外文翻译--机器人的历史

History of Robots The notion of robots or robot-like automates can be traced back to medieval times. Although people of that era didnt have a term to describe what we would eventually call a robot they were nevertheless imagining mechanisms that could perform human-like tasks. In medieval times, automatons, human-like figures run by hidden mechanisms, were used to impress peasant worshippers in church into believing in a higher power. The automatons, like the clock jack pictured here, created the illusion of self-motion (moving without assistance). The clock jack was a mechanical figure that could strike time on a bell with its axe. This technology was virtually unheard of in the 13th century. So imagine how aweinspiring an automaton was to someone just like you! In the 18th century, miniature automatons became popular as toys for the very rich. They were made to look and move like humans or small animals. The pretty musician in the picture was built around 1890. She can turn her head from side to side while playing the instrument with her hands and keeping time with her foot. In literature, humankinds vivid imagination has often reflected our fascination with the idea of creating artificial life. In 1818, Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein, a story about the construction of a human-like creature. For Shelly, a robot looked like man but had the ability to function like a machine. It was built of human components, which could be held together by nuts and bolts. Notice there are even clips to hold the top of the head together! Shelly considered that a robot had to be bigger than a regular person and had to have super human strength. In 1921, Karel Capek, a Czech playwright, came up with an intelligent, artificially created person, which he called “robot”. The word “robot” is Czech for worker, and was gradually incorporated into the English language without being translated. As you can see, even a hundred years after Shellys Frankenstein, Capeks idea of a robot is still one in which the creation resembles the human form. You can see in the picture that the robot looks much more rigid and machine-like than the woman standing next to it . While the concept of a robot has been around for a very long time, it wasnt until the 1940s that the modern day robot was born, with the arrival of computers. The term robotics refers to the study and use of robots; it came about in 1941 and was first adopted by Isaac Asimov, a scientist and writer. It was Asimov who also proposed the following “Laws of Robotics” in his short story Runaround:One, a robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Two, () a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Three, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. Isaac Asimov i The robot really became a popular concept during the late 1950s and early 1960s. With the automotive industry in full expansion at that time,industrial robots were employed to help factory operators. Industrial robots do not have the imaginative, human-like appearance that we have been dreaming of throughout the ages. They are computer-controlled manipulators, like arms and hands, which can weld or spray paint cars as they roll down an assembly line. In fact, industrial robots are so unlike the conception of robots held in the past that you might not even recognise one. Did you know that one of the first operational, industrial robots in North America appeared in the