外文翻译---GIS的发展前景

附 录(二) 英文翻译（原文）Perspectives on GIS Development in ChinaResearches and applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in China started in the early 1980s. In the early period, the development of GIS was mainly depended on the progress and applications of remote sensing, aerial photography, as well as computer aided design (CAD). In recent years, with the development of GPS and Internet technology, GIS has being developed vigorously in the country. Looking ahead to the 21st century, a new era of Digital Earth and Cyberspace is coming, which will provide a great opportunity as well as a challenge to the Chinas GIS circles. 1. Progress Pace of GISResearches of GIS in China can date back to the early 1980. At that time, a remote sensing application project was being carried on in Southwest China and using GIS method integrated with remote sensing data to solve the area measurement automatically was initiated. After the first successful test of GIS, a proposal to start GIS research was proposed in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Since then a great success has been achieved both in research and application of GIS in China. While its history or progress pace can be divided into four periods. From 1981-1985, it is the initial period of GIS in China. During this period, GIS was mainly keep in research and experimental stage, a number of scientists in CAS and some high learning institutes started to follow the tracks of GIS development in world. With the support of the State Science and Technology Commission (SSTC) and CAS, a number of research projects were initiated and conducted, leading to build up some typical case information systems. In this period five systematical and experimental researches had been conducted. Those are geo-data capture methods, regional information system modeling, national basic geographic databases building, development of geo-analysis software and national geographic data standards and specifications. While the most influential one of those researches was the formulation of a draft GIS technology specification, in which over 50 scientists and specialists had been involved. The first State Key Laboratory of GIS was set up in the Institute of Geography, CAS, providing an open and new type research laboratory specialized in GIS in the country. Also, a large number of GIS personnel had got trained, and some of them are leading edge specialists today.In the 1986-1990 period, the importance of GIS technology had been generally got recognized by governmental officials at different levels, and more scientists started to adopt this technology as a tool for their researches. In carrying out a state key research program on remote sensing application supported by the State Planning Commission and SSTC, a national level GIS research project was initiated within the program. The project was mainly focused on flood forecasting and prevention methods, soil erosion on Loess Plateau and Three North Forest Belt. The objects of these researches were to provide regional planning and management as well as decision-making services to the governments. Also, during this period, some national level systems, such as national basic resource database, land resources database, mineral resources and forest resource databases had been built up. It should be noticed that the building of these systems was under the planning economic system. At this period all the built systems were in the domain of public welfare and supported by the governmental funds. There was no idea about GIS industry. Beside personnel training and research sites building, the achievements of this period include the following two aspects:(1) A large number of geographic related databases had been designed and built, including 1:1 million China land resources information system, 1:2.5 million water and soil reserve information system and 1:4 million natural resources and environmental database and earthquake disaster database. Regional systems included those of Dongting Lake, Lower Reaches of the Yellow River, the Yellow River Delta, the Loess Plateau, the Taihu Lake Basin, the Wusulijiang-Helngjiang- Songhhuajiang Plains, as well as Liaoning Province and Haunts City, etc.