网络工程师-2-tcpip协议

1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.8-1Chapter 2Chapter 2TCP/IPTCP/IP协议协议协议协议 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-21.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底互互联网网协议IP和和传输控制控制协议TCP是互是互联网网协议族中最族中最为有名的两个有名的两个协议，其，其应用非常广泛，它可以用于任何互用非常广泛，它可以用于任何互相相连接的接的计算机网算机网络系系统之之间的通信，的通信，对局局域网域网LAN和广域网和广域网WAN都有非常好都有非常好的效果。的效果。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-31.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底1.5.1 TCPIP与与OSI参考模型参考模型 TCP/IP协议和和OSI模型的模型的对应关系关系TCPIP协议 OSI模型模型 FTP,TELNET,SMTP,RPC,SNMP,DNS,TFTP,BOOTP,HTTP 应用用层TCP,UDP 传输层IP(ICMP,IGMP),(ARP,RARP)网网络层 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-41.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 TCP/IP的主要的主要协议之之间的相关性的相关性 图中每个封中每个封闭的多的多边形形对应了一个了一个协议，并，并且位于它所直接使用的且位于它所直接使用的协议之上。如之上。如 SMTP依依赖于于TCP，而而TCP依依赖于于IP。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-51.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底TCP/IP的的层层次构造次构造 l应应用用层层。向用。向用户户提供一提供一组组常用的常用的应应用程序。用程序。2传输层传输层 TCP和和UDP。提供提供给给用程序用程序间间的通信，提供了可靠的的通信，提供了可靠的传输传输 UDP不能提供可靠的不能提供可靠的传输传输 等。等。3网网络层络层 IP。负责负责数据包的数据包的寻寻径功能，以保径功能，以保证证数据包可靠到达目的数据包可靠到达目的主机，假主机，假设设不能到达，那么向源主机不能到达，那么向源主机发发送送过过失控制失控制报报文。文。4网网络络接口接口层层。这这是是TCPIP软软件的最低件的最低层层，负责负责接收接收IP数据包并数据包并通通过过网网络发络发送之，或者从网送之，或者从网络络上接收物理上接收物理帧帧，抽出，抽出IP数据包，并把它数据包，并把它交交给给IP层层。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-61.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底1.5.2 网网络层IP层 将所有的低将所有的低层的物理的物理实现隐藏起来，藏起来，作用是将数据包从源主机作用是将数据包从源主机发送出去，并且使送出去，并且使这些数据包独立地到达目的主机。些数据包独立地到达目的主机。在数据包在数据包传送送过程中，即使是程中，即使是连续的数据包，也可能走的数据包，也可能走过不同的途径，到达目不同的途径，到达目的主机的的主机的顺序也会不同于它序也会不同于它们被被发送送时的的顺序。序。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-71.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 TCP/IP数据流程数据流程 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-81.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 IP数据包数据包一一个个IP数数据据包包由由包包头头和和数数据据体体两两部部分分组组成成。包包头头由由20字字节节的固定部分和的固定部分和变长变长的可的可选项选项成。成。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-91.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 IP地址地址在在Internet中中，每每一一台台主主机机都都有有一一个个唯唯一一的的地地址址，网网关关常常常常有有不不止止一一个个的的地地址址。地地址址由由两两部部分分组组成成：网网络络号号和和主主机机号号。这这种种组组合合是是唯唯一一的的，以以使使每每一一个个IP地地址址表表示示Internet中的唯中的唯一台主机。所有一台主机。所有IP地址都是地址都是32位位长长。IP地址分地址分为为五五类类，平常使用的是，平常使用的是A，B，C三三类类地址地址 地址地址类型型地址形式地址形式AN.H.H.HBN.N.H.HCN.N.N.H 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-101.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 IP层层的其它一些的其它一些协议协议 ICMP Internet控制信息控制信息协议协议 用来用来传传送一些关送一些关于网于网络络和主机的控制信息。如目的主机是不可到达的、路由和主机的控制信息。如目的主机是不可到达的、路由的重定向等。的重定向等。ARP 地址解析地址解析协议协议 用来将用来将IP地址映射成相地址映射成相应应的主机的主机 MAC地址。地址。RARP 反向地址解析反向地址解析协议协议 用来将物理地址映用来将物理地址映射成射成32位的位的IP地址。地址。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-111.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底1.5.3 传输层TCP和和UDP TCPTCP协议，即，即传输控制控制协议，是一个可，是一个可靠的、面向靠的、面向连接的接的协议。它允。它允许在在Internet上两台主机上两台主机间信息的无信息的无过失失传输。UDP无无连接方式，即接方式，即UDP方式，当源主机有方式，当源主机有数据数据时，就，就发送。它不管送。它不管发送的数据包是送的数据包是否到达目的主机，数据包是否出否到达目的主机，数据包是否出错，收到，收到数据包的主机也不会告数据包的主机也不会告诉发送方是否正确送方是否正确收到了数据，因此，收到了数据，因此，这是一种不可靠的数是一种不可靠的数据据传输方式。方式。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-121.5 TCP1.5 TCPIPIP协议协议根底根底根底根底 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-13Early protocol suiteUniversalIntroduction to TCP/IPIntroduction to TCP/IPHostInternetTCP/IPHost 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-14TCP/IP TCP/IP 协议栈协议栈协议栈协议栈7654325432ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical1ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-15应用层应用层应用层应用层 OverviewOverview*Used by the routerApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysicalFile Transfer-TFTP*-FTP*-NFSE-Mail-SMTPRemote Login-Telnet*-rlogin*Network Management-SNMP*Name Management-DNS*1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-16传输层传输层传输层传输层 OverviewOverviewTransmission ControlProtocol(TCP)User Datagram Protocol(UDP)ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical面向连接、可靠的面向连接、可靠的无连接，不可靠的无连接，不可靠的 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-17TCPTCP传输控制协议传输控制协议传输控制协议传输控制协议面向连接的面向连接的先建立连接，后传数据先建立连接，后传数据通过三次握手建立连接通过三次握手建立连接可靠的可靠的发送数据后，必须等待确认后才继续发送发送数据后，必须等待确认后才继续发送等不到确认，会重传数据等不到确认，会重传数据电话电话 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-18TCP Segment FormatTCP Segment FormatSource port(16)Destination port(16)Sequence number(32)Headerlength(4)Acknowledgement number(32)Reserved(6)Code bits(6)Window(16)Checksum(16)Urgent(16)Options(0 or 32 if any)Data(varies)20BytesBit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-19Port NumbersPort NumbersTCPPort NumbersFTPTransportLayerTELNETDNSSNMPTFTPSMTPUDPApplicationLayer2123255369161RIP520 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-20TCP Port NumbersTCP Port NumbersSourcePortDest.PortHost A102823SPDPHost ZTelnet ZDest.port=23.Send packet to my Telnet application.