牛津版中考语法复习教师

南京市牛津英语7A-9B教材中的语法分析（教师用）一、 指导思想认真研究教材，明确语法教学的内容和目标，根据英语教学规律和学生的认知水平,运用先进的教学策略和多样化的评价方式，帮助学生巩固初中三年所学的语法知识，提高复习课的效率。二、 教学要求 1) 明确具体的教学目标, 符合课标、教材要求和学生的实际认知水平。（对有能力的学生可以作适当的扩充）2) 注重语法规则的学习3) 通过有效的课堂教学模式, 让学生通过感知、体验、实践、参与和合作等方式完成学习任务，感受成功, 形成积极的学习态度。初中三年来学生学过的语法有：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时，词类，句型结构，句子成分，情态动词以及一些句型和动词的语法。具体分列如下：1.名词（1）可数名词与不可数名词7AP62掌握可数名词与不可数名词的区别。名词单数变复数的规则：大部分名词直接加“s”；以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变“y”为“i”+“es”；以“o”结尾的名词后面加“s”或者“es”；以“f”，“fe”结尾的名词变“f”或“fe”为“e”+“es”。（2）名词所有格7BP33名词所有格表示某物属于某人。在可数名词单数和不可数名词后加s，如Millies home，the fishs food , 在可数名词的复数加s,如the two students homes。2.代词（1）人称代词 7A P24-25掌握人称代词的主格形式以及它在句子中做主语的用法。学生能够根据上下文的语境推测出正确的代词。7A P79掌握人称代词的宾格形式。学生能够正确写出人称代词单、复数以及主格、宾格的形式。人 称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit（2）物主代词7BP34形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词表示某物属于某人/某物Imy toysYou loveyourWeourTheytheirHe loveshisSheherItits They aremine.yoursourstheirs.his.hers.（4）疑问代词 7A P43-44掌握用“wh-”疑问词提问并回答。疑问词“what”对活动或事物提问；“which”对事物或人提问，着重强调哪一个；“who”对人提问；“whose”对所有物提问；“when”对时间提问；“where” 对地点提问；“why” 对原因提问；“How”对方式提问。（3）不定代词 7AP45能正确使用“some”和“any”来讨论东西的数量。“Some”用于肯定句和表示请求和提供建议的句子中；“any”用于否定句和疑问句。9A P29-P31正确使用不定代词：修饰不定代词的定语放在它们的后面；不定代词做主语时，后使用单数谓语动词。（5）8A P44-45掌握反身代词的用法，当主语和宾语为同一人时用反身代词。I, you(你),you（你们）,we, they, he, she, it相对应的反身代词是myself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves 。3.数词（1）基数词7BP14帮助学生掌握基数词在表示数量的用法和读法。e.g.123456789onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnine 10 11 12 13 14 ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen 15 16 17 18 19 fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen2030405060708090 twenty thirty forty fifty sixtyseventyeightyninety 100 1000 10000one hundred one thousandten thousand 100,000 1,000,000 one hundred thousand one million（2）序数词7BP16-17帮助学生掌握序数词在表示日期，楼层，结果等的用法以及和基数词的相互变化。onetwothreefourfivesixfirstsecondthirdforthfifthSixthseveneightnineteneleventwelveseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfththirteentwentytwenty-onetwenty-twotwenty-threethirtythirteenthtwentiethtwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirtieth4.介词7BP13方位介词：帮助学生掌握方位介词：in front of, between, next to, between, opposite, on在表示方位的用法。in front of表示在前方，但是不在范围内；between常与and连用,表示在之间； next to表示在隔壁；opposite表示在对面； on表示在上面而且接触。e.g.We love to sit on the floor.The house is over a bridge. Simon sits in front of Kitty.Kitty sits next to Sandy.7B P48动作介词： across表示.从平面横过.越过，along表示.沿着，和一起, through表示.从内部穿过, over表示垂直在上, to表示方向, up表示向上,到（较高的地方去）， down表示向下,到（较低的地方去）, round表示围绕,在周围，from常与to连用。表示从 到（表示间或地点）。e.g.7AP41-421）掌握表示时间的介词“at”,“in”,“on”的用法。介词“at”用于具体的点钟、一日三餐、节日和年龄之前；介词“on”用于一周七天、日期之前；介词“in”用于月份、季节、年和一天中不同部分之前。9A P65-P67掌握用betweenand、 fromto、before、after、until、while和as表达事情发生的时间5.连词8A P41-43掌握and, but, or(或者)的用法，and表示并列，but表转折，or表示可能性或选择。e.g.The sky was blue and everything was beautiful.The pyramids were small but looked just like the real ones.We can go there by coach or metro.8A P95-96掌握表示原因的连词的用法：because , as, since. (这些词放在句子前面或中间，主句不能再用so.)ReasonThe children criedbecauseassincethey were frightened.ReasonBecauseAsSincethe children were frightened,they cried.6.