(2) A lot of achievements on technical methods of GIS had been made in the period, such as the use of OR model to solve aerial photograph interpretation, directly input into computer, realizing the automation for the whole process of photograph rectifying, mapping, measurement and statistics. Improvement of Chinese language version for some GIS software packages and PC based mapping systems. And a national grid system standard had been formulized. From 1991-1996, it was a very important period for the development of GIS in China. With opening to the outside world and deepening its economic reform, especially with urbanization and fast economic growth along the coastal areas of the country, the demands for GIS had been increased greatly, GIS applications in urban planning and land management had been springing up vigorously in country. As a whole the applications of GIS in these areas had improved the abilities of database updating, spatial retrieving and office automation. With the increase of GIS, the demand for homemade GIS industry has risen. Meantime, at the impetus of the China 21st Agenda, about 42 governmental departments and sectors had put information systems as their priority, financial and customs sectors had implemented their information infrastructure, among them GIS plays a very important role for management and planning. At the national level, lots of efforts have been made on GIS research and system building, including those activities of building up a National Basic Information System for the State Council, organizing an evaluation for home-developed GIS software, building up a disaster fast response information system and a national agricultural evaluation information system. Since 1997, GIS has been into a new stage. Firstly, GIS has been generally recognized as important part of IT in the country. The government has given a priority to the development of GIS. In December 1997, the first National Working Conference for GIS was held by SSTC and State in Beijing, which was aiming to promote GIS technology and GIS application. Over 100 local officials in charge new technology applications and noted GIS experts attended the conference. Local officials had expressed their interests and enthusiasm in adopting GIS for assisting the local planning and management. And in 1998, a lot of GIS activities have seen. Fig.1 shows the development and distribution of urban GIS in China. It is astonished that the development of IT in 90s in the world, particularly computer and network technologies. For China, it has also been connected with the outside world through optical fibers and submarine cable, as it having connected with the United States via San Francisco and Los Angeles and with Japan and South Korea. China is actively participated in international co-operations. For example, it recently had successfully participated in the launch of the “iridium” satellite series. The fast growing of economy and social development, more and more areas have had the interests in GIS. In recent years, a lot of operational GIS systems have been seen in the country. There are some good examples, such as the Hong Kong GIS for the Hong Kong Troops of the PLA, the China Ecological Research Network (CERN), National Marine Information System and National Land Information System (ARC/CHINA) which will be soon available in the market. It should be noticed that the situation for Chinas GIS circles is severe, as there are too many things ahead for meeting the demands for GIS of the society and keeping up with the development of modern technology. 