分子生物学的发展历史ppt课件

第一章第一章 分子生物学的分子生物学的开展历史开展历史郑伟娟郑伟娟20192019What is Molecular biology?1.1.分分 子子 生生 物物 学学 的的 概概 念念The term has more than one definition.Define in broadly：understand biological phenomena in molecular terms (difficult to distinguish from biochemistry)Define in restrictively：the study of gene structure and their activities in molecular levelWhat is Molecular biology?遗传学遗传学genetics生物化学生物化学biochemistrybiochemistry分子生物学分子生物学molecular biology1.2.分子生物学开展简史分子生物学开展简史Transmission Genetics传送遗传学传送遗传学In 1865,Gregor Mendel published Mendelian inheritance(孟德尔遗传定律孟德尔遗传定律).garden peaInheritance occurred through blending of each trait of the parents in the offspring.Inheritance is particulate微粒，微粒微粒，微粒的的.Each parent contributes particles,or genetic units,to the offspring.1822-1884accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.htmlIn 1910,Thomas Hunt Morganprovided the first definitive evidence for the Chromosome theory of inheritance 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity遗遗传传,demonstrated that genes are on the chromosomefruit fly(Drosophia melanogaster)1866-1945nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.htmlMolecular GeneticsWhat genes are made of and how they work?The discovery of DNA1869,Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA.1844-1895fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.htmlThe Composition of Genes1944,Oswald Avery demonstrated that the chromosome is composed of DNA.Not RNA or protein!Frederick Griffith 肺炎球菌转化实验1877-1955dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.htmlHow does genes work?1902,Archibald Garrod,alcaptonuria尿黑酸症George Beadle and E.L.Tatum,Neurospora脉孢菌属/链孢菌属one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesisMost genes contain the information for making one polypeptide.The overall structure of DNA1951 James Watson(23y)丹麦 哥本哈根剑桥大学剑桥大学 Cavendish Lab.Francis Crick(35y)1953,double helixMolecular Structure of Nucleic Acids:A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid(Nature,April 25,1953.volume 171:737-738.)Rosalind FrankinXray photograph of DNA with high qualityXray photograph of DNA with high quality(核与磷酸衔接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配对核与磷酸衔接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配对的碱基的碱基)1951.Kings Lab.London University UKM.H.F.WilkinsJames Watson(34y)Francis Crick(46y)Maurice Wilkins(46y)1962 Nobel Prize1958，Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahlproved that DNA replication in bacteria follows the semiconservative pathway.Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl more recentlyFaculty member at HarvardMechanisms of Molecular EvolutionFaculty Chair for CBW StudiesFaculty member at U.of OregonMeiotic RecombinationFrancois Jacob and Sydney BrennerThe ribosomes are nonspecific translation machines that can make different proteins,according to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes.In the early 1960sMarshall NirenbergGobind Khorana Robert W.Holley for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine1927-1922-1922-one geneone polypeptidenormal genenormal functionmutant genegenetic disorderTechnique:gene cloning Howard Temin(41y)David Baltimore(37y)David Baltimore(37y)Reverse transcription引发癌症的内因引发癌症的内因The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acidsWalter Gilbert Frederick Sanger 1932-1918-for his work on the structure of proteins,especially that of insulinThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958Frederick Sanger 1918-1983.Barbara McClintock(86y)DNA transposable elementThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA RibozymeSidney Altman Thomas R.CechYale University New Haven,CT,USA University of Colorado Boulder,CO,USA1939-1947-The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993Kary B.Mullis 1944-for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)methodEdward B.LewisChristiane Nsslein-VolhardEric F.Wieschaus The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2019discovered Genetic control of early development in Drosophila果蝇果蝇In 2019,lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep(Dolly)from an adult sheep udder cell.2019，The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infectionStanley B.Prusiner Univ.of California,School of Medicine USA 1942-discovered key regulators of the cell cycleLeland H.Hartwell R.Timothy(Tim)Hunt Sir Paul M.NurseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20192019 Nobel Prize John Sulston Sydney Brenner H.Robert HorvitzProgrammed Cell Death(PCD)and development1.3.分子生物学的研讨概略分子生物学的研讨概略复原论复原论20世纪世纪人类对生命景象的认识人类对生命景象的认识个体个体 染色体染色体 基因基因 DNA dNt基因的概念基因的概念基因的本质基因的本质基因的功能基因的功能逐渐深化认识逐渐深化认识人类对生命景象的认识人类对生命景象的认识复原论复原论20世纪世纪生命科学的飞跃生命科学的飞跃了解整个生命景象的本质了解整个生命景象的本质依然是零敲碎打研讨战略依然是零敲碎打研讨战略 piece meal 人类对生命景象的认识人类对生命景象的认识 整体论整体论 提示生命的奥妙提示生命的奥妙21世纪世纪Genomics Structural Genomics Functional genomics 数、理、化相关学科数、理、化相关学科生物学实验技术生物学实验技术浸透浸透 交叉交叉近代生物学近代生物学生物学生物学个性个性共性共性宏观生物学宏观生物学生态学为中心生态学为中心微观生物学微观生物学分子生物学为中心分子生物学为中心细胞程度细胞程度分子程度分子程度构造生物学，发育生物学，构造生物学，发育生物学，神经生物学等新兴学科开展神经生物学等新兴学科开展生物多样性生物多样性研讨研讨资源维护与资源维护与利用利用人类生态环境的维护人类生态环境的维护工农业消费继续开展工农业消费继续开展分子生物学在现代生物学中的位置分子生物学在现代生物学中的位置分子生物学分子生物学分子构造生物学分子构造生物学分子发育生物学分子发育生物学分子神经生物学分子神经生物学分子育种学分子育种学分子肿瘤学分子肿瘤学分子细胞生物学分子细胞生物学分子免疫学分子免疫学分子病毒学分子病毒学分子生理学分子生理学分子考古学分子考古学分子遗传学分子遗传学分子数量遗传学分子数量遗传学分子生态学分子生态学分子进化学分子进化学.分子生物学的延伸分子生物学的延伸分子生物学曾经浸透到生物学的几乎一切领域分子生物学曾经浸透到生物学的几乎一切领域分子生物学曾经成为生命科学领域的带头学科分子生物学曾经成为生命科学领域的带头学科21世纪生命科学开展的特点世纪生命科学开展的特点 对生命景象的认识从单基因对生命景象的认识从单基因程度向全基因组整体程度开展程度向全基因组整体程度开展 现代生命科学研讨的实际与现代生命科学研讨的实际与技术从较长期的积累走向运用技术从较长期的积累走向运用