象的、一般性的行为，强调事情本身多无时间性 共 61 页9 例如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you now.(2)不定式、动名词作主语、表语、宾语时的一些特殊用法有时动名词和不定式做主语、表语、宾语时的差别不大。对称原则，即主语用什么，表语也用什么。例如：To see is to believe.Seeing is believing. 共 61 页10 在以下结构中多用动名词：Its no use talking a lot without doing anything.Its no good staying here. Its very dangerous.该句型涉及的形容词和名词词组常见的有：no use, any use, some use, no good, any good, some good, a waste of time, fun, worthwhile 等。 共 61 页11 特别提醒：还有一些形容词和名词词组既可以和动名词搭配，也可以和不定式短语搭配。不定式表示具体的动作，动名词表示抽象的行为。例如：It is useless to talk with such a man as him.It is useless talking with such a man as him.在以下结构中多用不定式：Its kind of you to say so.It will be a mistake for us not to help him.It took us ten minutes to help him out of the well.It cost him all his life to write the book. 共 61 页12 下列动词和动词词组可接不定式做宾语(不可接动名词)：wish, want (想、要)，hope, expect, desire, long, intend, demand, plan, beg, ask, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, offer, pretend, prepare, manage, fail, learn, dare, help, afford, choose, set out (着手), aim, apply, arrange, claim, swear, threaten 等。 共 61 页13 下列动词和动词词组可接动名词做宾语(不可接不定式)：suggest, mind, enjoy, miss, resist, practise, escape, delay, excuse, advise, finish, prevent, imagine, admit, appreciate, understand, fancy, bear, stand (忍受), consider (考虑), keep (on), object to, stick to, look forward to, get used to, get down to, prefer.to, devote.to, put off, give up, feel like, cant help, cant stand 等。 共 61 页14 特别提醒：advise, allow, forbid, permit 等动词可以后接动名词做宾语，也可带不定式做宾语补足语。下列动词既可接不定式，也可接名词做宾语，且无多大区别：continue, prefer, love, hate 等。begin, start 后既可接不定式也可接名词做宾语，一般无多大区别，但当主语是无生命的事物时/非谓语动词是表示人的心理状态的动词时 begin, start 本身用了进行式时，其后就只能用不定式。例如：Soon it began to rain. (主语是无生命的事物)At last Mr White began to understand his mistakes.(不定式表示的是人的心理状态)They are beginning to learn English. (begin 本身用了进行式) 共 61 页15 下列动词和动词词组后接不定式或动名词时，意义上有明显区别：remember/forget/regret to do记住/忘记/遗憾去做remember/forget/regret doing 记得/忘记/后悔做了mean to do 意欲做，打算做mean doing 意味着，着眼于，需要try to do 设法去做(不一定成功)，try doing 试着去做 共 61 页16 stop to do 停下来去做另一件事stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 做完一件事后接着做另外一件事go on doing 继续做本来的事情cant help doing 情不自禁干某事 共 61 页17 例如：I remembered being paid, but forgot to get the money on the counter because of my carelessness.I hadnt meant to hurt you; instead, what I said really meant advising you to be good.B10need, require, want (需要)等词后既可接不定式亦可接动名词作宾语。接不定式时用被动形式表示被动含义，接动名词时用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：Who needed to be taken care of?Who needed taking care of? 共 61 页18 be afraid to do 表示“不敢做某事”(多表示有意识的行为)，be afraid of doing 表示“害怕做某事”(多表示无意识的行为)。例如：Im afraid to cross the bridge, because Im afraid of falling into the river. 共 61 页19 2不定式、动名词与分词做定语时的用法和区别 (1)非谓语动词做定语时的区别与中心词的位置关系与中心词的逻辑关系时间概念不定式总是位于其后多有动宾关系多表将来(将发生)动名词多位于其前表示其用途无时间性(常发生)现在分词或前或后多有主谓关系表示进行(在发生)过去分词或前或后及物动词有动宾关系多表完成(已发生) 共 61 页20 (2)不定式、动名词、分词做定语时的一些特殊用法不定式做定语通常表示一个未发生的动作或已完成的动作，也可表示情态意味。例如：The meeting to be held is of great importance.(未发生)Madame Curie was the first person to discover the element radium.(已完成)He isnt the proper person to do the work.(有情态意味) 共 61 页21 不定式所修饰的名词可能是逻辑主语，也可能是其逻辑宾语，还可能是时间、地点、方式和同位关系。例如：He is the proper person to work at the wallnewspaper.(逻辑主语)She didnt know which topic to write about.(逻辑宾语)We are looking forward to a fine day to go for an outing.(时间关系)Tom kept his promise to tell the children a story after class.(同位关系) 共 61 页22 特别提醒：不定式做定语时如果与被修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，动词须是及物的，不及物的要加介词。例如：He has no room to live in at the moment.但不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time，place，way 这几个直接表示时间、地点、方式的词时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如：We had no money and no place to live those days.