形容词（比较级与最高级）8A P8-101) 掌握描述性形容词的用法。此类形容词用来描述某人或某物，放在名次前或2007年中考复习基础训练9A-9B连系动词后。e.g.She has short hair.Her hair is short.2) 掌握形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则和用法。规则变化一般情况加er,以e结尾加r/st，以辅音字母+y结尾改y为ier/iest，重读闭音节结尾的双写尾字母再加er/est，部分较长的形容词加more/most构成比较级；不规则变化中记住good-better-best, bad-worse-worst, many-more-most。比较级是用来比较2个/类人或事物的，而最高级是用来比较3个/类人或事物的。e.g.Sandys hair is longer than Millies hair.My book is more interesting than his book.He is the tallest boy in his class.This is the most expensive printer in the shop.P10-11掌握表示“比较”的句式，as + 形容词+as - “和一样”， not as / so + 形容词 + as“不如” e.g.Millie is as tall as Kitty.Amy is not as tall as Peter.(Amy is shorter than Peter.)(Peter is taller than Amy.)P24-271)比较两者间的数量用以下句式：more.than, fewer.than., less than. e.g.I have more / fewer apples than you. (后跟复数名词)I have more / less free time than he/ him.（后跟不可数名词）2)比较两者以上间的数量用 the most, the fewest, the least. e.g.Amy scored the most/ fewest points of all. Daniel has the least money of the three.7.副词（比较级与最高级）7a P60-61掌握表示频率的副词“never”,“seldom”,“often”,“usually”,“always”，“sometime”的含义，对他们提问要用“How often(多长时间一次)”8A P79-81我们可以用方式副词来进一步描述事情发生的方式，句中一般用来修饰动词（词组），往往由形容词+ly变成副词，以辅音字母+y结尾改y为ily.部分不规则变化，如good变well，少数副词和形容词同形，如：fast, early, high 等。e.g.She speaks fluent English. She speaks English fluently.He is always very careful when she drives. He drives carefully.9A P68-P69掌握副词的比较级和最高级8.冠词7AP63掌握不定冠词“a”，“an”用于可数名词之前的用法；掌握不定冠词“a”，“an”用于不可数名词之前表示他们的数量。e.g.There is an apple and some pears on the table.I want to buy an orange.a glass of water a cup of tea7BP35定冠词the的用法表示独一无二的或前面已经提过的事物。e.g.Sunshine Town is a new town in Beijing, the capital of China.There is a country park. The park is beautiful.9.动词7B P821)帮助学生掌握can/ could表示“能力”“会”的用法。can 表示有能力做某事，could表示在过去有能力做某事。e.g.I can speak English. I could swim when I was young.其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下：I/You/We/ He/She/It/ They can dance.cannot/cantI/You/We/ He/She/It/ They coulddancein the past.could not/couldntCanI/you/we/ he/ she/it/ theyrun?Yes,I/you/we/ he/ she/it/ theycan.No,cannot/cantCouldI/you/we/he/ it /she/ they swimlast year?Yes,I/you/we/ he/ she/it/ theycould.No,could not/couldnt2）帮助学生掌握can/ could表示“可能”“可能性”的用法。相对而言could表示更小一点的可能性。e.g.I am free. I can help you. At that time, anything could happen.7BP100掌握情态动词should & must 的用法should (应该)/ shouldnt(不应该). e.g.You should play with your cat for some time every day.You should not/shouldnt feed your pet at the table.must (必须)/ mustnt (不可以，不允许). e.g.You must look after your pet.You must not/mustnt bring your pet to school.9B掌握用情态动词can, could, may和might讨论允许或许可。can 非正式，用于朋友之间,could正式，用于老师或长者, may 正式礼貌，用于和陌生人及尊敬的人之间,might 很正式，很有礼貌。10. 动词不定式8A P43-44掌握动词+ to do的用法，一些动词后面可以加to+动词原型，这些动词有：plan, agree, want, decide, choose, hope, learn, prepare等。e.g.We plan to take Linda out.Linda wanted to visit the park.Sandy agrees to stay at home.9A P45-P46了解和正确使用疑问词what,when,which,who,where,how等和动词不定式连用，why除外,构成不定式短语,它常常与下列动词连用:know,show,teach,tell,find out,learn,decide,forget,remember.11.