英语四级重点语法

大学英语四级翻译语法一、形容词与副词的比较级as + 形容词或副词原级 + as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.比较级形容词或副词 + thanThe lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。比较 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。比较 (错) China is larger than any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。 比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.可修饰比较级的词1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题: 1）- Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now.A. any wellB. any betterC. quite good D. quite better答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much答案：C.much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest timeB. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：D。和more有关的词组1) the more the more越就越 The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样，不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.二、 虚拟语气非真实条件句1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。句型 ： 与现在事实相反 条件从句主句 did/|wereshould( would) do与过去事实相反 had done should/would have done与将来时态相反 were to do Should do would/shoulddo混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.特殊的虚拟语气词：(should)+doIt is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略 important重要的 advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。在宾语从句中的应用句型：主语+谓语+that +从句主语+(should)+do从句的在表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，谓语用should +动词原形的结构，should 可以省略。这类动词有：ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do来达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，从句用should + do 的结构，should 可以省略。这类名词常见的有：advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令idea观点，意见preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐plan建议，计划request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。wish的用 真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时（be的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时（had + 过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could +动词原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.-“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”-“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”I wish that he werent so lazy. Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 比较if only与only ifonly if表示只有；if only则表示如果就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。It is (high) time( that) sb did It is (high) time (that) sb should do sth 和Its time (for sb) to do It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略,表示遭到了某人做某师的时间了。It is time （for sb） to do sth 表示到了做某事的时间了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed. It is time (for us) to finish this class.would （had）rather as soon soonerprefer sb did sth 宁可某人做某 要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。I would rather you came tomorrow.I would sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 _ the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。But that she was afraid, she would have said no.(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.If only I had more money, I could buy a car.(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。其它句型由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象，设想finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续，重新开始 risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接doing admit to(允许，承认) prefertobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick to， be busy(in)，look forward to(to为介词) Its no goodno use,Its worth, as well as, cant help, be tired of （厌倦） ， be fond of ， be capable of ， be afraid of， be proud of， think of about, hold off（推迟）,put off（推迟）, keep on ， insist on, count on / upon （依靠，指望）,set about, be successful in, good at,take up（开始从事，占据） ,give up,burst out,prevent (stopkeep) from作表语Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children. worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.意为值得。1. worth： be worth + n 当名词为金钱时，表示 值得 be worth doing sth.某事值得被做The question is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示值得be worthy to be done 某事值得被做The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事 worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth- while to do sth.典型例题1.This book is worth _. A)buying B) to buy C) of buying D) to be bought2.It is not _ to discuss the question again and again.A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while 动词不定式不定式作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式 afford（买的起，负担的起） aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebother（烦恼，麻烦）care（关心，介意）choose come dare demanddesiredetermine expectendeavor(企图，谋求)hopefail happen to （碰巧） helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake(担保，负责)举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， like， love, need， prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ to (不定式作宾语，在不定式之前加特殊疑问词whenwhwerewhathowwhowhom等。) decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagine impelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state suppose tell think traintrust understandurge warn例句： a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess, judge,imagine,know, prove,see(理解), show,suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词Seem, appear,be said,be supposed, be believed,be thought,be known, be reported,hope, wish, desire,want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。不定式作状语1）目的状语To only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因Im glad to see you.典型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。用作介词的toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 - Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? - Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子 太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。 Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常 等于very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to -劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? 干吗不?例如：Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动被动一般式 to doto be done进行式 to be doing完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1stop to dostop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3remember to doremember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing独立主格10.1 独立主格（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sthIt is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is nice seeing you again真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good Playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。 4)There is no + doing.(there is no 表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk牛奶洒了，哭也无用。 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan我们执行计划有困难。 7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词 I feel like a newborn baby我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗? I dont feel like studying tonight今晚我不想读书。 8) spend/waste time （in）doing sth. They spent a lot time (in) making preparations他们花了许多时间作准备。9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。 This problem requires studying with great care这个问题需要仔细研究。 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么） I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. 有关分词句型 be busy + (in) +v-ing(现在分词)忙着做 I am busy writing my thesis我正忙着写论文。 His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。 He is busy with his work他忙着工作。 5)What do you say to + ing分词?(怎么样?) What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样? （3）有关动词不定式句型 下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。 can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. (4)there be的非谓语形式 there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。) The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams(作宾语如1991年题30) 1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here我们并不反对在这里开会。 It isnt enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jims car out quite safely(作状语) 2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) Its too early for there to be anybody up太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) 3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。 4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如： This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking这是到南京的最快一班车。 I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。 动词的时态句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rathersooner sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow. (含义：她现在还活着)used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. be used to + doing(be accustommed to doing)： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是 介词，后需加名词或动名词。Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)be used to do 为被动语态结构,意思为被用来做什