四级语法名词性从句(7)12853

学英语 找长喜 1 英语四级语法 第七堂 名词性从句 学会区分名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，熟悉名词性从句的各种引导词。中文译成英文 1.(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports,and football in particular.(09.06)2.It was very dark,but Mary seemed to (本能地知道该走哪条路).（08.12）3.Your resume should attract a wouldbe bosss attention by demonstrating (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).（08.12）4.In my sixties,one change I notice is that (我比以前更容易累了).（07.12）5.Many Americans live on credit,and their quality of life (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的)，not how much they can earn.（07.12）6.Since my childhood I have found that (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).(06.12)7.Some psychologists claim that people (出门在外时可能会感到孤独).（06.12）Key 1.What many people didnt realize 2.know which way to take by instinct 3.why you are the best candidate for a certain position 4.I get tired more easily than before 5.is measured by how much money they can borrow 6.nothing is more attractive to me than reading 7.might feel lonely when they are away from home 所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分。名词性从句一般可在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。于是我们就有了常说的四种名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句一律都用陈述语气。名词性从句总结表 说明 从句 成分 引导词 连词 关系代词 关系副词 主语从句 主语 that,whether,if(不能放句首)what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,whosever,which,whichever when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 表语从句 表语 that,whether,because,as,as if,as though when,where,how,why等 宾语从句 宾语 that,whether,if 同位语从句 同位语 that,whether when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 主语从句 一、由连词 that,whether,if 引导的主语从句 连词 that,whether,if 在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它们在从句中不充当成分，不能省略。 学英语 找长喜 2 引导词及例示 thatThat the college will take in more new students this year is true.今年学院将会招收更多的新生，这是一个事实。本句也可用形式主语it表达，即It is true that the college will take in more new students.whetherWhether hell come(or not)hasnt been decided.他是否会来还没有决定。本句也可用形式主语 it 表达，即 It hasnt been decided whether hell come or not.ifIt is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.这项工作能否按时完成还值得怀疑呢。典型难句 However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.【分析】复合句。这个句子看起来较复杂，其实还是 whether 引导的主语从句，这里是两个并列主语从句，由并列连词 or 连接，谓语动词是 is。【译文】不过，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的，还是来自于 3,500万年以前他们共同的祖先，依然是个未解之谜。典型难句 That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of freemarket economic theories.【分析】第一眼就看到这里的 that，再往后看就知道这个 that 不是代词，而是连词，引导一个主语从句，于是此时就可以在心里告诉自己，一定要找到两套谓语。这里的从句谓语是will actand thus avoid，而主句谓语是 is commonly recognized。所以，关注名词从句的连词非常有助于理清句子逻辑结构，从而快速理解句子意思。【译文】每一个大公司的行为都会考虑到自身的需求，这样就不会使其商品售价高于其竞争对手。自由市场经济理论的倡导者普遍认识到了这一点。1.当 whether 引导主语从句有 or not 跟随时，不能用 if 替换 It hasnt been decided whether hell buy i t or not.()It hasnt been decided if hell buy it.()2.if 不能引导位于句首的主语从句 It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter.()If we are wrong in the matter remains to be seen.()二、由关系代词 who,which 或关系副词引导的主语从句 关系代词 who，which 和关系副词 when，where，how，why 都可引导主语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，也可用 it 作形式主语。Who let out the news remained unknown.=It remained unknown who let out the news.谁走漏了消息仍然不得而知。(who 为关系代词，在主语从句中作主语，不可以省略。)Why he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.=It is not clear to anyone why he didnt come here.他为什么没来我们大家都不知道。(why 为关系副词，在主语从句中作状语，不可以省略。)