early 1960s in a candy factory in Kitchener, Ontario?A robot can go where humans cannot. In fact, robots were created to help humans, especially in high risk or dangerous situations. A robot can deactivate a bomb, go to the edges of an active volcano, transport dangerous materials, explore the ocean floor and even perform tasks in the most hostile environment known to man: space. So why is space such a hostile environment? First of all, in space there is no oxygen, and temperatures can range from 120 degrees Celsius in the sun and 100 degrees in the dark, when the Earth blocks the sun. Without the proper protection, like a spacecraft or even the EVA suit used by space walkers, survival in space is not possible. When repairs have to be made outside a spacecraft,astronauts are sometimes required to leave the space shuttle or the Space Station. These extravehicular activities are very dangerous, therefore, robots are used to carry out tasks in space in order to limit the number of extravehicular activities Undertaken. What does a space robot look like? As we have discovered, todays robots do not necessarily resemble humans. A human is made up of a number of different visible components, like a head where the brain sends messages to the rest of the body; arms and hands to grasp and manoeuvre objects; a torso to which all of the components are attached and legs to move. Oh! And dont forget the ears, eyes, and mouth to hear see and communicate! Robots need all these different components to Operate. A number of robots make up the Mobile Servicing System. The Mobile Servicing System is Canadas contribution to the International Space Station. Canada created the Mobile Servicing System to help in the construction of the Space Station; it will first build the Space Station and then help maintain the Station throughout its lifetime. Just like humans have a brain that sends messages to the rest of the body;The re is a main computer that communicates with the robotic system. The Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), Canadas new robotic arm, will be able to lift and move objects the size and mass of the Space Shuttle. The crew of STS-100 with Canadian Space Agency Astronaut Chris Hadfield will deliver and install the new arm to the International Space Station as it orbits high above the Earth. This second generation Canadarm isCanadas primary contribution to the Station. The Space Vision System (CSVS), another critical piece of Canadian robotics innovation, is comprised of several cameras and targets. These are located in key areas of the Space Station and on the robotic arm; it will serve to pinpoint the exact movement and location of components for the building and maintenance of the Station. So, astronauts from inside the Space Station are able to operate the Mobile Servicing System by using this Space Vision System. Aside from the CSVS, the next Canadian robot to be brought to space is the SSRMS. When it is brought to space to be installed to the Space Station during STS-100, its predecessor, the Canadarm will lift it from the payload (the inside) of Space Shuttle Endeavour and bring it to the International Space Station. This will be the first in a series of handshakes in space performed by these robots. Stay tuned for more exciting facts about robotsFirst,I explain the background robots,robot technology development,It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results,forthesocio-economicdevelopmentofasignificantimpactonascienceand