考研语法打印版

你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：.快乐阅读网从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查，将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面 must/mustnt,;can/cannt;necd/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况。1）musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定.如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the first manI met asked sympathetically:Are you feeling all right?A must be B had been C must have been D had to be（答案为C）2）caift/couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没.如：Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldnt have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldnt have received（答案为A）3）may/might have+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许如：At Florida Power,s Crystal River plant,a potentially serious leakage ofradioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.21）neednt have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于didnt need todo”,译为“其实没必要”。如：You neednt have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party,we so formally.A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up（没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D）2）should have+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”should not+have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have plannedeverything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”，与sh o u ld 的完成式含义类似。如:T he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw thefire in the stock,which went up in smoke.4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以.这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似。如：What you said is right,but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/might have+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photosof equipment in the introduction to further assist fir st-time officeautomation managers.1).may/might(just)as well”不妨,最好”,与had better 相近；Since the flight was cancelled,you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不向乘火车吧。相 当 于 you had better go by train02),cannot/can91.to o 越.越 好,怎么也不过分注意这个句型的变体cannot.over.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development.Thissubject cannot be over emphasized.3).usednt 或didtuseto 为used to(do)的否定式。4).sh o u ld 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.我无法想象他竟然这样做。1 want,require,worth doingYour hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2 need need to be done need doingThe house needs painting=the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing=the watch needed to be repaired.一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀“ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意；形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前络定语；这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下归纳:1 -lyc o s tly 昂 贵 的 lo n e ly 孤独的d e a d ly 死 一 般 的 liv e ly 活泼的friendly友 好 的 s illy 傻气的k in d ly 热 心 肠 的 lik e ly 可能的leisurely悠 闲 的 u g ly 长得丑的brotherly兄 弟 般 的 m onthly每月的earth ly 尘世的2 aa fra id 害 怕 的 a lik e 相象的a w a k e 醒 着 的 a lo n e 单独的，惟一的a liv e 活 着 的 asham ed羞愧的a sle e p 睡 着 的 a w a re 意识到的、察觉到的w e ll健 康 的 co n ten t满意的u n a b le 无能的3earth en 泥土做的，大 地 的 d a ily 每 日 的 la tte r后面的g o ld e n 金 子 般 的 w eek ly 每 周 的 in n e r里面的silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 o u te r外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每 年 的 e ld e r年长的woolen 毛 织 的 fo rm e r前任的 m e re 仅，只不过o n ly 惟 一 的 s h e e r纯 粹 的 v e r y 恰好的little 小 的 l i v e 活的4remain keep become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,looko如：All those left undone may sound great in theory,but even the truestbeliever has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.11）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often,or betterthan an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在这里as good a s 比较连词与better th an 比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为AOn the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in theirstudies than are those with little ambition.2）比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half.A of last years Bthose of last yearsCof those of last year D that of last years（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number。产故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比，答案为D。Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of dickens far moreexciting than Thackerays.3）比较级与倍数词关系及其位貉原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为若干倍”，当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位貉是，倍数词+as.as.,或倍数词+more.than，但again 一般放在原级词之后，即“as+原级+again+as”.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each yearthan automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times moreC over seven times D seven times（答案为B）“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?,64No,Iwould gladly have paid for it.”A twice so much B twice as muchC as much twice D so much twice（答案为B）My uncle is as old again as I am4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different from,ratherth a n.如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.A superior|B|advantageous C super D|beneficial（答案为A）Prior to his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.（1986 年考研题）5）“比较级+and+比较级”或more and more/less and less+原级”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越.”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get.become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worseThe road got ever worse until there was no road at all=the road gotworse and worse.6）比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,all the（more）等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet more exciting news for you7）有关比较级的特殊句型：A）:not so much.as与其说.不如说.你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：亚 211011解 0111.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：.快乐阅读网The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birthrates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A and B as CbutD or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为BB）no/not any more鎏han.两者一样都不.The heart is intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlledby the brain.A not so Bnot much CJmuch more D no more（心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答 案 为 D）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,theycan limit how much water you drink.A much more than|B|no more thanC no less than D any more than（答案为D）C）no/not any Cssthan两者一样，都.注意基本上与no/not anymore.than 意思相反She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一1 样漂亮D）just as.s o.正如.，.也.（用倒装结构）Just as the soil is a part of the earth,the atmosphere.A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is（答案为C）21）最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。in,（all）over 用于在某一范围内的比较,如：in China,all over the world.of,am ong用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers,ofthe four dresses.