三、由关系代词 what，whatever，whoever 等引导的主语从句 what 以及 wh+ever 等关系代词都可引导主语从句，它们在主语从句中担当成分，不能省略。此类主语从句不能用 it 作形式主语。What he said at the meeting is important.他在会上所说的(事情)是重要的。(what 在该主语从句中作宾语，不能省略。)Whenever the school sports will be held is not known yet.校运动会什么时候举办还不知道。(whenever 在主语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。)四、it 作形式主语 学英语 找长喜 3 主语从句通常放在句首。但有时为了保持句子的平衡，可用 it 作形式主语，而将主语从句由句首移至句末。句子结构及例示 It is 名词主语从句 Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。It is 形容词主语从句 Its quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。It is 过去分词 主语从句 Its said that President Bush will visit our school next week.据说布什总统下周要参观我校。It 不及物动词主语从句 It seemed certain that he would win the prize.似乎他会获奖。it 作形式主语还有其他结构，大家可以灵活掌握，在写作时候灵活使用：it dawns upon/on sb.that(某人突然想到)，it makes no difference that(无所谓)，it doesnt need to be bothered that(不必要担忧)，it is of little consequence that(无关紧要)等。It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.他知道了他没通过考试。It makes no difference who you are;I am your Angel.你是谁无所谓，我是你的天使。【补充拓展】在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural+that从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，其中 should 也可省略。It is necessary and important that one(should)master the skills of operating computers so as to meet the need of a job.为了满足工作需要，每个人都掌握电脑操作技巧是必要且重要的。注意 it 作形式主语的主语从句的其他情况：全句如果是一般疑问句 Is it probable that he will come today?他今天很可能来吗？全句如果是感叹句 How strange it is that the children are so quiet!真奇怪，孩子们如此安静！五、主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况 It doesnt matter+how/whether结构中 It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not.他喜不喜欢都没关系。It is said/reported结构中 It is said that the expressway will be open to traffic next year.据说明年将开通高速公路。It happens/occurs结构中 It occurs to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她碰巧忘记锁门了。含主语从句的复合句表疑问时 Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon?下午有可能下雪吗？表语从句 一、常见的带表语从句的结构 最常见的带表语从句的结构是“系动词 be+表语从句”。但除了系动词 be 之外，可连接表语从句的系动词有 look，seem，remain，appear，sound，taste，feel 等。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。It sounds as if you are from the south of the States.听起来你好像来自美国南部。The years of peace seem when everyone can lead a happy life.和平年代看起来是人人都过上幸福生活的年代。 学英语 找长喜 4 China is no longer what she used to be.中国再也不是过去那个样子了。The question is whos responsible for what has happened.问题是发生了这事该由谁负责。二、当句子主语为 reason 时的表语从句 当句子主语是 reason 时，表语从句应当由 that 而不是 because 来引导，且 that 可省略；但可以说“it/this/that is because”来表示原因。The reason they didnt go to see the house is that they prefer to live in an apartment.他们没有去看房子的原因是他们更喜欢住公寓房。【补充拓展】传统上，当句子主语为 reason 时，对 reason 进行解释说明的表语从句应用 that 来引导，而不宜用 because 来引导，因为“The reason is because”有语义重复之嫌。不过据笔者观察，当 reason 后有 why 引导的定语从句修饰时，两者还是可以通用的，这大概是受 why 的连带影响(因为回答 why 要用 because 从句)。The reason why Im late is that/because I missed the bus.我迟到的原因是我没赶上汽车。The reason why I was alone in the mountains is that/because I had a difficulty with my guide.我在山里孤伶伶一个人的原因是我与向导不和。同样，当主句的主语是由 why 引导的从句时，其表语从句关联词用 that,不能用 because。Why I missed the bus is that I woke up late.我没赶上汽车的原因是我起晚了。三、because，as，as if，as though 等也可引导表语从句 Its just because he doesnt know her.这仅仅是因为他不认识她。Things are not always as they seem to be.事物并不总是如其表象。All this was over twenty years ago,its as if it was only yesterday.这都是二十多年前的事情了，但仿佛就在昨天。提示：从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句，但 as if 却可以引导表语从句。She seems as if she had done a great thing.她看起来好像做了一件大事。宾语从句 在句子中担当宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫作宾语从句。