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A COURSE OFA COURSE OFA COURSE OFCHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONCHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONCHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONEnter第一第一章章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介第二第二章章 翻译的过程翻译的过程第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比第四第四章章 词的翻译词的翻译第五第五章章 句子的翻译句子的翻译(上)(上)第六第六章章 句子的翻译句子的翻译(下)(下)第七章第七章 常见文体的翻译常见文体的翻译第八章第八章 常见错误例析常见错误例析目录:目录:翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践,而且还 应因该讲翻译历史与翻译理论,这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系,不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结,翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华,而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践,无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。林克难 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章 翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程:1.翻译的定义和内涵2.中国几位翻译家的理论3.中国翻译史上的论争4.直译与意译5.归化与异化6.段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第二章 翻译的过程一、教学目的:怎样去理解和表达;学会表达的基本策略。二、教学过程:1.理解与表达2.习惯与表达3.段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三章 英汉词汇现象的对比一、教学目的:了解英汉两种语言表达的不同,词汇对应与不对应等情况。二、教学过程:1.中西思维的差异导致语言的差异:2.英汉词语完全对应3.英汉词语部分对应4.英汉词语不对应5.汉英表达尽量简洁6.形合和意合7.段落翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教学目的:要求准确理解句子中词的意义,从而在翻译时做出正确的选择。二、教学过程:1.词义多样性2.词义的对等3.词义的选择4.词语翻译练习第四章 词的翻译English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第五章第五章 句子翻译(上)句子翻译(上)一、教学目的:要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧,从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程:1.增译法2.省译法3.词类转换4.正说反译、反说正译法5.翻译练习English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 一、教学目的:要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧,从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程:1.重译法2.语态变换法3.无主句译法4.翻译练习 第六章第六章 句子翻译(下)句子翻译(下)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第七章第七章 常见文体的翻译常见文体的翻译一、教学目的:要求理解并熟悉常见文体(含旅游景点、欢迎词/祝词、广告等)的翻译,力求在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程:1.旅游景点2.欢迎词、祝词3.广告的翻译4.翻译练习 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 1翻译的定义和内涵:(翻译的定义和内涵:(Definition and Connotation)Translation is an art/science/craft?第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践,而且还因该讲翻译历史与翻译理论,这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系,不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结,翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华,而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践,无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。林克难 译史译论译作并重译史译论译作并重经验科学中西合璧经验科学中西合璧林克难林克难English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 2中国几位翻译家的理论(中国几位翻译家的理论(influential translation principles)严复:信达雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷:神似spiritual conformity/,Resemblance in Spirit,Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书:化境Transmigration(1964).Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德:信、达、切faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介3中国翻译史上的论争中国翻译史上的论争鲁迅:宁信而不顺-rather to be faithful than smooth。目的:引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信-rather to be smooth than faithful 目的:可读性强,便于交流。翻译理论的学习:“细读原作,理清细读原作,理清脉络,联系实际,勤(善)于思索。脉络,联系实际,勤(善)于思索。”林克难(天津外国语大学)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介4直译与意译直译与意译直译:literal translation;意译:free translation直译的例子:crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪;armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿;chain reaction 连锁反应;gentlemens agreement 君子协定one country,two systems 一国两制;The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流;paper tiger 纸老虎;Breath ones last 断气;go to ones external rest 安息;the long sleep 长眠;see Marx 见马克思;go west 上西天;go to heaven 上天堂;kick the bucket 蹬腿:You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介直译不等于死译(dead translation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street”should be replaced by“in the community”.她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹:She got up early,went to the town and saw her public father.Public father should be father in law.意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs/at sixes and sevens/Adams apple句子比较:Little fish does not eat big fish直译:小鱼不吃大鱼;意译:胳膊拧不过大腿试译:天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福直译:Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译:The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介5归化与异化(归化与异化(domestication/adaptation or foreignization/alienation)归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具;在实践上,强调通俗易懂,避免多义或歧义。习惯认为,当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时,“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面,或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法,把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。归化派代表人物尤金奈达(Eugene A.Nida):Functional Equivalence 功能对等What is functional equivalence?1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”-NidaFor instance:as white as snow 通常译为白如雪/但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”,以达到功能对等的目的。Spring up like mushrooms-雨后春笋Everybodys business is nobodys business.三个和尚无水喝Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎,猴子称霸王 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 然而,翻译负有文化交流的使命,即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中,多数读者认为,读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格,他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备,有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此,从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲,我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时,都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴,包括文化。