时态(1)一般现在时7AP8帮助学生掌握一般现在时表达客观事实，目前存在的事实以及经常做的事情以及它的肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句以及它的肯定与否定回答的结构。e.g. The sun rises in the east.My parents live in Shanghai now.My sister often reads English in the morning. I/ You/ They/ WelikefishHe/ she/ ItlikesI/ You/ They/ Wedont likefishHe/ she/ Itdoesnt likesDo I/ you/ they/ welikefish？Yes, I/ you/ they/ we do. No, I/ you/ they/ we do dont.Doeshe/ she/ itlikeYes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesnt.P10-111）掌握第三人称动词的变化形式：大部分动词后面加“s”；以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词变字母“y”为“i”，再加“es”； 以字母“s”，“ch”，“o”,“sh”或者“x”结尾的动词加“es”。2）学会一般现在时“to be”的肯定句，否定句以及一般疑问句。Iam/mhappyYou/ We/ They are/reHe/ She/ Itis/sAmIhappyAreYou/ We/ TheyIsHe/ She/ It Yes,/No,Iam / am not.you/ we/ theyare / are not.he/ she/ itis / is not.P26-27掌握一般现在时“to do”的一般疑问句形式及其肯定与否定回答。DoI/you /we/ theylikeswimmingDoeshe/ she/ itYes,I/you /we/ theydoeshe/ she/ itdo.No,I/you /we/ theydo not/ dont.（2）一般过去时7A P93-951）掌握一般过去时的定义：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。它经常与ago, two weeks ago, last week, yesterday, last night, yesterday evening等词连用。2）掌握动词过去时的构成方式：大部分动词后面加“ed”；以“e”结尾的动词后面加“d”；辅音字母加“y”的动词变“y”为“i”+ed；如果动词以重读、闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ed。7B P66-691)帮助学生掌握一般过去时在表示过去发生的事情的用法。实义动词的一般过去时的变化一般加ed，以e结尾加d，辅音字母+y结尾把y改为ied，重读闭音节结尾的双写再加ed。e.g.Last Sunday morning, Millie and Amy went to Sunshine Park.Yesterday morning, they went there again.2)掌握一般过去时肯定、否定和疑问形式。I/You/We He/She/It/ Theyhearda whisper.I/You/We/ He/She/It/ They,did not/didntheara whisper.DidI/You/We/ He/She/It/ Theyheara whisper? Yes,I/You/We/ He/She/It/ They,did.No,did not/didnt.掌握be 动词的过去式：was/ were及其肯定、否定和疑问形式。 I/He/She/Itwasat home yesterday.You/We/TheywereI/He/She/Itwas not/wasntat home yesterday.You/We/Theywere not/werentWasI/he/she/itat home yesterday?Wereyou/we/they No,I/he/she/itwas not/wasnt.you/we/theywere not/werent .Yes,I/he/she/itwas.you/we/theywere.（3）一般将来时7B P49-51帮助学生掌握一般将来时在表示即将发生的事情和制定计划时的用法以及3种如下的结构：will +动词原形， shall + 动词原形（但只能用于we/ I 第一人称），is/ am/ are going to + 动词原形。e.g.They will see us.Shall we take different routes?I am going to take another route.I/Wewill(not)/shall(not) Go.He/She/It/You/Theywill(not)Will/ShallI/we Go.Willhe/she/it/you/they Yes,I/wewill/shall.he/she/it/you/theywill.No,I/wewill/shall not.he/she/it/you/theywill not.She is going to visit her grandmother next Friday.We are going to win the game.It is so cloudy. I think it is going to rain.AmIgoing toSee the doctor tomorrow?Areyou/we/theyIshe/she/itYes,Iam.you/we/theyare.he/she/itis.No,Iam not.you/we/theyare not/arent.he/she/itis not/isnt.8A P77-791) 当我们谈论计划，时间表或日立的时候，可以用一般现在时表示“将来”。e.g.The train leaves at 9:00.My cousin finishes school next month.2) 用现在进行时表示即将到来的“将来”。e.g.We are leaving for Shanghai this evening.He is not going camping next week because he is studying for exams.（4）现在进行时7AP 77-781）掌握现在进行时的定义：表示说话时正在进行的动作，它的结构是be +V-ing, 常常和now; at present; at the moment; right now, look, listen等词连用。