technology.ItattributedthedevelopmentofallcountriesintheSecondWorldWarto strengthentheeconomicinputonstrengtheningthecountryseconomicdevelopment. Buttheyalsodemandthedevelopmentoftheproductiveforcestheinevitableresult ofhumandevelopmentitselfistheinevitableresultthenwiththedevelopmentof humanity,peopleconstantlydiscussthenaturalprocess,inunderstandingand reconstructingthenaturalprocess,peopleneedtobeabletoliberateaslave.Sothisis theslavepeopletobeabletoreplacethecomplexandengagedinheavymanual labor,Peopledonotrealizerightuptotheworldsunderstandingandtransformation ofthistechnologyaswellaspeopleinthedevelopmentprocessofanobjectiveneed.Robotsarethreestagesofdevelopment,inotherwords,weareaccustomedto regardingrobotsaredividedintothreecategories.isafirst-generationrobots,also knownasteach-typerobot,itisthroughacomputer,tocontroloveroneofa mechanicaldegreesoffreedomThroughteachingandinformationstored procedures,workinghourstoreadoutinformation,andthenissuedadirectiveso therobotcanrepeataccordingtothepeopleatthattimesaidtheresultsshowthiskind ofmovementagain,Forexample,thecarspotweldingrobots,onlytoputthisspot weldingprocess,afterteaching,anditisalwaysarepeatofaworkIthasthe externalenvironmentisnoperceptionthattheforcemanipulationofthesizeofthe workpiecetheredoesnotexist,welding0SItdoesnotknow,thenthisfactfrom thefirstgenerationrobot,itwillexistthisshortcoming,itinthe20thcentury,the late1970s,peoplestartedtostudythesecond-generation robot,calledRobotwiththe feelingthatThisfeelingwiththerobotissimilarin functionofacertainfeeling,for instance,forceandtouch,slipping,visual,hearingandwhoisanalogoustothatwith llkindsoffeelings,sayinarobotgraspingobjects,Infact,itcanbethesizeof afeelingout,itcanthroughvisual,tobeabletofeelandidentifyitsshape,size,color Graspinganegg,itadoptedaacumen,awareofitspowerandthesizeoftheslide. Third-generationrobots,wewerearoboticsidealpursuedbythemostadvanced stage,calledintelligentrobots,Solongastellitwhattodo,nothowtotellittodo, itwillbeabletocompletethecampaign,thinkingandperceptionofthis man-machinecommunicationfunctionandfunctionWell,thiscurrentdevelopment orrelativeisinasmartpartoftheconceptandmeaningButtherealsignificanceof theintegrityofthisintelligentrobotdidnotactuallyexist,butaswecontinuedthe developmentofscienceandtechnology,theconceptofintelligentincreasinglyrich, itgrowseverwiderconnotations.Now,Iwouldliketobrieflyoutlinesomeoftheindustrialrobotsituation. So far,the industrialrobotisthemostmatureandwidelyusedcategoryofarobot,now the worldstotalsalesof1.1millionTaiwan,whichisthe1999statistics,however,1.1 millioninTaiwanhavebeenusingtheequipmentis75million,thisvolume is notsmall.Overall,theJapaneseindustrialrobotsinthisone,isthefirstofthe robots tobecometheKingdom,theUnitedStateshavedevelopedrapidly.Newly installed inseveralareasofTaiwan,whichalreadyexceedsJapan,Chinahasonly just beguntoenterthestageofindustrialization,hasdevelopedavarietyof industrial robotprototypeandsmallbatchhasbeenusedinproduction.Spotweldingrobotistheautoproductionline,improveproductionefficiency and raisethequalityofweldingcar,reducethelaborintensityofarobot. Itis characterizedbytwopairsofrobotsforspotweldingofsteelplate,bearinga great needfortheweldingtongs,generalindozensofkilogramsormore,thenits speed inmetersperseconda5-2meterofsuchhigh-speedmovement.Soitis generally fivetosixdegreesoffreedom,load30to120kilograms,thegreatspace, probably expectedthattheworkofasphericalspace,ahighvelocity,theconcept