2. Regional GIS Application WavesGenerally, in a developing country like China the demand for GIS is much greater in the urban area than that in the rural area and greater in the coastal area than that in the inland. The development and applications of GIS technology in management and planning is usually keep with the development of regional economy. It is estimated that only when the average land price has increased to a certain level that can maintain the running systems, then it is possible to build GIS in the region. Geographically speaking, China is developing uneven and the development of GIS applications is also uneven. After two decades efforts, a regional GIS application wave has emerged in China. Based on regional differences and the application level, regionally it can be divided into four types of GIS applications.(1) GIS Industry Region: This region is mainly located to the south of the LingNan Mountain, equaling to the LingNan Culture influential area, including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan Provinces, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as Taiwan Province. Early urban GIS applications were started from the coastal cities of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Beihai and Xiamen as well as Taiwans Taipei and Taizhong. And in this area GIS applications are going into small cities and towns, for example a town called Xiaolan near to Zhongshan City has built up a GIS for township planning. It is likely to form a three level of GIS applications from the regional GIS to urban and township GIS. It is the most active region in the country of GIS applications and is in somewhat forming a specialized industry of GIS. (2) “Public Welfare Supported GIS Region”: It includes the region of those provinces and regions along the LongHai-Jiejiang-Jiangxi Railway and the Yangtze River industry belt. GIS is very active in the region with GIS specialized organizations being formed in some places. In Shanghai Municipality, Jiangsu, Jiejiang and Jiangxi provinces, provincial level GIS centers have been set up recently for organizing GIS applications. In Chongjing and other large and middle-sized cities of Wuhan, Ningpo, Hangzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou and Shashi have also started their GIS programs. While GIS application in this region is still supported by the governments and is far to reach an industrial stage.(3) Experimental GIS Application Region: It includes North and Northeast China. GIS programs in this region are usually planned by the central and local governments. As there are many research institutes located in this region and it has had a stronger technical support in developing GIS systems. The early experimental GIS systems, such as those of the Three North Forest Belt, the Loess Plateau, are built in the region and most of them had not been used for direct management and planning. And even in Beijing, Tianjin and Zibo city, there are still some problems remained in using the built GIS systems.(4) GIS Developing Region: It includes five provinces in Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. GIS is still in a developing stage in this region. It is conjunction with large engineering projects. The building up of the Pan Asia Railway and development of Meigong River and Tumen River has increased the demand for GIS application both for regional planning and project possibility study.In addition to that, national level GIS systems in different subjects are under construction. Census data, agricultural, industrial and resources inventory data as well as other geographic related data are needed to handle. Meanwhile, with the development of remote sensing technology and network, more systems will be built up in the country soon. Generally, from the central government to the locals it is uneven in GIS applications in the country. And the regional GIS applications are in a developing stage. It is concluded that GIS applications are mainly depended on the local economy and technology bases. 