2）掌握动词-ing构成方式：大部分动词后面直接加-ing；以字母“e”结尾的动词需要去掉不发音的“e”，再加-ing；以“ie”结尾的动词变“ie”为“y”，再加-ing；如果动词以重读、闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing。3）掌握现在进行时肯定举、否定举、一般疑问句以及肯定和否定形式的回答。（5）现在完成时P9-131）掌握现在完成时表示动作发生在过去但对现在仍有影响。其结构为have / has + PP，肯定、否定和疑问形式如下：Subjecthave/has(+not)Past participleI/You/We/They have notmoved.He/She/Ithas not HaveI/you/we/theyarrived?Hashe/she/it Yes,I/you/we/theyhave.he/she/ithas. No,I/you/we/theyhave not/havent.he/she/ithas not/hasnt.2) 掌握现在完成时常用的一些时间状语，如：already, ever, for, since, just, never, yet等。for + 一段时间， since + 过去的一点时间/ 用过去式的从句，相对应的主句动词要用延续性动词，如：leave - be away, die - be dead, borrow - keep, buyhave, come -be here, join - be in/ be a member of 等。e.g.：He has left already.He has been away for two hours.（6）过去进行时8B P27-291) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下：was/were(+not)ing formIwas(+not)dancing.You/We/Theywere(+not)He/She/Itwas(+not)Was Idancing?Wereyou/we/theyWashe/she/itYes,Iwas.you/we/theywere.he/she/itwas.No,Iwas not/wasnt.you/we/theywere not/werent.he/she/itwas not/wasnt.2) 掌握while 和 when在过去进行时中的用法：表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while，when后接一个短暂性的动作。持续性的动作用过去进行时，短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.： I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV.The bell rang while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换)（7）过去完成时9A P83-P8理解过去完成时的基本用法及其肯定式，否定式和疑问式。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作, 它表示动作发生的时间是 “过去的过去”。过去完成时的构成形式: had（用于各种人称和数）+ 动词的过去分词。 肯定句：主语 + had + 动词的过去分词 否定句：主语 + hadnt ( had not ) + 动词的过去分词 疑问句：Had + 主语 + 动词的过去分词?它常与过去完成时连用的时间状语: by + 过去时间，by the end of , by that time, by the age of，before + 过去时间，before 1970，in the past , in the past year 它常与when/ before引导的时间状语从句连用。 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前的，用过去完成时;发生在后的，用一般过去时。它常用在主句为过去时的宾语从句中，一般主句谓语动词是“told, said, knew, heard ,thought” 等。12.被动语态8B P45-49(1）掌握被动语态的用法。主动语态用来强调谁做的动作，如：Daniel brought a new computer.而被动语态则表示很明显是谁做的动作，如：Word processing skills are taught in our computer lessons.或者我们不知道或不记得水做的动作，如：The printer was sold already.或者我们觉得被动者比主动者更加重要。如：Educational CD-ROMS are sold in many countries.(2) 被动语态的结构为be + PP ，其肯定、否定和疑问形式都只改变be 的各种形式。被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时如下：Subjectam/is arePast participleIamcaught.You/We/TheyareHe/She/ItisSubjectwas/werePast participleIwascaught.You/We/TheywereHe/She/Itwas(3)掌握用by表示做动作的人。e.g.：Activities for the Computer Club are organized by Mr Lin.That CD-ROM was designed by Nancy Jackson.13.句子种类7B P98-99掌握祈使句的肯定形式和否定形式.如果我们要告诉别人做什么用动词原形开头，如果我们要告诉别人不要做什么则用Dont+动词原形开头。e.g.Walk the dog at 7:00. (Please) dont chase the cat.9A P45-P46了解常见的四种句子类型:即陈述句(肯定句,否定句)、疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句)、祈使句和感叹句.7BP97帮助学生掌握以what, how引导的感叹句的用法。e.g.What a good girl!What bad weather! How nice it is!其句型如下：a/an/-Adj.NounWhatabeautifulflower!beautifulFlowers!aninterestingbook!interestingBooks!niceMusic!Hownice!14.句子成分9A P11-P13帮助学生区分句子的不同成分，掌握句子的成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。15.