《英语基础语法》PPT课件.ppt

英语基础语法 Alicia 2010 概论 英语语法一般说来包括词法和句法两部分。 词法 (morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形 式及其用法。 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和 性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气 等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式 变化。 句法 (syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分 及其安排的规律。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记 它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系， 及其在句中作什么句子成分。 词类 (parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词 (noun，缩写为 n.)是人和事物的名称，如 pen(钢 笔 )， English(英语 )， life(生活 )。 2)代词 (pronoun，缩写为 pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如 we(我们 )， his(他的 )， all(全部 )。 3)形容词 (adjective，缩写为 adj.)用来修饰名词，如 great(伟大的 )， honest(诚实的 )， difficult(困难的 )。 4)数词 (numeral，缩写为 num.)是表示 多少 和 第几 的词， 如 four(四 )， eighteen(十八 )， first(第一 )， eighth(十八 )， hundred(一百 )。 5)动词 (verb，缩写为 v)表示动作和状态，如 write(写 )， walk(行走 )， think(想 )。 6)副词 (adverb，缩写为。 adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副 词的词，如 quickly(快 )， often(经常 )， very(很 )。 词类 7)冠词 (article，缩写为 art.)说明名词所指的人或 物的词，如 a， an(一个 )， the(这，那 )。 8)介词 (preposition，缩写为 prep.)表示名词 (或代 词 )与句子里其它词的关系，如 from(从 )， in(在 内 )， between(在 之间 )。 9)连词 (conjunction，缩写为 conj.)是连接词、短 语、从句和句子的词，如 and(和 )， because(因 为 )， if(假如 )。 10)感叹词 (interjection，缩写为 int.)表示感情，如。 oh(噢 )， aha(啊哈 )， hush(嘘 )。 词类总结 注一 属于前六类 (名、代、形、数、动、副 等词 )的词都有实义，叫做实词 (notional word)。 属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词） 的词没有实义，叫做虚词 (form word)。 注二 不少词可以属于几个词类，如 work(工作；动词和名词 )， fast(快；形容词 和副词 )， since(自从；连词和介词 )等。 句法 句子成分 英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要 有下列六种句子成分： 1)主语 (subject)表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是 谓语的描述对象；通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名 词或从句等担任。 如： The sun rises from the east. He is our monitor. To refuse him is not easy this time. It is easier to learn a foreign language than to speak it. Speaking is much easier than doing. What I expect is your patience and hard work. 谓语动词 （ predicate verb） 谓语动词 (predicate verb)说明主语的动作或状态；由动词 或动词短语担任。 We study English. We cant laugh at her. 在英语句子中，主语和谓语的顺序可以看出句子的类型。 陈述句中主语在前谓语在后，而疑问句中则反之，如果是 对主语进行提问，疑问代词做主语，此时仍为主语在前谓 语在后，为特殊情况。 He gave me a bunch of flowers. What did he gave you? Did he gave you a bunch of flowers? 宾语 (object) 宾语 (object)表示及物动词 (短语 )的作用对 象或用于介词后构成介宾短语；通常由名 词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或 从句等担任。 He has remembered 10000 English words. I waited for her in the classroom. 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D They made him monitor of the class. A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school. A B C D They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. A B C D 宾语 当谓语动词后跟两个宾语时，宾语可分为 直接宾语 (direct object)和间接宾语 (indirect object)两部分。 直接宾语表示动作直接承受对象，而间接 宾语表示动作是为谁而做出，对谁做的。 He gave me IO a book DO. 划出句中的直接宾语（ DO）和间接宾语 (IO) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 补语 (complement) 补语 (complement)用来补充说明主语或宾语；通 常由形容词、现代分词、名词、代词、数词等担 任。对主语进行补充说明的称为主语补足语 (subject complement),对宾语进行补充说明的称 作宾语补足语 (object complement)。 主语补足语一般位于谓语动词后，宾语补足语位 于其所补充说明的宾语后。 He is a diligent student SC. The boy was caught stealing SC. We elect him monitor OC. I saw him playing basketball OC yesterday. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books A B C in the reading-room. D He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B C D She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A B C D 状语 (adverbial) 状语 (adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个 句子；通常由副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定 式、分词或从句等担任 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修 饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词 之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。 如： The Summer Palace is very beautiful. I know him well. We take exercise every day. (挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C D The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. A B C D With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A B C D She loves the library because she loves books. A B C D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. A B C D 定语 (attribute) 定语 (attribute) 用于修饰或限定名词或代词； 通常由形容词、代词、介词短语、动词不 定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任。 定语的位置 单词作定语，一般放在被修饰 语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修 饰语的后面。如： The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! A B C D 句子成分分析 对英语句子做成分分析有利于我们把我英 语句子的规律，在分析输入的基础上输出 合格的英语句子。 分析时，应从大局把握，首先找出句子主 干，再分析各分支内的成分。 Dentists S always A ask V questions O when it S is V impossible SC for you A to answer AA. Exercises: Lesson 48 句子的种类 句子种类有两种划分标准：按照句子的用 途可分为陈述句 (declarative sentence)、疑 问句 (interrogative sentence)、祈使句 (imperative sentence)和感叹句 (exclamatory sentence) ；按句子的结构复 杂性可分为简单句 (simple sentence)、并列 句 (compound sentence)、复合句 (complex sentence)和并列复合句（ compound complex sentence）。 句子用途 a)陈述句 (declarative sentence)用来叙述一件 事，如： I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。 b)疑问句 (interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问， 如： Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗 ? c)祈使句 (imperative sentence)表示请求、命令 等，如： Please come in.请进来。 d)感叹句 (exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各 种情感，如： What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊 ! 句子结构 简单句 (simple sentence) 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语 （或并列谓语）。 She is never late for school. He and his son are both teachers. They walked and talked along the river. 并列句（ compound sentence） 并列句包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结 构。并列句中的分句经常由并列连词联接 (for, and, yet, but, or, so, etc.),有时也不用 连词，而用一个分号分开。 He made a promise, but he didnt keep it. The earth has only one satellite and we call it the moon. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 复合句（ complex sentence） 复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。 复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾 语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语 从句和状语从句等。 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没 有看见你了。 并列复合句 (compound complex sentence) 如果并列句中的一个或多个分句中，包含 有一个或多个从句，就是并列复合句。 I said that I had no time, but he insisted that I should go with him. 一、 用所给词的适当形式填空 . 1、 She _(like) eating hamburger. 2、 The boy often _ (get) up at 6 oclock. 3、 She _(not do) her homework today. 4、 I _(not watch) TV. 5、 My parents often_ (go) shopping on Sunday. 6、 Dont _(be) late next time. 7、 The girl in red _(not be) my sister. 8、 The earth _(run) around the sun. 9、 8 plus 9_(equal) 17. 10、 He _(hate) you. 二、 用所给词的适当形式填空 . 1 Would you like something _? (eat) 2 What are they _? (wear) 3 The shop is _ at this time of the day. (close) 4 My daughter is _.(lose) 5 Everyone _ happy. (look) 6 Lets play a _ game. (guess) 7 When _ you born? (be) 8 There _ few people in his family last year. (be) 9 There _ a desk and two chairs in the room. (be) 10 Its time _ games. (play)