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-21Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedHost AHost BTCP TCP 三次握手三次握手三次握手三次握手1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-22Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)Host AHost BSYN received12TCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-23Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)Established(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)Host AHost B123SYN receivedTCP Three Way TCP Three Way Handshake/Open ConnectionHandshake/Open Connection 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-24TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-25TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-26TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-27TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-28TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-29TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3Send 3Receive 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-30Window size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3Send 3Receive 3Receive ACK 4Send ACK 4TCP Simple AcknowledgmentTCP Simple Acknowledgment 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-31TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#Source Dest.Seq.Ack.102823101I justsent#10.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-32TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersI just got#10,now I need#11.SourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.1010Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.1Ack.I justsent#10.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-33TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.1111Seq.2Ack.102823Source Dest.1010Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.1Ack.I just got#10,now I need#11.I justsent#11.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-34TCP Sequence and TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersAcknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.1111Seq.2Ack.102823Source Dest.1010Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1111Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.1212Seq.2Ack.I just got#11,now I need#12.I justsent#11.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-35TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderReceiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-36TCP WindowingTCP WindowingWindow size=3Send 2SenderReceiverWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-37Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedReceiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-38Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedWindow size=3Send 4Window size=3Send 3Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-39Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingTCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedWindow size=3Send 4Window size=3Send 3ACK 5Window size=2Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-40UDP用户数据报协议用户数据报协议面向无连接面向无连接发送数据之前不需要建立连接发送数据之前不需要建立连接直接发送直接发送不可靠不可靠没有发送确认没有发送确认没有重传机制由上层协议控制纠错重传没有重传机制由上层协议控制纠错重传Segment尺寸小，发送速度快尺寸小，发送速度快传呼，短信传呼，短信 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-41No sequence or acknowledgment fieldsUDP Segment FormatUDP Segment FormatSource port(16)Destination port(16)Length(16)Data(if any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31Checksum(16)8Bytes 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-42网络层网络层网络层网络层 IPIPOverviewOverviewOSI 网络层对应网络层对应 TCP/IP internet 层层Internet Protocol(IP)Internet Control MessageProtocol(ICMP)Address ResolutionProtocol(ARP)Reverse AddressResolution Protocol(RARP)ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-43IP层的主要协议层的主要协议IP协议协议-Internet Protocol控制数据的路由与转发控制数据的路由与转发ICMP协议协议-Internet控制消息协议控制消息协议测试网络连通性的协议，返回目的不可到达、测试网络连通性的协议，返回目的不可到达、Echo、超时等消息超时等消息Ping，Trcert，PathpingARP协议协议-地址解析协议地址解析协议RARP协议协议-反向地址解析协议反向地址解析协议 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-44IP DatagramIP