名词(Noun缩写式为n.)英语

名词 (Noun 缩写式为n.)从英语语法角度来讲，表示人、事物、地点、时间或抽象概念的词，我们通常称之为名词。如：teacher, desk, Japanese, milk等均为名词。一、名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如： 1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua 2）地名：Beijing, West Lake 3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese 5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Gone with the Wind 7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 普通名词指的是那些不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，这类名词在名词中占绝大多数。例如，family, class, love, knowledge, life, chair, table等。普通名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua, Beijing, West Lake普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词Dictionary, pencil, book, bike, ball, dog, chair, window, table集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词Family, police, class, group, team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词Rice, glass, water, paper, air, wood, wool, wheat, steel抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词Knowledge, danger, health, life, homework, interest, love二、可数名词及不可数名词普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词（表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等）和集体名词（表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people,family 等）。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词（表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等）和抽象名词（表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等）。可数名词复数的构成规则表。（如下）情况构成方法例词读音1. 一般情况 在词尾加-sdeskdesks mapmaps-s在清辅音后发s音daydaysgirlgirls-s在元音和浊辅音后发zstudentstudentsbedbeds-s在t后合并发ts-s在d后合并发dz2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es注意thbus buses boxboxeswatchwatches fishfishes -es发iz音3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i再加-esfamilyfamilies partypartiesfactoryfactories-ies发iz音 以元音字母加y结尾的词或以y结尾的专有名词直接加-sdaydays boyboyskeykeysLilyLilys HenryHenrys-s发z音4. 以f或fe 结尾的词口诀：小偷的妻子用刀子把树叶劈成两半变f或fe为v再加-esknifeknives lifeliveswifewives halfhalves-ves发vz音5. 以o结尾的表有生命的名词在词尾加-espotatopotatoes negronegroestomatotomatoes heroheroesmosquitomosquitoes-es发z音kangarookangaroos以o结尾的表无生命名词在词尾加-sradioradios photophotospianopianos zoozoos-s发z音zerozeroes/zeros不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母manmen womanwomenpolicemanpolicemenpolicewomanpolicewomentoothteeth footfeet单复同形sheepsheepfishfish deerdeerpeoplepeople policepolice其他形式mousemice childchildrenoxoxen表某国人名词口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面单复数同形ChineseChineseJapaneseJapanese变man为menEnglishmanEnglishmenFrenchmanFrenchmen注：与man复合构成的国人名词直接加-sAmericanAmericansArabAbrabs GermanGremansEgyptianEgyptians复合名词复合的两名词都要变man teachermen teacherswoman driverwomen driversman, woman位于复合名词前边只变主体名词boy studentboy studentsapple treeapple treesfather-in-lawfathers-in-lawbirthdaybirthdays在词尾加-sgrown-upgorwn-ups复合词无主体名词 不可数名词2.1 常见的不可数名词。weather 天气 information 信息 work 工作 news 新闻；消息 music 音乐room 空间 bread 面包 advice 建议；忠告 space 空间2.2 注意下列词语在不同含义下词性的不同。chicken 鸡肉（不可数名词） 鸡（可数名词）fish 鱼肉（不可数名词） 鱼的种类（可数名词）room 空间（不可数名词） 房间（可数名词）orange 橙汁（不可数名词） 橙子（可数名词）glass 玻璃（不可数名词） 杯子（可数名词）2.3 可数名词及不可数名词量的表示方法。1不可数名词不能用a, an以及数词来表示量的多少，在英语中常借助于一个可数名词来表示不可数名词的量，例如：a cup of water/milk/tea 一杯水/奶/茶 a glass of water 一杯水a bottle of water/milk/orange 一瓶水/牛奶/橙汁a piece of paper/meat/news/music/bread 一张纸/一块肉/一条消息/一段音乐/一片面包a bowl of soup2.4 有些名词虽以s结尾，但它们不是复数。Physics, maths, politics, news分辨可数名词和不可数名词的八句歌诀。可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半。如每半不能叫原名，那该词可数最公平。每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵，意变不可数为可数。如：bike(自行车)，如果把一辆自行车分两半，每半只能叫自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以，bike是可数名词。Water(水)，如果把一杯水分成两杯装，每杯仍可叫水，因此，water是不可数名词。Orange(橘子汁)，如果把一瓶橘子汁分成两瓶，每瓶还可以叫橘子汁，故Orange(橘子汁)为不可数名词；但意为“橘子”时，是可数名词。可数与不可数名词的练习I.找出下列笑话中的可数名词，并写出其复数形式：In the market, a buyer asked a seller “How much is this cat, please?” “100 dollars.” “But you only asked for 20 dollars yesterday!” “Yes, thats true. But this cat ate a bird last night and the bird was worth 80 dollars!”II.找出不可数名词，在横线上打勾，并将可数名词变成复数形式：（不确定的查词典确定意思。词典中：C为可数，U为不可数）homework _half _advice_money _knowledge _boot _blood _music _chicken _heat _mouth _bread _information _milk _cow _tear _III.选择填空：1The deer has four _.A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots2Her two brothers are both _.A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens3There are four _ and two _ in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans4Two _ would come to the village.A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors5Can you see nine _ in the picture?A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse6The _ has two _.A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch7The boy often brushes his _ before he goes to bed.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths8The Japanese _ will not leave China until she finishes her study.A. woman B. women C. man D. men9There are lots of _ in the basket on the table.A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss10. The cat caught two _ last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices用所给名词的适当形式填空。1. How many_(sheep) are there on the hill?2. There is some_(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two_(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of_(water) in the bottle.5. There are five_(people ) in his family.6. Lets take_(photo), OK? 7. I have lots of_(tomato) here.8. The_(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.9. The_(child) are playing gameson the playground now.10. Their_(dictionary) look new.11. They are_(woman) doctors.12. Can you give me some bottles of _ (orange), please?13. There are many_(fox) in the picture.14. I would like some apple_(juice). I am very thirsty.