现在分词做定语通常表示动作的正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词则表示动作已完成或先于谓语动词发生。例如：The bridge to be built next year is just between the one built last year and the one being built now. 共 61 页23 特别提醒：现在分词做定语通常表示动作的正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生，如果两个动作有前有后，除了视情况改为过去分词外，更多的是将其改为定语从句。例如：The policeman praised the man who had found the wallet and given it in to the police.现在分词做定语除了表示一个正在进行的动作外，还可表示特征性的行为。例如：A basketball player is a person playing basketball. 共 61 页24 动名词做定语一般表示用途，而现在分词做定语则一般表示性质、特征。试比较：working clothes(工作服)clothes for workingworking people(劳动者)people who work名词和形容词做定语时的区别有时也具有类似的特点，如 a chemistry lab，a chemical change。 共 61 页25 3不定式与分词做补足语时的用法和区别 (1)不定式、分词做补足语时的区别与被补述词的逻辑关系时间概念不定式有主谓关系表示完成或将来，强调动作将发生或已经完成现在分词有主谓关系表示进行，强调动作正在进行过去分词及物动词有动宾关系表示完成，多强调状态 共 61 页26 (2)不定式、分词做补足语时的一些特殊用法不定式在“知觉”动词后做宾补时，通常强调动作的全过程，而现在分词则强调短暂情形。例如：I saw her pass by me just now.We heard someone knocking at the door.We heard someone knock at the door four times. 共 61 页27 have.do 表示“让做某事”，have.doing 表示“让一直做某事”，have.done表示“请别人做某事”或“招致某事(物)被(表示一种经历)”。 例如：Youd better have a student clean the window.The boss had the workers working all day long.I had my watch stolen yesterday. 共 61 页28 4不定式与分词做状语时的用法和区别(1)不定式一般充当目的状语和结果状语。不定式做目的状语时的主要形式有：to do，so as to do，in order to do；做结果状语时的主要形式有：to do，enough to do，too.to do，so.as to do，such.as to do，only to do(表示出人意料的结果)。不定式也可用在做表语用的形容词后做状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因。常见的形容词有：glad，pleased，surprised，disappointed，anxious 等。分词一般充当时间、原因、条件、方式(伴随)状语，现在分词有时还可充当结果状语。 共 61 页29 特别提醒：不定式做结果状语时一般表示出乎意料的结果，而分词多表示自然而然的结果。例如：I woke up only to find everyone gone.He dropped the glass by mistake，making it broken.在 only (all，but，not，never)tooadj.to do sth.结构里，不定式没有否定意义。例如：Im only too glad to stay at home.Its never too late to learn. 共 61 页30 当 too 与 anxious，eager，easy，glad，willing，ready 等连用时，后面的不定式没有否定意义。例如：He was too anxious to know the result of the exam.用现在分词做结果状语时，前面常有 thus 等副词。例如：Their car was caught in a traffic jam (堵塞)，thus causing the delay. 共 61 页31 (2)分词可以做时间状语、伴随状语，而不定式不可以。做时间状语时通常前置，做伴随状语时通常后置。(3)分词和不定式都可以做原因状语，但其搭配形式不同。用现在分词短语表示原因的动词多为 be 动词、认知和心理活动方面的动词，而且多前置。例如：Not knowing the exact address of the office.I had to ask a policeman.不定式作原因状语一般用在“连系动词adj.to do”的结构中，且形容词多为表示人的情感方面的词。例如：He seemed surprised to see us. 共 61 页32 (4)分词做状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语必须一致。例：Seen from the hill，the village seems quite small.Seeing from the hill，you can find the village quite small.如果其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，就需要在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语，使其变成一个独立主格结构。例如：The boy having finished his exercises，the teacher let him away.The exercises done，the students went home. 共 61 页33 (5)分词的逻辑主语如果与句子的主语一致，分词前的主谓结构可以省略。例如：Be careful if(you are)crossing this street.When(it is)heated，water changes into steam.Though(they were)surrounded，they were not discouraged. (6)在“toohappy，glad，pleased，delighted，ready，satisfied，willing，eager，easy，thankful等表示情感的词to do”的结构中，to do 并不表示否定。例如：He is too eager to see you.他渴望见到你。(7)有些结构看上去是状语，实际上是独立结构。例如： To tell you the truth.I dont know him at all.Judging by his clothes，he is a common man. 共 61 页34 特别提醒：judging 和 including 常被视做分词介词，故不需要考虑主动与被动形式。例如：Judging from your accent，you are from Suzhou.None of us knew about it，including the teacher. 共 61 页35 5现在分词被动语态与过去分词的区别(1)当分词所表示的动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生时：若做定语、宾语补足语多用现在分词的被动语态。例如：He asked who was the man being operated on.Passing by our town，you can see many buildings being built.用做时间、原因状语时，多用现在分词的被动语态。例如：Having been shown around the labs，we were taken to see the library.Being protected by a thick wall，they felt safe enough. 