DatagramVersion(4)Destination IP Address(32)Options(0 or 32 if any)Data(varies if any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31HeaderLength(4)Priority&Type of Service(8)Total Length(16)Identification(16)Flags(3)Fragment offset(13)Time to live(8)Protocol(8)Header checksum(16)Source IP Address(32)20Bytes 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-45Determines destination upper-layer protocol Protocol FieldProtocol FieldTransportLayerInternetLayerTCPUDPProtocolNumbersIP176 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-46Internet Control Message Internet Control Message ProtocolProtocolApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysicalDestination UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-47Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2=?I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-48Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-49Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-50Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution ProtocolMap IP EthernetLocal ARPIP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-51Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-52Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-53Reverse ARPReverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-54Reverse ARPReverse ARPMap Ethernet IPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-55网络中唯一网络中唯一路由选择的根据路由选择的根据Location is represented by an addressIP IP 地址地址地址地址SADAHDRDATA 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-56IP AddressingIP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost32 bits 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-57IP AddressingIP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111Binary32 bits18 916 1724 2532128643216842112864321684211286432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-58IP AddressingIP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100Binary32 bits 172 16 122 204ExampleDecimalExampleBinary18 916 1724 2532128643216842112864321684211286432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-59Class A:Class B:Class C:Class D:Multicast Class E:ResearchIP Address ClassesIP Address ClassesNetworkHostHostHostNetwork NetworkHostHostNetwork Network NetworkHost8 bits8 bits8 bits8 bits 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-60IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes1Class A:Bits:0NNNNNNNHostHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(1-126)1Class B:Bits:10NNNNNNNetworkHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(128-191)1Class C:Bits:110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHost8 916 17242532Range(192-223)1Class D:Bits:1110MMMMMulticast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group8 916 17242532Range(224-239)1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-61Host AddressesHost AddressesE11212NetworkHost.NetworkInterfaceE0E1Routing TableE0 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-62 11111111Determining Available Host Determining Available Host AddressesAddresses 172 16 0 0 10101100 00010000 00000000 0000000016151413121110 987654321NetworkHost 00000000 00000001 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110.00000000 00000011 11111101123655346553565536-.265534N2N-2=216-2=65534 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-63IP Address Classes ExerciseIP Address Classes ExerciseAddressClassNetworkHost 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-64IP Address Classes Exercise IP Address Classes Exercise AnswersAnswersAddressClassNetworkHostABCCBNonexistent 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-65Addressing without SubnetsAddressing without Subnets.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-66Addressing with SubnetsAddressing with Subnets 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-67Subnet AddressingSubnet AddressingE0NetworkNetworkInterfaceE0E1New Routing Table 2160Host.E1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-68Subnet AddressingSubnet AddressingE0E12160NetworkHost.NetworkInterfaceE0E1New Routing TableSubnet 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-69Subnet MaskSubnet Mask1721600255255002552552550IPAddressDefaultSubnetMask8-bitSubnetMaskNetworkHostNetworkHostNetworkSubnetHostAlso written as“/16 where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask.Also written as“/24 where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask.11111111 