简单句的基本句型9A P45-P46进一步了解五种常用的句子结构：1) 主+谓语动词 (S+Vi) 2) 主+谓语动词+直接宾语 (S+Vt+DO) 3) 主+谓语动词+表语 (S+V+P) 4) 主+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+Vt+IO+DO)5) 主+谓语动词+宾+宾补 (S+Vt+DO+OC) 16.主从复合句（1）宾语从句9B P10-11掌握由that, if, whether引导的宾语从句。由that引导的宾语从句。使用的动词谓语有think, believe, know, say, tell, understand由if, whether引导的宾语从句。使用的动词谓语有ask, wonder, not sure, dont think, dont know。并且要掌握一般情况下if和whether可以互换，但是如果句子中有or或者or not，只能用whether。P25了解和掌握使用由wh-引导的宾语从句。（2）条件状语从句P60-63帮助学生掌握由if引导的条件状语从句的用法。1）用来描述可能出现的情况，主句时态用将来时。Ifclause(simple present tense)Main clause(simple future tense)If we grow more bamboo,giant pandas will have more food.If we do not protect giants pandas,they will die.2）用来描述反复的、可预见的情况，主句时态用一般时。Ifclause(simple present tense)Main clause(simple present tense)If they are hungry,they attack people.If giant pandas have no food,they die.17.直接引语和间接引语8B P81-831).掌握不变时态的间接引语的用法。如果我们在转述一个事实或者还存在的真实的信息，就不用改变时态，但是间接引语中的人称需要改变。e.g.Dr Ma said to the interviewer，All we need is enough money to carry on with our work. Dr Ma told the interviewer that all they need is enough money to carry on with their work.9A P103-P105掌握间接引语的用法, 注意直接引语变为间接引语时的三大变化：人称，时态，时间状语18. 句型结构7a P76帮助学生了解“There be”句型结构表示某地或某时间有某人或某物时。在单数名词和不可数名词前，应当用there is；在可数名词复数前我们用there are。掌握它的肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句以及肯定、否定回答。There is (not)a bananaon the tabletoo much sugarin them.There are (not)many potatoeson the tableIs therea bananaon the tabletoo much sugarin themAre theremany potatoeson the tableYes,/No,there is/isntthere are/arent7bP31how much, how many.表示“多少”， 前者跟不可数名词，后者跟可数名词的复数。How muchBeijin Duckcan you eat?How manyresturantsare there in Sunshine Town?9A P27-P28帮助学生理解和正确使用would ratherthan表示“宁愿而不愿 ; 喜欢而不喜欢,”的语法，前、后使用表示并列的成分, than后可接动词原形或名词。 帮助学生理解和正确使用preferto表示“喜欢 ,而不喜欢；比起,更喜欢”。prefer和 to后接名词或动名词，to 为介词。e.g.Joan would rather read e-book than chat on line.I prefer staying at home to going out on rainy days. 9A P9-P10“It is + adj. + of + 动词不定式”帮助学生正确使用这个表示对“某人行为的看法” 句型结构。常用的形容词有：good, kind , nice, wrong ,silly(愚蠢的) ，clever ,careless , selfish(自私的) ，generous(慷慨的)等。e.g.Its important to learn English well.Its interesting to climb the hills in spring.Verb to be +adjective +enough + to-infinitive 这个句型用来表示一个人的个性和能力。帮助学生正确掌握“enough adv. 充分地，足够地”的用法:用来修饰形容词或副词，放在所修饰词之后。e.g.He is good enough to give me his favourite book.This English book is easy enough for students to read.8BP99掌握used to & be used to 的用法。used to do 意思为：过去常常，过去曾。be used to doing / sth.意思为：习惯于做某事。He used to be a teacher. He used to get up early.He is used to the bad weather. He is used to getting up early.P99-101掌握在不同句型结构中用形容词来描述某人/某物的用法：1).Its +形容词 + that 从句It isAdjectivethatIt isnecessarythatyou train yourself before the work.importantyou have your own support team.2).Its + 形容词 + to do sth.It isAdjectiveto infinitiveIt isdifficultto walkthrough 8 countries.usefulto havesupport teams.3).Its +形容词+ for sb (not). to do sth.It isAdjectiveforsomeonetoinfinitiveIt isimportantforpeopleto learnbefore the work.necessaryBen To practicebefore the work.impossiblehimTo finishin 10 hours.