宾语从句使用的连词、关系代词、关系副词等与主语从句和表语从句一样是 that，whether，who，wh+ever 等词。一、宾语从句的时态 在写作中值得注意的是，宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态时（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。真题难句 Todd Park,a local detective,said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.（09.06 阅读）【分析】多重复合句。句子主干为 Todd Park said。a local detective 为 Todd Park的同位语。the method has为省略了引导 that 的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个由 whose 引导的定语从句 whose skeletonLake，修饰的是 woman。【译文】当地的侦探 Todd Park 说这个方法帮助他了解到更多关于一具在大盐湖附近发现的无名女尸的情况。当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时和过去完成时）。但某些特殊的动词如 suggest,insist,order,urge,recommend 等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，详细讲解请参照“虚拟语气讲堂”。二、介词宾语从句 that 引导的从句作介词宾语从句介词后一般不能直接跟 that 引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides,but,except,in,前三个介词+连词被整体看则引导条件状语从句，in 学英语 找长喜 5 that 引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的 that 已被当成固定搭配作复合连接词使用。I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。I know nothing about him except that he is an engineer.除了知道他是一个工程师之外，我对他的情况一无所知。He differed from other people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。真题难句 Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give,the more you get back.（06.12 阅读）【分析】复合句。in that 引导原因状语从句，该从句中又包括 the morethe more 句型。【译文】情感力量与生理力量方式不同，你付出的越多，你所得的越多。关系词引导的从句作介词宾语从句 I havent the least interest in what he is doing.我对他在干什么毫无兴趣。(what 从句是介词 in的宾语)You may write about whatever topic you can think of.你可以写任何你想到的题目。We must find out who did all this.我们必须弄清楚这些都是谁干的。What we should take with us depends on where well stay.我们需要随身带的东西取决于我们将在什么地方停留。真题难句 Theres still no consensus on how much time online constitutes too much or whether addiction is possible.(10.06 阅读)【分析】复合句。介词 on 有两个由 or 连接的并列的宾语，它们分别是 how 引导和 whether引导的从句。【译文】至于上网多长时间才算过量以及是否上网已经成瘾，目前还未达成共识。三、doubt/sure 后的宾语从句 doubt 后的宾语从句的基本句型是：I doubt whether/if我怀疑是否 I dont doubt that我毫不怀疑的是 I doubt whether/if he is telling the truth.我怀疑他是否撒谎。I dont doubt that he is telling the truth.我确信他没撒谎。Do you doubt that he can speak English?你怀疑他会说英语吗？sure 后的宾语从句的基本句型是：I am not sure whether/if我不确定 是否 I am sure that我确信 I am not sure whether/if the news is sure.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。I am sure that he can do it well.我确信他会把这件事做好的。四、某些形容词后的介词宾语从句 在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如 sure,afraid,glad,certain 等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词，若跟名词作宾语，则不能省略介词。I am afraid that I will be late.=I am afraid of being late.我恐怕要迟到了。I am glad that my classmates will attend my birthday party.=I am glad at my classmates attending my birthday party.我很高兴，我的同学将参加我的生日聚会。五、不能省略 that 的情况 that 由于不在从句中担当成分，本身没有词义，一般情况下可省略，但在以下几种情况下可省略：当 that 引导的从句作下列词的宾语时，往往不省略这些词包括 learn，suggest，explain， 学英语 找长喜 6 agree，wonder，prove，mean，state，feel，hold 等。He went on to explain that he was not too sure about two thingsthe grammar and some of the idioms.他继续解释说他对语法和一些习语这两项还没有把握。I have learned that most of the students who are interested in Chinese take in English.我了解到大多数喜欢中文的学生对英语也感兴趣。当宾语从句较长时，往往不省略 that We all think that what the public is badly in need of is nothing but the development of economy.我们都认为民众所急需的不是别的，正是经济的发展。当宾语从句中的主语比较特殊时如果宾语从句的主语是 this，that 时，或者 this，that作主语的修饰词时，that 不可以省略。Some people think that this part of Scotland with its lakes and mountains is more beautiful than the West of England.有些人认为苏格兰的这个有山有水的地方比英格兰西部更美丽。