共 61 页36 用做表示伴随情况或行为方式的状语时，多用过去分词。例如：The teacher went out，followed by some students.Seen from the hill，the town looks very beautiful.作表语时多用过去分词。例如：The glass is broken.She looked deeply worried.在“have/get复合宾语”的结构中，表示“让别人做某事”时，宾语补足语多用过去分词。例如：Im going to have my hair cut.Youd better get it repaired. 共 61 页37 (2)当分词表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作时：一般用过去分词。例如：Hit by a bullet，the boy fell from the tree.The book written by him is widely read.如果要特别强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作时，则用现在分词的被动完成式来表示。例如：Not having been invited，she had to stay at home.The exercise having been done，the schoolboys went home.如果分词所表示的动作时间性不强或不强调时间性，一般用过去分词。例如：Once begun，the fight had to go on. The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa. 共 61 页38 名校模拟演练 共 61 页39 1(2010长春调研)The firm was successfully run and _， he owed his success to the support of his friends.Alooking back Blooked backCto look back Dwhen looked back解析：考查非谓语动词。“当回顾过去时”在句中作时间状语，因为look back与主语he之间为主谓关系而不是动宾关系，因此不能使用过去分词形式，而应用现在分词形式。答案：A 共 61 页40 2(2010安徽皖南八校二联)Something as simple as _ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life.Ato eat BeatingCto be eating Deaten解析：考查非谓语动词。空格前的as为介词，其后的动词应用其动名词形式。语境：童年时像吃蔬菜这样简单的事也许后来会帮助你预防严重的疾病。答案：B 共 61 页41 3(2010山东潍坊质量监测)With trees and grass _ 39.6% of the urban area, the city of Weifang has taken on a new look.Acovered BcoveringCto be covered Dbeing covered解析：考查非谓语动词。语意为：随着城市绿化覆盖率达到39.6%，潍坊呈现出了新面貌。trees and grass和cover之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故选B项。答案：B 共 61 页42 4(2010福建六校三联)_ by the beauty of its buildings on their previous visit, they decided to visit the small old town again.AStruck BTo be struckCHaving struck DBeing struck解析：strike与其逻辑主语they之间为动宾关系，故应用动词的过去分词形式作状语。答案：A 共 61 页43 5(2010北京东城期末)Subway Line 4, _ into use in September 2009, has made traveling in Beijing easier.Ahaving been put BputtingCbeing put DPut答案：D 共 61 页44 解析：考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词题目的解题核心在于找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语，然后判断该逻辑主语与此非谓语动词之间的关系。同时要记住以下要点：不定式表示将来的动作；动名词相当于名词；现在分词表示主动或者正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动或者已经完成的动作。此处逻辑主语是Subway Line 4，与put之间构成动宾关系，现在分词的完成式不作定语，排除A、B项表主动关系；C项表示“正在被投入使用”，据此选D项。 共 61 页45 6(2010北京海淀期末)The silence of the library is sometimes broken by a sudden cough or the sound of pages _.Aturning BturnedCbeing turned Dhaving turned解析：考查非谓语动词。该非谓语动词的逻辑主语是pages，与turn之间构成动宾关系，同时，表示“书页正在被翻”用being turned，A和D都是“主动结构”，不符合语法，据此这里选C项。答案：C 共 61 页46 7(2010陕西西安质检)The girl glanced over her shoulder and found herself _ by a young man in black.Awas followed BfollowedCfollowing Dhad been followed解析：考查非谓语动词。根据语意可知，follow和herself之间是动宾关系，因此用动词的过去分词形式作宾语补足语。注意：found后不是句子，A、D两项可直接排除。答案：B 共 61 页47 8(2010上海春招)_ well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.ADo BDoingCDone DBeing done解析：考查非谓语动词。句子缺少主语，所以此处用动名词作主语，即Doing well in an interview是句子的主语，其他选项都不能充当主语，所以这里选B项。答案：B 共 61 页48 9(2010河南省实验中学)_ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many unique plants and animals.ATo separate BSeparatingCBeing separated DHaving been separated解析：考查非谓语动词。根据前半句中的时间状语for millions of years可知这里用分词的完成时，分词的完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。Australia与separate之间又是动宾关系，所以用分词完成时的被动形式。答案：D 共 61 页49 10(2010成都联考)Why do you look sad?There are so many problems _.Aremaining to settle Bremained settlingCremainning to be settled Dremained to be settled答案：C 共 61 页50 解析：考查现在分词及不定式的用法。由语意可知，settle在句中表示将要发生的动作，它的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，用不定式的被动语态作动词remain的宾语；remaining to be settled为分词短语作定语修饰名词problems，它与所修饰的名词之间为主动关系。
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