111111110000000000000000 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-70Decimal Equivalents of Bit Decimal Equivalents of Bit PatternsPatterns10000000=12811000000=19211100000=22411110000=24011111000=24811111100=25211111110=25411111111=255128 6432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-7116NetworkHost17200101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000000000000000000010100000000000000000000000000010Subnet Mask without SubnetsSubnet Mask without SubnetsNetworkNumber 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-72Subnets not in usethe default 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-73Network number extended by eight bitsSubnet Mask with SubnetsSubnet Mask with Subnets16NetworkHost 255.255.255.017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010SubnetNetworkNumber128192224240248252254255 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-74Subnet Mask with Subnets Subnet Mask with Subnets(cont.)(cont.)NetworkHost 255.255.255.192101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010SubnetNetwork number extended by ten bits161722128NetworkNumber128192224240248252254255128192224240248252254255 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-75Subnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Mask ExerciseAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-76Subnet Mask Exercise Subnet Mask Exercise AnswersAnswersAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnetBAA 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-77Broadcast AddressesBroadcast Addresses(Directed broadcast)(Local network broadcast)X X(All subnets broadcast)1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-78Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample16172216010101100000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst41 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-79Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst12161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-80Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1237161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-81Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1234161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-82Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample10101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-83Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000010000000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-84Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1234567161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-85Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample10101100111111111010110000010000111111110001000011111111000000101010000011000000100000000000001010101100000100000000001010111111101011000001000000000010 1000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst12345678161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-86Addressing Summary Addressing Summary ExampleExample10101100111111111010110000010000111111110001000011111111000000101010000011000000100000000000001010101100000100000000001010111111101011000001000000000010 1000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456789161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-87Eight bits of subnettingNetworkSubnetHost10101100000100000000001011111111172.16.2.121:255.255.255.0:1010110011111111Subnet:1010110000010000000100001111111100000010000000101111111101111001 0000000000000000Class B Subnet ExampleClass B Subnet ExampleBroadcast:Network 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-88Subnet PlanningSubnet PlanningOther subnets20 subnets5 hosts per subnetClass C address:1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-8911111000NetworkSubnet Host192.168.5.121:1100000011111111Subnet:1100000010101000101010001111111100000101000001011111111101111001 01111000255.255.255.248:Class C Subnet Planning Class C Subnet Planning ExampleExampleFive Bits of SubnettingBroadcast:NetworkNetwork11000000101010000000010101111111 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-90Broadcast Addresses ExerciseBroadcast Addresses ExerciseAddressClassSubnetBroadcast201.222.10.60 Subnet Mask15.16.193.6 128.16.32.13 153.50.6.27 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-91Broadcast Addresses Exercise Broadcast Addresses Exercise AnswersAnswersAddressClassSubnetBroadcast201.222.10.60 CSubnet Mask15.16.193.6 A128.16.32.13 B153.50.6.27 B