英语修辞格的译法课件

英语修辞格的译法什么是修辞格 n修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)n音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。的修辞手法。n它主要包括它主要包括onomatopoeia,alliteration和和assonance。nOnomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。n Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.n高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。nAlliteration(头韵头韵)：The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.n就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音字母或声音(主要是辅音字母主要是辅音字母)nsafe and sound 安然无恙安然无恙nas dry as dust 枯燥无味枯燥无味nPractice makes perfect.熟能生巧熟能生巧ntwist and turn 蜿蜒曲折蜿蜒曲折nAssonance（谐音）（谐音）:Agreement between stressed vowels in two words,but not in the following consonants.两字间只有重读的元两字间只有重读的元音相同，而其后之辅音不相同。音相同，而其后之辅音不相同。n例如：例如：nWith this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.(assonance)n怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。希望的磐石。词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)n词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile,metaphor,allusion,metonymy,transferred epithet,personification,hyperbole,irony,euphemism,pun,oxymoron,zeugma等 Simile nSimile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like,as（as）等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好象”、“仿佛”等。例如：n They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.n这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行。Metaphor即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。n（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom.n经验为智慧之母。n（2）She is shedding crocodile tears.n 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。n（3）Mark my words,the first woman who fishes for him,hooks him.瞧着吧，不管什么女人钓他，他就会上钩。n比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许多共同的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有Footnote（脚注）、Harelip（兔唇）等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印，某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云，如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham（象戈丹人一样明智）就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是蠢笨无比。n类似的例子还有：as thick as thieves亲密无间（不是像贼一样厚）as old as the hills古老（不是像山一样老）The ship plows the sea.船在乘风破浪地前进。（不是船在犁海）nAllusion的特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如：Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）The project is an economic Albatross from the start.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。)metonymynMetonymy一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。n如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。nThe baby was brought up on the bottle.n这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy用奶瓶代奶）n He is fond of the bottle.他喜欢喝酒。nI am reading Lu Xun.我在读鲁迅的作品。Synecdoche提喻提喻 以部分代整体，以整体代部分，以部分代整体，以整体代部分，以某种事物代替某类事物，以某类事物代替某种事物，以某种事物代替某类事物，以某类事物代替某种事物，或者以原材料的名称代替由其制成的东西。或者以原材料的名称代替由其制成的东西。nHe earns his bread by writing.n他靠写作挣钱谋生。他靠写作挣钱谋生。The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.n在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。Australia beat Canada at cricket.澳大利亚队澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。nTransferred epithetTransferred epithet修饰语移植修饰语移植是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。nThe doctors face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.n（用“疑惑”修饰限定“钦佩”）医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。nThe old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.n老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。Personification nWords pay no debts.n空话还不了债nSummer is almost over and fall is stepping in.n夏天差不多过去了，秋天来了。nMy heart was singing.n我的心在歌唱。n This time fate was smiling to him.n这一次命运朝他微笑了。Hyperbole nTo tell you the truth,I was really scared to death at that time.n说真的，我那时真是吓得要死。nOn hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university,he whispered to himself,“Im the luckiest man in the world.”understatementnIt took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.n“He is really strange,”his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife.Pun:When a word or phrase is used in two different sensesn-Why is the Middle Ages also-Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?called the Dark Ages?-Because there were many -Because there were many knights knights.(knight and night)(knight and night)nHotel Keeper:Here are a few Hotel Keeper:Here are a few viewsviews of of our hotel for you to take with you,sir.our hotel for you to take with you,sir.Guest:Thanks,but I have my own Guest:Thanks,but I have my own views views of your hotel.of your hotel.