特别要强调的是,在汉译英中,我们尤其要树立这种文化意识,积极创造条件,弘扬中华文化,帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第一第一章章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介异化派代表人物韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti):All roads lead to Rome:条条大道通罗马 不能译成:殊途同归To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs:教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成:班门弄斧班门弄斧:show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.Hence:Make hay while it is sunshine:不能译成:趁热打铁If I slapped someone,He would see the way to Cracow:要是我给谁一巴掌,准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能:一巴掌扇到西天去。武松要吃酒,哪里听他人发说,一转身道:“放屁!放屁!”pass your wind/sheer nonsense1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 6段落翻译练习段落翻译练习 沿着荷塘,是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面,长着许多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的,有些怕人。今晚却很好,虽然月光也还是淡淡的。Understanding Translation 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin(1 1)离家)离家心里颇不宁静(文眼)心里颇不宁静(文眼)(2 23 3)走在路上走在路上(环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁)(环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁)月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影(光和影)月光、月影(光和影)(45)荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色(冷清幽邃(冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁)淡淡的哀愁)(6)(710)回忆江南回忆江南联想,渴望自由联想,渴望自由 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 沿着沿着荷塘荷塘,是一条曲折的小煤屑,是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路;白天也路。这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。(“曲曲折、幽僻、寂寞折、幽僻、寂寞”三种情景前后三种情景前后有何联系?)有何联系?)荷塘四面,长着许荷塘四面,长着许多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁,多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上,这路上阴树。没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的,有些怕人。今晚却很好,森森的,有些怕人。今晚却很好,虽然月光也还是淡淡的。虽然月光也还是淡淡的。第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 1 2English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path.This is a secluded road even by day,more isolated still at night.Around the pond,there are many trees rich in leaves,lush and green.There are some willows along the path,and some trees whose names I do not know.When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them.Tonight is not bad,even though the moon looks pale.Source 第一章第一章 翻译原则简介翻译原则简介 沿着荷塘,是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路;白天也少人走,夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面,长着许多树,蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁,是些杨柳,和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上,这路上阴森森的,有些怕人。今晚却很好,虽然月光也还是淡淡的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin To outsiders this is a rather simple question to answer.In their eyes,people read and understand the original first and then translate,and this is the whole process.However,is the process of translating so simple as this?(1)Reading:Reading from the perspective of a translator is totally different from everyday reading.(2)Understanding:At this stage,we should bear in mind all the participants involved in the translating process,the SL text,the translator,the TL text,and the readeretc.(3)Expression:To express in the target language what we have understood.第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin(4)Proof-reading:At this stage,we have usually finished our translation,but since we have been indulging ourselves in translating for so long,we most probably have become numb in thinking and cannot distinguish what is idiomatic English or Chinese.So we had better put the draft aside for a number of days and then pick it up for proofreading.This way,we may easily detect what has been lost in our translation.Besides,we are suggested to read the translation aloud,which can help us detect unidiomatic expressions on the one hand,and inadequacy of style on the other.第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1Understanding&Expression Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗?It is an order from President Bush/I dont care if it is from bush,tree,or grass.这是布什总统的命令,管他什么布什,布头儿,布片儿,我才不在乎呢。The old mans heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。123 Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary.(Peter.New Mark)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍(总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点)If we dont hang together,they shall hang us separately.咱们要是不摽到一块儿,保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致,必然一个个被人绞死。我们必须共赴沙场,否则就得分赴刑场。It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.世间有这样一条公认的真理,凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。(?)第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程123 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Gonna fight with me?Tellem I am ready for it.I am always ready for it.想和我打架?告诉他们我奉陪,我随时奉陪。He was glad because he couldnt have to send me away without buying anything.他总能买点什么让我带走,这令他很高兴。The market in China is an almost bottomless pit.中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。中国的市场无限巨大。第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程123 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Translate as literally as possible and as freely as is necessary.第二章第二章 词语翻译词语翻译习惯与表达习惯与表达2.Indeed ExpressionAnna was thin and black,a very umbrella of a woman.安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人,上身粗大,下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。改正:安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人,活像一把细长的黑雨伞。Dont trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自寻烦恼。Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade.十多年来,失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩(F)/失业人数总是减不下来,已经十多个年头了。红白喜事 the red and white things-weddings and funerals English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 3.