of freedom,thatistosay,Movementisrelativelyindependentofthenumber of components,theequivalentofourbody,waistisarotary degreeoffreedom. Wehavetobeabletoholdhisarm,Armcanbebent,thenthisthreedegrees of freedom,Meanwhilethereisawrist of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved,and of course we have less than six degree of freedom.Have morethansixdegreesoffreedomrobot,in different occasions the need to configure.Thesecondcategoryofservicerobots,withthedevelopmentofindustrialization, especiallyinthepastdecade,Robotdevelopmentintheareasofapplicationare continuouslyexpanding,andnowaveryimportantcharacteristic,asweallknow, Robothasgraduallyshiftedfrommanufacturingtonon-manufacturingandservice industries,wearetalkingaboutthecarmanufacturerbelongingtothe manufacturingindustry,However,theservicessectorincludingcleaning, refueling,rescue,rescue,relief,etc.Thesebelongtothenon-manufacturing industriesandserviceindustries,sohereiscomparedwiththeindustrialrobot,itis averyimportantdifference.Itisprimarilyamobileplatform,itcanmovetosports, therearesomearmsoperate,alsoinstalledsomeasaforcesensorandvisual sensors,ultrasonicrangingsensors,etc.Itssurroundingenvironmentforthe conductofidentification,todetermineitscampaigntocompletesomework,this isservicerobotsoneofthebasiccharacteristics.Forexample,domesticrobotismainlyembodiedintheexampleofsomeofthe carpetsandflooringittotheregularcleaningandvacuuming.Therobotitisvery meaningful,ithassensors,itcanfurnitureandpeoplecanidentify,It automaticallyaccordingtoalawputtothegroundundertheroadallcleanedup. Thisisalsothehomeofsomerobotperformance.Themedicalrobots,nearlyfiveyearsofrelativelyrapiddevelopmentofnew applicationareas.Ifpeopleinthecourseofanoperation,doctorssurgery,isa fatigue,andtheothermanuallyoperatedaccuracyislimited.Someuniversitiesin Germany,which,facingthespine,lumbardiscdisease,theidentification,can automaticallyusetherobot-aidedpositioning,operationandsurgeryLikethe UnitedStateshavebeenmorethan1,000casesofhumaneyeballrobotsurgery, therobot,alsoincludingremote-controlledapproach,therightofsuch gastrointestinalsurgery,weseeonthetelevisioninside.amanipulator,aboutthe thicknessfingerssuchamanipulator,insertedthroughtheabdominalviscera, peopleonthescreenoperatingthemachineshand,italsousedthemethodoflaser lesionlasertreatment,thisisthecase, people would not have a very big damage tothe human body.Inreality,thisrightasahumanliberationisaverygoodrobots,medicalrobotsitis verycomplex,whileitisfullyautomatedtocompleteallthework,thereare difficulties,andgenerallyarepeopletoparticipate.ThisisAmerica,the developmentofsuchasurgeryLinBaianexample,throughthescreen,througha remotecontroloperatortocontrolanothermanipulator,throughtherealizationof therightabdominalsurgeryAfewyearsagoourcountrytheexhibition,the UnitedStateshasbeensuccessfulinachievingtherighttotheheartvalvesurgery andbypasssurgery.Thisrobothasinthearea,causedagreatsensation, butalso,AESOPssurgicalrobot,Infact,itthroughsomeequipmenttosomeof thelesionsinspections,throughamanipulatorcanbeachievedonsomepartsofthe operationAlsoincludingremotelyoperatedmanipulator,andmanydoctorsare abletoparticipateintherobotundersurgeryRobotdoctortoincludedoctorswith pliers,tweezersoraknifetoreplacethenurses,whilelightingautomaticallyto thedoctorsmovementslinked,thedoctorhandsoff,lightingwentoff,Thisis verygood,adoctorsassistant.Robotismankindsright-handman;friendlycoexistencecanbeareliablefriend.In future,wewillseeandtherewillbearobotspaceinside,asamutualaideand friend.Robotswillcreatethejobsissue.Webelievethattherewouldnotbe arobotappointmentofworkersbeinglaidoffsituation,becausepeoplewiththe developmentofsociety,Infactthepeoplefromtheheavyphysicalanddangerous environmentliberated,sothatpeoplehaveabetterpositiontowork,tocreatea betterspiritualwealthandculturalwealth.