3. An Era of Knowledge-Based Economy GIS is part of knowledge-based economy. The GIS industry and market are never isolated. GIS industry can not be considered as simply just importing advanced equipment and technology or developing some software systems. It needs the understanding of the whole knowledge-based economy and changes the traditional concept of the industry. It is also related with the management system, science and technology bases and educational quality and productive forces as well as other factors. Looking ahead to the new era of the 21st century, a new type society of information and knowledge-based industry will come. Although a great success has obtained in GIS development and application in China, there is a long way to go for GIS research and GIS industry in the country.(1)Digital Earth and Network World: A new revolution of technology is on the way that has made a profound change on data capture, data handling and displaying. It makes it possible for us to handle and utilize large mount data of environment and cultural phenomena. Most of those data are geographically related. There exists a critical problem about data and data handling. On one hand, many people are thirst for data for some purposes. On the other hand there are a large number of data are in waste. For example, the Landsat satellite is capable of taking a complete photograph of the entire earths surface every two weeks. It has been operating for nearly 20 years. Yet more than 95 percent if those images, which might be invaluable to farmers, educators, environmental scientists, geologists and city planners, have never been seen by human eyes. With the development of remote sensing sensors, high resolution of 1-meter remote sensing images will be available in the near future. With the development of the technology, the speed of next generation Internet will increase 100 to 1,000 times. This has lead to the development and application of WebGIS. A critical question for China GIS circles now is that it needs to build more databases and develop basic systems. ARC/CHINA, a 1:1 million-map database has been completed and ready to be published for the market and 1X1km meteorological satellite images have been included in the database of World Meteorology Organization (WMO). In Hong Kong and Shanghai and other major municipalities, Information Ports are under construction. These moves will surely lead to develop more database meeting the demands of the society.(2)Geographical Models and Dynamical Modeling: Presently the development of GIS in China is still in the stage of databases building to meet the general management and data retrieving. The urgent thing needed to do is make the data mining into information that people can understand and use. It is a comprehensive process to attract information from data, and then to knowledge. Data in a GIS are complicated as those are related to the earth that is an open system. In order to solve the problems of population and resources we faced today, it needs to study all linear or non-linear problems on the earth system, find out the laws of those phenomena. Remote sensing provides a powerful earth observation tool that can monitor the changes of land and marine environments. Analysis, understanding of the mechanism of the above problems and modeling are very important to GIS, as it should be used to solve the problems. Chinese scientists are making their efforts on see level change modeling, urban flood disaster modeling, agricultural output estimation modeling, earthquake prediction, trying to build a system for social-economy prediction. On this situation, besides the general software system, practical application models and specialized GIS software should be developed and make GIS more intelligent. (3)Cyberspace and “Virtual Communication”With the development of computer science and communication technology, whatever of literature, arts, and building or crafts designs, even a war can be depicted in computer by a virtual way. Probably this is a new way of thinking and doing things in