段落翻译练习(1)(2)曲曲折折的荷塘上面,弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着的,有羞涩地打着朵儿的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。Translation 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin(1 1)离家)离家心里颇不宁静(文眼)心里颇不宁静(文眼)(2 23 3)走在路上走在路上(环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁)(环境幽寂、淡淡的哀愁)月下的荷塘月下的荷塘塘下的月色塘下的月色荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水荷叶、荷花、荷香、荷波、流水月光、月影(光和影)月光、月影(光和影)(45)荷塘四周景色荷塘四周景色(冷清幽邃(冷清幽邃淡淡的哀愁)淡淡的哀愁)(6)(710)回忆江南回忆江南联想,渴望自由联想,渴望自由English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Above the winding lotus pond,leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes.Leaves are high above the water,like the skirts of slim dancing girls.In those layers of leaves,dotted with white flowers here and there,some are gracefully in bloom,some shyly in bud,like scattered pearls,like stars in the clear sky,like beautiful girls just after a bath.Where gentle winds pass,there are wisps of light perfume,like faint songs coming from distant high buildings.Source 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程12122 34 曲曲折折的荷塘上面,弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着的,有羞涩地打着朵儿的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin At this moment,there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves,like lightning,streaking across the lotus pond suddenly.Leaves are shoulder to shoulder,closely standing together,now there is a patch of green water.Water is flowing silently under the leaves,it is hidden,no color can be seen,but more charming are the leaves.第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 12122 34 这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动,像闪电般,霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着,这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水,遮住了,不能见一些颜色;而叶子却更见风致了。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin A.A.月光如流水一般,静静地泻在这一片叶子和月光如流水一般,静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样;又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月,牛乳中洗过一样;又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月,天上却有一层淡淡的云,所以不能朗照;但我以为天上却有一层淡淡的云,所以不能朗照;但我以为这恰是到了好处这恰是到了好处酣眠固不可少,小睡也别有风酣眠固不可少,小睡也别有风味的。味的。第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234Translation 3.段落翻译练习段落翻译练习(1)(2)English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Moonlight is like flowing water,pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers.Filmy mists rise in the lotus pond.The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cows milk,like a dream covered with light yarn.Although it is a full moon,there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky.The moon cannot get through to give full light.But I think its just about perfect-although sound sleeps are necessary,naps also have a special flavor.Source 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程1234 月光如流水一般,静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘月光如流水一般,静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样;又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月,里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样;又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月,天上却有一层淡淡的云,所以不能朗照;但我以为这恰是到了好处天上却有一层淡淡的云,所以不能朗照;但我以为这恰是到了好处酣酣眠固不可少,小睡也别有风味的。眠固不可少,小睡也别有风味的。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin Moonlight is passing through trees.Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows,like ghosts.The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparsely drawn on the lotus leaves.Moonlight in the pond is not even,but lightness and shadows are in harmony,like sublime music played on a violin.B.月光是隔了树照过来的,高处丛生的灌木,落月光是隔了树照过来的,高处丛生的灌木,落下参差的斑驳的黑影,峭楞楞如鬼一般;弯弯的杨柳下参差的斑驳的黑影,峭楞楞如鬼一般;弯弯的杨柳的稀疏的倩影,却又像是画在荷叶上。塘中的月色并的稀疏的倩影,却又像是画在荷叶上。塘中的月色并不均匀;但光与影有着和谐的旋律,如梵婀玲上奏着不均匀;但光与影有着和谐的旋律,如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。的名曲。Translation 第二章第二章 翻译的过程翻译的过程 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三章第三章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比1.中西思维的差异导致语言的差异思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expressed by words/Without thinking,language would be meaningless那么,思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知:思维-表现法-语言具体形式。中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国,即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关,所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体,人类文化与天命自然统一。The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related,as in other naturalistic movements,to the idea of fate.1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然;不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论,即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中,则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物,万物归于道”等,这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式,比如在语言表现法中有回环式:“人不犯我,我不犯人”,及递进式表达:“道高一尺,魔高一丈”。所以,中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述,这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern),它们不仅在语言上如此,在文化艺术、经济活动中也都占有统治地位。1234567 第三第三章章汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。西方人恰恰相反,他们一向将人与自然分隔开来,认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物,讲究“人物分立”,人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑:I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do,but,I do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信,无论我们做什么,我们的命运都一样;但是我相信,如果我们什么都不做,我们的命运是一样的。1234567 雅加达English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比也就是说,He wants us to believe in the struggle,not in the fate.诸多此类像美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽),美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比如,从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现:The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before.And the Americans a person who does things because they havent been done before.