演讲的文体特点

Stylistic Feature of Speech What is Pubic Speaking? Public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influence them. Types of Public Speaking Informative 信息性演讲 Persuasive 劝说性演讲 Qualification of a Good Speech A proper topic with a clear purpose选题合适，意图明确 Wealthy contents and convincing materials内容丰富，有理有据 Reasonable structure and logical development展开得当，布局合理 Appropriate Rhetoric修辞得体 Basic Structure of a Speech Introduction Body Conclusion Beginning the Speech Get the Audiences Attention Establish the need Reveal the topic and your interest or point of view Establish credibility and goodwill with the audience Preview the body of the speech How to open your speech Asking rhetorical question 设问 Creating a suspense 悬念 Relating a story/an example 讲故事/举例 Citing a quotation 引言 Acknowledging audience/ referring to the audience 致谢/点题 Reviewing history 回顾历史 Development of the Body Supporting Materials Examples 事例 Statistics 数据 Testimony/Quotation 证言/引言 Transitions Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Past/present/future Spatial Classification Problem/solution Cause/effect/solution Topical What issues will determine the 2004 Presidential Election? -Health Care -Economy -National Security classification Who will win the 2004 Presidential Election? -Independence -Democrats -Republicans Conclusion/ending the speech Summarize Signal the end of the speech Motive the audience How to conclude Summing up gist 总结要点 Citing a quotation 引言 Referring to the introduction 首尾呼应 Issuing a challenge or an appeal 提出挑战，呼吁行动 Language style Clarity and Economy 简洁、清晰 Precision 准确 Vividness 生动 Appropriate 恰当 Clarity of language Avoid polysyllabic words. Use foreign words and phrases sparingly. Avoid technical language when speaking to listeners out of your profession. Precision of language Use “omnibus” words sparingly Avoid hazy words Avoid words that have become emotionally charged labels (Synonyms) Concrete and precise具体准确 Taxes will go up. Taxes will increase by 22 percent. She is wealthy. She makes 400,000 a year, has a winter home in San Diego and a summer home in Switzerland, and owns four different sports cars. 用alarmingly （贬义）代替surprisingly（中性）使听众体会的巨大危险或不愉快来临时的吃惊，紧张得情绪。用turnout(贬义）代替result(中性）使听众体会到结果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒义)代替difficult(中性）使听众感受到困难的相对有趣和积极性。用determined(褒义)代替unyielding(中性)时听众感受到讲话人坚决地毫不动摇的决心。 Vividness of language Avoid the overworked words and expressions Use personal pronouns. Vary the sentence. Use figurative language occasionally. Use assertive sentence Use active voice vividness形象的描绘色彩、声音、光、味觉、嗅觉等的感性语言称之为生动的语言（Beebe,1994:294）富兰克林罗斯福于1941年在日本偷袭珍珠港后在国会所做的演讲 A date which will live in world history. A date which will live in infamy.(一个遗臭万年的日子)美国人们的愤慨和对日本侵略者的谴责 Assertive sentence The committee rejected the proposal. The proposal was favored by management Active voiceManagement favored the proposal.The proposal was favored by management. Vary the sentence“It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” “先生，大事化小，小事化无的做法无济于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事实上战争已经开始！不久北方刮起的风暴即将带来震耳的隆隆炮声。我们的弟兄已经开赴战场，为什么我们还在这里投闲置散？诸君究竟希望什么？他们会得到什么？难道生命真的这样可贵，和平真的这样美好，竟值得用枷锁和奴役为代价？全能的上帝啊，制止他们这样做吧！我不知道别人选择什么样的道路，但对我来说，不自由，毋宁死！” 不自由，毋宁死帕特里克.亨利 里根总统就挑战者号航天飞机失事做的悼词： This is a truly national loss. Nineteen years ago almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in flight. Weve never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps weve forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle. appropriateness occasion/purpose/audience Check to make sure that the words you are using are not going to offend anyone. Sexist, ageist, racist Tips for Effective Speaking Overcoming Stage Fright Vocal Effects Visual Aids Nonverbal Means of Communication Types of Delivery Vocal Effects Volume Pronunciation and Articulation Pitch and Inflections Rate Pause Nonverbal Means of Communication Personal appearance Eye contact Posture Gesture Facial Expression Types of Delivery Manuscript Delivery 念稿演讲 Memorized Delivery 背诵演讲 Impromptu Delivery 即兴演讲 Outline/Extemporaneous Delivery 提纲演讲 Figures of speech Simile Metaphor Personification Antithesis Climax Synecdoche Metonymy Alliteration onomatopoeia Simile“Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.” “100年前，一位伟大的美国人今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下签署了解放宣言。这项重要法令的颁布，对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴，犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔，恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。” 我有一个梦想 马丁路德金 Metaphor “But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.” “100年后，黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物质繁荣翰海的贫困孤岛上。100年后，黑人依然在美国社会中间向隅而泣，依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。” 我有一个梦想 马丁路德金 Personification Books cannot be killed by fire. People died, but books never die. No man and no force can abolish memoryIn this war, we know, books are weapons. -by Franklin D. Roosevelt Antithesis “I do not shrink from this responsibility - I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.” “在世界的悠久历史中，只有很少几个世代的人赋有这种在自由遭遇最大危机时保卫自由的任务。我决不在这责任之前退缩；我欢迎它。我不相信我们中间会有人愿意跟别人及别的世代交换地位。我们在这场努力中所献出的精力、信念与虔诚、将照亮我们的国家以及所有为国家服务的人，而从这一火焰所聚出的光辉必能照明全世界。所以，同胞们：不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。” 约翰肯尼迪就职演讲 Antithesis My love are many, my enemies are few. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Climax层进 But no president, no Congress, no government can undertake this mission alone. -by Bill Clinton Synecdoche The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh see it together. -Martin Luther King Metonymy Alliteration And from our roots, we have drawn tremendous power from two great forces-faith and freedom. -by Ronald Reagan Onomatopoeia Other kinds of rhetorical devices Parallelism Word repetition Rhetorical question Periodic sentence Parallelism“With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.” “有了这个信念，我们就能一同工作，一同祈祷，一同斗争，一同入狱，一同维护自由，因为我们知道，我们终有一天会获得自由。” 我有一个梦想 马丁路德金 Repetition You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs-victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.”若问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来回答，那就是胜利。不惜一切代价，去夺取胜利不惧一切恐怖，去夺取胜利不论前路如何漫长、如何艰苦，去夺取胜利。因为没有胜利就不能生存。” 热血、辛劳、汗水和眼泪温斯顿 丘吉尔 Rhetorical question Shall we pause now and turn our back upon the road that lies ahead? Shall we call this the promised land? Or, shall we continue on our way? -Franklin D. Roosevelt Periodic sentence This is only one force of history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom. - George W. Bush