注意：among.相当于one o f，不说among all.。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如：all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet the shortestwavelength.A Among B OfCFor DTo 答案为B2）比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：any other+单数名词the other+复数名词the othersanyone/anything else上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是o th er,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3）m ost可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于v e ry,用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词th e,如：a most interesting book,most expensiverestaurants,要 注 意 与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词 的结构表示的最高级的区别，如：He spoke in the warmest of voicesThey have been most kind to meBasketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of languageChinese is a most difficult language1）表示颜色的有：white,black2）表示形态的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular（三角形），level3）表示性质和特征的有：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy4）表示状态作表语的有：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike5）表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6）表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite7）含有绝对概念的有：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at themoment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer atthe moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not only.but（also）;prefer.to.;rather than 有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both.and.；either.or.;neither.nor.1 如：It is better to die ones feet than.AIiving on ones knees Blive on ones kneesCon ones knees Dto live on ones knees（答案为D）Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing theoutput to decreasing it.2-1）rather than,let a lo n e 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal stylein a personal style.Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than答案为AFor the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,neweconomic policies will be required.A to name a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlets say（答案为B）2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper andmagazine advertisements than into the writing of the features andeditorials.1 thatth at指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用 those）,后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker withthat of listener,and it calls for occasional digestive pauses“by both.这里th at指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2 oneo n e指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复 数 为 ones。the o n e 指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommonway.A that Bhe Cone Dthis答案为C3 dod o 代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not that his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm,and eventually hemay get a serious disease form its effect.这盘h e 指代前面的person。It was during the 1920,s that the friendship between the two Americanwriters Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its 指代前面的两人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors,Bill and me.这里m e 必须用宾格形式。一either or,neither nor,not only but(also)Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink2 no one,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody,anything,nothing,something everything如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it?3 each eacheach如：They each have two coatswe are each responsible for his own family4 and如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：1 如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothesthat a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.（1987年考研题）To understand the situation completely requires more thought than hasbeen given thus far.2Two weeks was too longFive times five makes twenty five3 andandlaw and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：.快乐阅读网the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁 月bread and butter 奶 油 面 包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落如：If law and order not preserved,neither the citizen nor his propertyis safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were答案：Ao4Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5-The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the nextweekend.6andBread and butter is our daily foodTime and tide waits for no man1 and,both and,both,a few,many,severalFew people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2 police,public,militia,cattle,class,youthThe Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine3The Japanese were once very aggressive4The rich are not always selfish5Three million tons of coal were exported that year1这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：1)由连词 either.,.or.;neither.nor.;whether.or.;not only.but(also);o r 等连接的并列主语Neither money nor fame has influence on meNot only you but also he is wrong2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致Blocking the open-sided porch,framed by the enveloping fog,stands atall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair,there has been improvement in the facili2 together/along with,such as,accompanied by,aswell as,no less than,except,besides,with,combined with,inaddition to,including,together withProfessor Taylor,with six of his students,is attending a conference inBoston organized to compare current practice in the United States withthose of other nations.The president of the college,together with the deans,is planning aconference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.（1981年考研题）3 如：Despite much research,there are still certain elements in the life cycleof the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研题）There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for,but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990年考研题）4a lot of/lots of;plenty ofTheaps of;half of;two-third（three-fourth.）of;eighty（ten,twenty）percent;part of;rest o f;none ofTwo-thirds of people present are womenLots of damage was caused by the fire5army,audience,band government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,familyThe family is the basic unit of our societyThe family were watching the TVThe audience was enormousThe audience were greatly moved at the words6第一组：a great many+可数名词复数 谓语用复数a number of+可数名词复数 谓语用复数the majority of+可数名词复数 谓语用复数第二组；the number of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/either of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数one and a half+可数名词复数 谓语用单数第三组；more than one+可数名词单数 谓语用单数many a+可数名词单数谓语用单数第四组；the greater part ofa large proportion of50%ofone third ofplenty ofthe rest of谓语的数与o f 后面的名词一致第五组；(n)either.(n)or.not only.but also.not.but.谓语的数与主语的第二 部 分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致注意比较：More students than one have been referred toMore than one student is going to buy this book