The teacher said that that word that I wrote on the blackboard was wrong.老师说我在黑板上写的那个词错了。当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省略 Id love to remind you that this problem is very common and that you dont need to worry about that.我想提醒你这个问题非常普遍，你没必要为此担心。当主句谓语动词与宾语从句被隔开时，不省略 that I realized at once that I had done wrong immediately she told me all about this.她一告诉所有的事情，我就意识到我做错了。当 that 从句置于句首时，that 不可省略 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。六、不可直接跟 that 引导的宾语从句的动词 下列动词后不可接 that 从句：ask,refuse,like,cause,condemn,admire,celebrate,overlook,help,forgive,hate,want 等。但上述某些词可用 it 或 the fact 作为媒介，后跟随 that 从句。He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake.他忽视了他又犯了一个错误。I take it that you should rewrite the paper.我认为你该重写这篇论文。同位语从句 一、同位语从句通常是由连词 that 引导 在句子中不担当成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来看，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。提示：抽象名词 news 后面常接同位语从句，注意在翻译中将同位语从句部分译成前面名词的定语。The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。真题难句 The challenges include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in retirement,that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are over state pension age.（09.12 完形）【分析】复合句。句中三个并列的 that 引导的同位语从句均解释说明 fact。【译文】这些挑战包括：大部分人希望自己生命中最后 1/3 的时光是在退休状态中度过的； 学英语 找长喜 7 现在，59 岁以上的人比 16 岁以下的人要多；1130 万人已经过了领取国家养老金的年龄限制。二、同位语从句也可由其他连接词或关系词引导 如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”、“什么原因”、“是否”等含义，应该用 when,where,how，why,whether 等词引导同位语从句。I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.我不记得他怎么回家的，可能是骑车回去的。I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候会回来。提示：he went home 意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达 impression 的全部内容，因此应用 how 引导同位语从句。He had no idea why she left.他不知道她为什么离开。There is some doubt(as to)whether he will come.有点可疑他是否会来。三、后面常接同位语从句的抽象名词 answer,belief,certainty,concept,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,message,news,order,promise,proof,question,reply,rumor,thought,condition,ground,supposition,understanding,exception，myth 等。The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我们是否需要请一位专家的疑问得到了家庭医生的回答。提示：具体名词如 pen，book 之类不可能跟同位语从句。四、分隔情况 有时，由 that 引出的同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词(即先行词)后面，而被谓语动词等隔开。Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.更多中学毕业生可进入大学的消息已被发布。提示：that 引导的同位语从句对 Information 进行解释说明，被谓语隔开。五、注意区分 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 具体讲解见定语从句讲堂。The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.她应该呆在房间里的建议很好。(同位语从句)The suggestion that she has given at the meeting is good.她在会上提出的建议很好。(定语从句)一、引导名词从句的 whether 和 if whether 可用于所有的名词性从句中，而 if 只用于宾语从句和主语从句之中，两者都不能省略。在引导动词的宾语从句时，whether 和 if 都可以和 or not 连用，但 whether 后可直接跟 or not，而 if 则不能 I dont know whether/if I can come or not.()=I dont know whether or not I can come.()I dont know if or not I can come.()我不知道我是否能来。He asked me whether/if he could get the job or not.()=He asked me whether or not he could()He asked me if or not he could ()他问我他能否得到那份工作。如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只能用 if,而不能用 whether 学英语 找长喜 8 I dont care if he does not show up.()I dont care whether he does not show up.()他来不来我都不在乎。介词的宾语从句只能用 whether 引导 We worried about whether he was in good health(or not).我们担心他的健康状况是否良好。It all depends on whether the weather looks good.一切都取决于天气如何。二、it 结构的主语从句与强调句型的区别 it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子中某一成分的强调，其结构是“it is/was that”，除过强调人可换用 who,whom 时，其他无论强调的是什么成分，都只能用 that。