the 21st century. In a classic fission named “Red Chamber ”, it depicts “virtual scenery ” for the characters and story of the whole book and predicts the development in the first chapter. Cyberspace is a special space for people to visit through computer display and network. Then people can use “Virtual Communication” for communication, trade, and research. Cyberspace like a standing wave existing in the network is interactive and can interacted with peoples thinking. Cyberspace, the fourth media after the oral language, writings, television, and broadcasting, integrates computer, digital media, network and virtual reality. This has provided a new challenge to GIS and it is a new base for application applications. Chinas GIS circle should not only work on the operational system buildings but should follow the trend of the new development of IT in the outside world. To meet the demand of the knowledge based economy we should face the countrys reality and make more efforts to open up a new way for developing GIS both in the technology and application. 附 录(二) 英文翻译（中文）GIS在中国的发展前景在中国，对地理信息系统（GIS）的研究和应用开始于80年代前期。在早期，GIS主要依赖于遥感，空中摄影，以及计算机辅助设计（CAD）的应用和发展。最近几年，伴随着GPS和Internet技术的发展，GIS在全国发展势头良好。展望21世纪，一个新的数字地球，网络时代即将到来，对中国的GIS来说，机遇和挑战并存。1. GIS的发展步伐 GIS在我国研究可追溯到八十年代早期。当时，遥感应用项目开始在中国的西南部实施，使用了GIS方法结合遥感数据来自动解决区域测量。在第一次GIS成功的测试之后，中国科学院(CAS)提议开始对GIS的研究。从那以后，GIS在我国的在研究和应用取得很大的成功。它的历史、发展步伐可以分成4个阶段。1981年到1985年期间，是GIS在中国发展的最初阶段。在这期间，GIS正处于研究和试验阶段，许多中科院的科学家和高等研究所开始跟踪GIS的国际发展的脚步。由于国家科学技术委员会(SSTC)和中国科学院(CAS)的支持，许多研究项目开始运行，从而建立了一些典型案例的信息系统。这个时期5个系统性的、试验性的研究被实施。它们是地震数据捕获方法，地域性的信息系统模型，国家基本地理数据库的建设，地理分析软件的开发和国家地理数据标准和说明书。然而在这些研究中，最有影响的是50个科学家和专家一起草拟GIS技术规范说明书。我国第一个GIS国家重点实验室设立在中国科学院(CAS)的地理研究所，一个开放的、新型的研究实验室，专门用于我国GIS的研究。培养了大量的GIS人员，有些现在已经成为这一方面的专家。1986到1990年期间，GIS的重要性开始被各级政府官员认可，更多的科学家开始利用GIS技术，用于研究工作。在进行由国家计划委员会以及国家科学技术委员会的支持的有关遥感应用的国家重点研究项目中，启动了一个国家级的GIS研究项目。这个项目主要集中在洪水预测和预防的方法，黄土高原的土壤侵蚀和三北防护林。研究的目标是为地方政府提供区域规划和管理，以及决策服务。在这期间，一些国家级的系统，比如国家基础资源数据库，土地资源数据库，矿物资源和森林资源数据库已经建立起来。值得注意的是这些系统的建立是在计划经济体系下完成的。属于公共福利领域，并受到政府资金的支持。在这里没有GIS工业的概念。除了人员培训和研究场所地建立，这个时期的成就还包括以下2个方面：(1)许多地理数据库已经被设计和建立起来，包括1:1000000的中国国土资源信息系统，1:2500000的水和土壤储备信息系统以及1：4000000自然资源和环境数据库和地震灾害数据库。地域性数据库包括洞庭湖，黄河三角洲,黄土高原，太湖盆地，乌苏里江-黑龙江-松花江平原，辽宁省等地区。(2)这个时期GIS在技术（方法）上取得了许多成果，如使用OR模型解决航空图片的解译问题，直接输入计算机，实现了航空照片调整、制图、测量、统计过程的自动化。对一些GIS软件包和基于个人计算机的制图系统进行了汉化改进。形成了国家格网系统标准。1991年到1996年，这是GIS在我国发展的一个非常重要的时期。伴随着对外开放和经济改革的深化，特别是伴随着城市化和沿海经济的快速增长，对GIS的需求迅速地增长， GIS在城市规划和土地管理方面的应用在全国出现了一个高潮。整体上GIS 在这些地区的应用改进了数据库的更新能力、空间检索能力和办公自动化的能力。随着GIS的增长，国内对自创GIS 产业的需求上升。同时，为推动我国21世纪议程，42个政府部门和地区将信息系统作为它们的首选，财政和海关部门已经完成了它们的信息基础设施建设，其中，GIS在管理和规划方面扮演了非常重要的角色。在国家的层次上，对GIS的研究和系统建设作了很多努力，包括为国务院建立国家基础信息系统，组织对国产GIS软件的评估，建立快速响应灾害的信息系统和国家农业评估信息系统。从1997年开始，GIS进入了一个新的阶段。首先，GIS作为IT产业的一个重要组成部分得到了认可，政府对GIS的发展给予特权。1997年12月， SSTC和政府在北京召开了GIS第一次国家工作会议，为了促进GIS的发展和应用。100多个主管新技术应用的地方官员和著名的GIS专家参加了会议。地方政府对帮助GIS在地方规划和管理的运用显示了极大的兴趣和热情。在1998年，实施了很多GIS活动。图1展示了城市GIS在中国的发展和分布。令人惊讶的是90年代IT在全世界的发展，特别是计算机和网络技术。中国也通过光纤和海底电缆和全世界联结起来，中国已经经由旧金山和洛山基连接到了美国，也连接到了日本和韩国。中国积极参与国际合作，比如，最近成功参与了 铱卫星系列的发射。经济快速增长和社会发展，越来越多的地方对GIS感兴趣。最近几年，GIS系统应用处处可见。有些好的例子，如GIS系统用于驻港部队，中国生态学研究网络（CERN），国家海洋信息系统，和国家陆地信息系统将投入市场。值得注意的是中国GIS状况是严峻的，在满足社会对GIS的要求、跟上现代科技的发展的过程中，GIS有许多事情要做。2. 区域GIS应用的浪潮通常，象中国这样的发展中国家对GIS的需求，城市比乡村多，沿海比内陆多。GIS技术在管理规划方面的发展和应用与地区经济的发展相一致。估计只有当平均地价增长到某个水平以至能够维持一个系统的运行，才有可能在那个地区建立GIS。从地理地角度说，中国发展不均匀的，GIS应用（应用）的发展也是不均匀的。经过20年的努力，一个区域GIS应用浪潮已经出现在中国。基于区域差异和应用水平，按地域分成4种GIS应用类型：（1）GIS工业领域：这个区域主要位于岭南山的南面，是岭南文化有影响的区域，包括广西壮族自治区，广东，福建，海南省，香港和澳门，还有台湾省的台北和台中。这些地方的GIS应用进入到小的城镇，中山市附近的小蓝镇建立了一个镇区GIS系统。它有希望形成一个3层次的GIS系统，从整个地区的GIS到城市GIS到镇区GIS。 它是GIS应用最活跃的地区，有可能形成一个专门的GIS工业。（2）公共福利对GIS领域的支持：包括沿着陇海-浙江-江西铁路和长江工业带的省和地区。随着GIS专业组织机构在一些地方成立后，GIS在这个地区就显得能起到非常重要的作用。在上海、江苏、浙江、江西，省级的GIS中心系统已经建立起来并组织GIS的应用。重庆和其它大的中型城市如武汉，宁波，杭州，常州，苏州和长沙市已经开始它们的GIS项目。然而这些地区的GIS应用是政府支持的，距工业GIS阶段还有距离。（3）GIS实验应用领域：包括北部和中国东北部，这些地区的GIS项目是中央和地方政府规划的。由于许多研究机构坐落在这个地区，对GIS系统的发展有着强有力的技术支持。早期的GIS实验系统，如三北防护林，黄土高原，都建立在这里，但大多数都没有被直接用作管理规划。甚至在北京、天津和淄博，在使用已建立的GIS系统上仍存在一些问题。（4）GIS发展地区：包括在中国的东北部的五省和内蒙古。GIS在这些地方仍处于发展阶段。GIS和大的工