机器人的历史 机器人或机器人一样能自动化的概念可以追溯到中世纪时代。虽然那个时代的人没有一个词来描述我们最终称它为机器人，他们仍然 想象可以执行类似人类的任务机制。 在中世纪时期，通过隐藏运行机制的类似人类的装置的自动机，被用来打动在教堂做礼拜的农民，以为在一个更高的功率。 该自动机，像时钟插孔如图示，创造了自运动的错觉（在没有援助下移动）。时钟插孔是一个可以罢工时间的机械装置，在钟上用它的轴。这项技术在13世纪几乎是闻所未闻。所以，想象一下这是多么令人振奋，自动机就是某个人，就像你！ 在18世纪，微型自动机成为上流社会非常受欢迎的玩具。他们所做的外观和运动就像人或小动物。在图片中漂亮的音乐家制造在1890年左右，她可以把她的头从一边转到另一边同时用她的双手在演奏乐器，而且与她的脚保持时间的同步。 在文学中，人们的丰富的想像力，往往反映我们所着迷的，创造人造生命的想法。1818年，玛丽雪莱写了科学怪人，一个关于制造类似人类的故事。对于谢莉，一个看起来像人的机器人，但是他有像一台机器功能的能力。它制造与人体组件，可以可以通过螺母和螺栓固定在一起。请注意，甚至有夹子保持头顶在一起！雪莉考虑到机器人必须是大于一个普通的人，并且必须有超人类的力量。 1921年，卡雷尔恰佩克，捷克剧作家，想出了一个聪明的，人为地创建人，他称之为“机器人”。单词“机器人”是捷克的工人没有被翻译逐渐并入英语中的。正如你可以看到，即使一百年之后，雪莉的科学怪人，恰佩克机器人的想法仍然是一个建立中类似于人形的人。你可以在图片中看到，机器人看起来更加僵化，机器般像女人站在它旁边。 虽然机器人的概念已经存在了很长时间，但直到1940年，随着电脑的到来的现代机器才被生产。 该机器人一词指的是机器人的研究和使用;它是约1941年首次被科学家和作家艾萨克阿西莫夫所使用。也正是阿西莫夫在他的短篇故事环舞中提出了下面的“机器人定律”：一，机器人不得伤害人类，或袖手旁观坐视一个人是要受到伤害。 . 二，（.），机器人必须服从人类给它的命令除外如该命令将与第一定律相冲突。 . 三，机器人必保护自己的存在只要这种保护不与第一或第二定律相冲突。 艾萨克阿西莫夫 机器人真的成了一个流行的概念是在1950年代后期60年代初期。伴随当时的汽车产业全面扩张，工业机器人被用来帮助工厂操作员。 工业机器人不具备古往今来我们一直梦想的想象力，类似人类的外表。他们是计算机控制的机械手，像胳膊和手，他们可以焊接或喷涂汽车，因为他们形成了一条装配生产线。 事实上，工业机器人是如此的不同于过去的你可能甚至不承认的机器人的概念。 你知道吗，在北美第一台可使用的工业机器人之一出现在1960年代初在安大略省基奇纳一家糖果厂？ 机器人可以去人类不能去的地方。事实上，机器人的创建是为了帮助人类，尤其是在高风险或危险的情况。机器人可以停用炸弹，去一个活跃的边缘火山，运输危险物品，探索海底并且，即使在人类已知的最恶劣的环境中执行任务：空间。 那么，为什么空间是如此恶劣的环境？首先，在空间中没有氧气，温度的范围可以从阳光下120度变化到在地球挡住太阳的黑暗中-100度。如果没有适当的保护，像一个飞船，甚至是步行者使用的空间EVA外衣，生存空间是不可能的。 维修时必须在航天器外面做，宇航员有时需要离开航天飞机或者空间站。这些出舱活动都非常危险的，因此，机器人在空间在中用来执行任务为了限制的舱外活动开展的数量。 一个空间机器人是什么样子？正如我们所看到的，今天的机器人并不像人类。一个人是由一个不同的有形成分，像头 - 在大脑将消息发送到身体的其他部分;双臂和双手抓握和 操纵对象;躯干，其中所有的部件都附属在此，还有腿移动。哦！而且不要忘了耳朵，眼睛和嘴巴去听看到和沟通！机器人需要所有这些不同的组件操作。 许多机器人组成的移动服务系统。该移动服务系统是加拿大的贡献国际空间站。加拿大创建移动服务系统帮助空间站的建设;它会先建立空间站，然后帮助维护空间站其整个生命周期。就像人类有一个大脑发送消息到身体的其他部位;有与所述机器人系统进行通信的主计算机。空间站遥控器系统（SSRMS）加拿大的新的机器人手臂，将能够提升和移动对象，航天飞机的大小和质量。STS-100，加拿大航天局的宇航员克里斯哈德菲尔德将提供并安装新的机械臂到国际空间站，因为它的高轨道在地球上方。第二代加拿大臂是加拿大通往空间站的主要贡献。 空间视觉系统（CSVS），加拿大机器人技术创新的另一个关键部分，是由几个摄像机和目标。这些位于空间站和机械臂上的关键部分;它将有助于精确定位部件的精确移动和定位该站的建设和维护。所以，空间站的宇航员能够通过使用这个空间视觉系统来操作移动服务系统。 除了空间视觉系统，接下来加拿大机器人被带到空间是SSRMS。当它被带到空间来安装到空间站在STS-100，其前身加拿大臂将解除奋进号航天飞机的有效载荷（内部），并把它带到国际空间站。这将是在空间中第一次一系列握手行动通过这些机器人执行。 请继续关注有关机器人更令人兴奋的事实. 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下边我简单介绍一下工业机器人的一些情况。到目前为止，工业机器人是最成熟，应用最广泛的一类机器人，世界总量目前已经销售110万台，这是1999年的统计，但这110万台在已经进行装备使用的是75万台，这个量也是不小的。总体情况看，日本在工业机器人这一块，是首位的，成为机器人的王国，美国发展也很迅速，目前在新安装的台数方面，已经超过了日本，中国刚开始进入产业化的阶段，已经研制出多种工业机器人样机，已有小批量在生产中使用。 点焊机器人主要是针对汽车生产线，提高生产效率，提高汽车焊接的质量，降低工人的劳动强度的一种机器人。它的特点是通过机器人对两个钢板进行点焊的时候，需要承载一个很大的焊钳，一般在几十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒钟一米五到两米这样的高速运动，所以它一般来说有五到六个自由度，负载三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空间很大，大概有两米，这样一个球形的工作空间，运动速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是说，是相对独立运动的部件的个数，就相当于我们人体，腰是一个回转的自由度，我们大臂可以抬起来，小臂可以弯曲，那么这就三个自由度，同时腕部还有一个调整姿态来使用的三个自由度，所以一般的机器人有六个自由度，就能把空间的三个位置，三个姿态，机器人完全实现，当然也有小于六个自由度的，也有多于六个自由度的机器人，只是在不同的需要场合来配置。 第二类是服务机器人，随着工业化的发展，尤其近十年以来，机器人的发展的应用领域在不断拓宽，目前一个很重要的特征，大家都知道，机器人已经从制造业逐渐转向了非制造业和服务行业，刚才谈的汽车制造属于是制造业，但服务行业包括清洁、加油、救护、抢险、救灾这些等等，都属于非制造行业和服务行业，那么这里边跟工业机器人相比，它有一个很重要的不同，它主要是一个移动平台，它能够移动、去运动，上面有一些手臂进行操作，同时还装有一些像力觉传感器和视觉传感器、超声测距传感器等等。它对周边的环境进行识别，来判断它的运动，完成某种工作，这是服务机器人的基本的一个特点。 例如，家务机器人主要体现