It was in Paris where they met for the first time.()It was in Paris that they met for the first time.()强调句 It is Mr.Smith that/who invited Professor Li to Harvard University.()强调句 It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.()主语从句 Its well known that the Chinese people show great hospitality.()主语从句 三、宾语从句中的否定后移 如果主句的谓语动词表示的是“认为、相信、猜测”等概念，如 believe,consider,think,suppose,expect,fancy,guess,reckon,imagine,feel,seem,appear 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。I dont believe hell go,will he?我相信他不会走，是吗？注意其反意疑问句 He didnt feel that he was happy although he lived in a rich family.他虽然家庭富裕，但他觉得自己并不快乐。It doesnt look like the weather will clear up.天看起来不会放晴。四几类从句的转换与判断 I have no idea when she will be back.同位语从句 I dont know the time when she will be back.定语从句 I dont know when she will be back.宾语从句 Whether he will come or not is unknown.主语从句 It is unknown whether he will come or not.主语从句 I dont know whether he will come or not.宾语从句 The question is whether he will come or not.表语从句 The question whether he will come or not is not settled.同位语从句 一、难句分析翻译 1.Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubts insisted that we didnt know for sure?2.It is imagined by many that the operations of common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.3.A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them.4.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate,says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago,is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve 学英语 找长喜 9 5.Because they usually receive the same score on standardized examinations,there is often disagreement as to who is the better student,Bob or Helen.6.The mere fact that most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that that will not occur.二、中文译成英文 1.(很明显)that Jack has returned.2.His ability has never been in doubt,but the question is (他是否已准备好努力工作).3.We decided against installing new heating apparatus,for the reason (它太贵了).4.(几乎所有行为都是学来的)is a basic assumption of social scientists.5.They always give the vacant seats to (先来的人).1.【分析】多重复合句。when 引导定语从句，修饰 years。that 引导的从句作及物动词 argued和 insisted 的宾语。【译文】那些年科学家们争论说吸烟会致命，但是有些怀疑论者坚持说我们尚不能肯定这一点，对此你还有印象吗？2.【分析】复合句。It 为句子的形式主语，真正的主语是两个并列的 that 引导的主语从句。【译文】许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与这些思维过程相比，并认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。3.【分析】复合句。brought back是过去分词作后置定语修饰 report。how 引导的从句在该句中作表语。【译文】到美国去过的人带回来的一致反馈是大多数美国人是如何的友好、客气和乐于助人。4.【分析】复合句。句子的主语为 The fact，后跟了一个 that 引导的同位语从句，saysChicago为插入语，谓语动词是 is，同时 hope 后跟随 that 引导的宾语从句。【译文】芝加哥大学伦理学教授说，普通公民开始认真考虑国家的道德风气，这个事实让人有理由期望将来一定有新的思想来改善道德风气。5.【分析】复合句。because 先是引导了一个原因状语从句，who 又引导宾语从句作介词to 的宾语。【译文】因为鲍伯和海伦总是在标准测试中取得相同的成绩，所以在他们谁是更好的学生这一问题上经常存在分歧。6.【分析】多重复合句。句子的主语为 fact，第一个 that 引导同位语从句具体说明了 fact的内容，that 引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅仅起连接作用。在同位语从句中包含了一个省略连接词 that 的宾语从句。第二个 that 则引导宾语从句，mean 后一般不省略连接词 that。第三个 that 是从句的主语，替代了 nuclear war。【译文】大多数人认为进行核战争是一种疯狂的举动，但仅凭这一点并不意味着核战争就不会发生。1.It is evident 【分析】该题考点为主语从句后置，句首 it 充当形式主语。2.whether he is prepared to work hard 【分析】该题考查表语从句的使用。前文中表示 never in doubt，即为肯定之意，而后文中用 but 转折，表示与前文不一样的感情色彩，即有些怀疑，所以应用表示不确定的引导词 whether 或 if;由于 if 不能用在表语从句中，故只有使用 whether。 学英语 找长喜 10 3.that it would be too costly 【分析】该题考查同位语的用法。reason 作先行词时其同位语从句引导词为 that，同位语从句用于具体说明先行词 reason 的内容所指。4.That nearly all behavior is learned behavior 【分析】该题考查主语从句的用法。主语从句需有连接词 that 引导，且不能省略(引导宾语从句的 that 可以省略)。5.whoever comes first 【分析】该题考查 whoever 引导宾语从句的用法。