句子结构上的修辞格nRepetition:Figures which repeat a phrase,a clause or an ideanReputation,reputation,reputation!O!I Reputation,reputation,reputation!O!I have lost my reputation.have lost my reputation.-Othello -OthellonWith this faith,we will be able to work With this faith,we will be able to work together;to play together;to struggle together;to play together;to struggle together;to go to jail together;to stand together;to go to jail together;to stand up for freedom together knowing that we up for freedom together knowing that we will be free one day.will be free one day.-Martin Luther King -Martin Luther KingAntithesis:Opposition,or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction.nAsk not what your country can do for Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your you-ask what you can do for your country.country.-John F.KennedyJohn F.Kennedy Self do,self have.Self do,self have.自作自受自作自受渐进(climax)nI came;I saw;I conquer.n我来了；我看到了；我征服。n Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.n读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。n Lincoln recognized worth in the common people;he loved the common people;he fought for the common people;and he died for the common people.n林肯认识到平民大众的价值；他热爱平民大众；他为平民大众而斗争；他为平民大众而献身。nI have written in bed and written out of it,written day and night.我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。（repetition）nMan proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。(antithesis)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.气球腾空而起，飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe倒置法)修辞格的译法n翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。n要做到这一点有时可以采取直译，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处；但有时仅靠直译是不行的，因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵，反而会歪曲原作的意思，造成译文语言晦涩难懂。这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧，根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法，使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。总的说来，英语辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、释义、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。n明喻(simile)n在翻译英语的明喻时,一般采用直译法,将其译成汉语的明喻。但由于英汉两个民族的历史发展、生活环境、风俗习惯各不相同,思维方式和美学观念也有所差异,有的英语明喻和汉语明喻的比喻形象不尽相同。因此,有时也用意译法、变通法和注释法。nHe was like a cock who thought the sun had risen for him to crow.n 他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡,以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。(simile 明喻。直译法)nTom was as sober as a judge.n他十分清醒。(simile 非修辞格。意译法)nHe is as cunning as a dead pig.n他像狐狸一样狡猾。(simile 明喻。但不是“像死猪一样狡猾”。变通法)nFalstaff:I am as poor as Job,my lord,but not so patient.n福斯塔夫:我是像约伯(注)一样穷的,大人,可是却没有他那样的好耐性。(注:约伯(Job)圣经中的人物,以忍耐贫穷而著称的圣徒。)(simile 明喻。但译文意义不清楚,故加了注释。注释法)隐喻(metaphor)n英语隐喻的翻译,一般采用修辞格转换法或直译法,将其译成汉语的明喻或隐喻。但由于英汉两种文化的差异,有时需要转换表达或修辞方式、或改变喻体以符合汉语的习惯。因此,翻译英语的隐喻时,也运用变通法、意译法和注释法。nHappiness is a perfume you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself.n 快乐就犹如香水,你不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几滴。(metaphor 明喻。修辞格转换法)nMoney is a bottomless sea,in which honor,conscience,and truth may be drowned.n金钱是无底的海洋,荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。n(metaphor 隐喻。直译法)nIm applying for several jobs,because I dont really want to have all my eggs in one basket.n 我打算同时申请几份工作,我的确不想寄希望于一家。n(metaphor 非修辞格。意译法)nShe was the apple of his eyes.n她是他的掌上明珠。n(metaphor 隐喻。但不是“眼中苹果”。变通法)nYou were in such a fury you were ready to murder your brother.You wicked Cain you,and what good would have come of remaining angry?All the rage in the world wont get us your aunts money.n你,你这可恨的该隐(注)!气得恨不得把你哥哥马上杀死。生气有什么用?你生了天大的气也不能把姑姑的钱拿过来。n(注:该隐Cain圣经中亚当的长子,曾杀害他的弟弟Abel,是个恶人。)n(metaphor 隐喻。但译文意义不清楚,因此加了注释。注释法)转喻/借代(metonymy)n在翻译英语的转喻时,常常使用意译法,即舍弃原文的修辞色彩,将其所指意义表达出来。有时也采用直译法,译作汉语的借代。如:nSoapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.n苏比不声不响地站着,两手插在口袋里,一见到警察就露出微笑。n(metonymy 非修辞格。意译法)nA hundred bayonets were marching down the street.n一百把刺刀正沿街前进。n(metonymy 借代。直译法)拟人(personification)n一般来说,英语的拟人都被译作汉语的拟人。因此,在翻译英语的拟人时,基本上都是运用直译法。有时也用意译法。如:nThe twentieth century is only the nineteenth speaking with a slightly American accent.n二十世纪只不过是稍微带着美国口音说话的十九世纪罢了。(personification 拟人。直译法)nThe wind whistled through the trees.n林中大风呼啸。(personification 非修辞格。意译法)委婉语(euphemism)nEuphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如：用sanitation engineer替代garbage man(清洁工)用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人)用industrial action替代strike(罢工)n英语委婉语的翻译,一般采用直译法,仍将其译作汉语的委婉语。有时也可采用意译法。如:n Im afraid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side.n恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。