中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过;美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.美国人喜欢尝试新事物,很大程度上因为他们认为更新的可能是更好的。1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比通过研究可知,英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言,这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合,特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery.英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现,是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密;洛克的哲理明豁通达,对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说,培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范,以至被称为:Kings English。1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比综上所述,我们不难理解:西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维,擅长抽象思维,总是先概括后分解(Topic S-Supporting S)、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节,由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知,地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异,说话的语序就存在很大区别,所以中国式英语频繁出现。试举例说明:我原先打算七月一日飞香港,后来不得不取消,这使我很扫兴。中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出,使语义重心落在后面。实际上,按英语思维习惯应先概括,将语义重心放在前面,然后分解开来,所以应翻译成 It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to fly to Hong Kong On July 1st.1234567 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比再看下面典型的例句:“在全球经济事务中,中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量,我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”让我们看英语的语序:I strongly believe that its in the interests of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可见,汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证,而英语则相反。1234567 On the Causes of the Disparities between Chinese and EnglishAbstract:There exist many disparities between Chinese and English,which were influenced deeply by their own traditional philosophy,thought pattern and natural geographical conditions.This essay will probe into the causes from the three aspects with numerous analyses and point out that,Chinese is an analytic language,whose main characteristics are shaped from the philosophical concept of viewing the universe as a whole,thought pattern revolving around the subject,figurative thinking and the semi-closed continental geographical conditions;English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比2.汉英词语完全对应汉英词语完全对应(word for word correspondence)Aspirin;Marxism;Capitalism;modernism.3.汉英词语部分对应汉英词语部分对应(one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning)Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆;president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长;Morning:早晨、上午部分对应造成翻译时的选择,如对于morning 的翻译:Late in the morning 接近晌午/Early in the morning 一大早;而mid-morning 等最好用时间表示:Mid morning:上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点In the middle of next week:下周三前后 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比4.汉英词语不对应(words without correspondence):Teenager:13至19岁的青少年;Clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人;Prey:被捕食的动物;Porridge:牛奶燕麦粥(Combination of milk and oatmeal);Individualism 个人主义;Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族5.汉英表达尽量简洁(Brevity)Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds.任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处于罚款5英镑。废物入筐,违者罚款5磅。Clothes or no clothes,I can read you like a book.不管你怎样伪装,我都能看透你。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比6形合和意合(hypotaxis and parataxis)例如:Dont come in until I call you.我叫你再进来。条件:If it doesnt rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.明天不下雨,我们就去公园。时间:He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago.(他)离开北京五年了,从未回去过。结果:He read so fast that we could not hear it clearly.他读的太快,我们听不清楚。原因:It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night.昨晚你在教室,肯定是你干的。转折:It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature.江山易改,禀性难移。12 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比对比:The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous.道路是曲折的,前途是光明的。Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people.上海是资本家的乐园,劳动群众的苦海。If you confer a benefit,never remember it;if you receive one,remember it always.施恩勿记,受恩勿忘。12 Do not remember a favor given;do not forget a favor received.Version2:施恩勿念,受恩勿忘。施恩勿念,受恩勿忘。“惠”和“恩”可视为一对同义词;“施”和“受”是一对反义词;“无念”意为“不要放在心上”,“莫忘”意为“不要忘记”,汉语译文是祈使句,两句话,八个字,完全对称。English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 我们过了江,进了车站,我买票,他忙着照看行李。张培基:We entered the railway station after crossing the River.While I was at the booking office buying a ticket,father saw to my luggage.杨宪益:We crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station,where I bought a ticket while he saw(was seeing)to my luggage.第三第三章章 汉英词汇现象的对比汉英词汇现象的对比 English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第三第三章章 英汉词汇现象的对比英汉词汇现象的对比7段落翻译练习:江南的春天素称多雨,一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们,平日就感不到雨的需要,一旦下雨,天气是那么阴沉,谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里;可是跑到外面,没有山,没有湖,也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子,一切都不及晴天好;有时阔人的汽车从你身旁施过,还得带一身污泥回来。(摘自唐弢故乡的雨)Spring in the south is known to be rainy.During this season,it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end.Dwellers in Shanghai,who usually do not feel the need for rain,will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain.While in the open,seeing to mountains,nor lakes,nor rain-drenched soft green leaves,youll find nothing comparable to a fine day.Sometimes,worse still,a rich mans car flashing past may splash you all over with mud.English Department of KDNTC Huang Xin 第四章第四章 词的翻译词的翻译1.The Diversity of Word Meaning(词义的多样性)(词义的多样性)The meaning of a word is not uniform but diversified and multidimensional.A case in point is the word seat in the sentence The District of Columbia is the seat of the national gov
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