(euphemism 委婉语。直译法)nHis relation with his wife has not been very fortunate.n他经常和他妻子吵架。n(euphemism 非修辞格。意译法)夸张(hyperbole)n在翻译英语的夸张时,一般采用直译法,将其译作汉语的夸张。有时也采用部分释喻法和意译法。如:nHis eloquence would split rocks!n他的雄辩之威力,能劈磐石。(hyperbole 夸张。直译法)nFalstaff:I was beaten myself into all the colours of rainbow.n福斯塔夫:我自己也给他打得五颜六色,浑身挂彩呢。(hyperbole 夸张。但加入了解释性词语。部分释喻法)nnHis words made my blood freeze.听了他的话，我的血都快凝固了。nIts a crime to stay on such a beautiful day.n今天阳光明媚,躲在家中实在太遗憾了。(hyperbole非修辞格。意译法)反语(irony)nirony与汉语反语的特点完全相同，也是正话反说，反话正说，一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下，irony可以直译成汉语的反语。nHe was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it.n 他是一个了不起的教师:如果他发现了一点天才的火花,你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。(irony 反语。直译法)nWhat a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!-they let the paupers go to sleep!n他们竟允许穷人睡觉!-这是多么高尚的例证,说明他那行善的国家的法律是多么仁慈!(irony 反语。直译法)nOxymoron(矛盾修辞法）是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在汉语中很少见。如：sweet sorrow 忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤)；proud humility 不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦卑)nShe read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.n她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。nThe coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.n教练为了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷。nDuring his useful life he often felt he was useless.在他大有作为的一生中他老是感到自己无用。轭式搭配(zeugma)nZeugma是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。nAs I left home after breakfast,I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly.n早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。n nShe opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门，也打开了自己的心扉。nI would my horse had the speed of your tongue.n我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。PunnPun与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。英语pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类：谐音双关（homophonic puns）和语义双关（homographic puns）。前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然pun和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但是由于两种语言的语音不同，多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。nWhat does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still.那个律师死后干什么？躺着仍说鬼话。(注：lie躺，撒谎；still安静地，仍然)更多方法及例子n加注加注既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面。尤其当原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到较好的效果。nChrist,to hear some of those sailors myths,youd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。（注:诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。）nThey did not reopen the Pandoras Box they had peeked into in 1972.他们在年曾挖掘过这些丑事，如今却不再打开这个潘朵拉的盒子。（注：潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事，里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。）-Why are parliamentary reports called Blue Books?-Because they are never red.为什么议会报告称为蓝皮书？因为他们从来就不是红的。（注：red和read谐音，实际上是指从来没有人读它们）nas rich as Croesus，如译成富得像科里瑟斯，读者会十分费解，不知Croesus是何许人也。如果加注，说明Croesus是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王，十分富有。读者虽然能明白了该词的意思，却极易分散他们阅读的主要注意力，因此不如干脆意译为 极为富有，不必顾及其修辞手法。nas drunk as a fiddler酩町大醉(在英格兰早期文化生活中，民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏，人们往往以酒酬谢，小提琴手因此每每喝得大醉。这种奇特的比喻只好意译。)nYou want your pound of flesh,dont you?你要逼债，是吗？（英语allusion-汉语无修辞格）nHe is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。（英语metonymy-汉语无修辞格）nHe was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him magpie.他如此唠叨，同伴们给他起了个麻雀的外号。（汉语中喜鹊喻义喜事、吉利、运气，而英语中喻义却是唠叨、饶舌，于是取汉语中联想效果对应的比喻）nDont be scared,chickens!came her voice with teasing gaiety.别害怕，你们这些胆小如鼠的东西！只听得她用戏谑的口气说道。（英语中鸡是懦弱、胆怯的代名词，汉语中的鸡却无法引起人们这种联想，于是换成老鼠形象。）nAnd I suppose shell tell all the boys,the old cat.我猜想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆！（英语中猫常用来比喻恶毒的女人）nUp and down he walked,up and down across the library floor.他在书房里走过来又走过去，走过来又走过去。（英语anastrophe倒置法-汉语顺成结构）nMrs.Macbeth has a heart as hard as flint.麦克白夫人生来一副铁石心肠。（英语simile-汉语隐喻）n有些英语修辞格（特别是那些句子结构上的修辞格）难以采用对应的汉语辞格来翻译，有时有必要使用切分的办法来译，以便使译文符合汉语的规范和表达习惯。例如：He was restlessly tired,even as he lay in bed.他累了，然而一点也不安宁，即使躺在床上也还是这样。Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.罗斯福目光炯炯，面带微笑，聚精会神地听着nwhen I and my sorrows are dust.当我的尸骨化为尘土，我的哀愁化作清风时(英语zeugma-汉译采用分译和归化)nCivilization is syphilization!世界愈文明，梅毒愈蔓延。（英语pun-汉语采用分译和释义）nFrom their slopes flow streams feeding the oases strung along the rim of inland deserts.条条溪水，潺潺而下，滋润着镶嵌于内陆沙漠边缘的片片绿洲。（英语alliteration和assonance-汉语使用叠词、象声词、分译）