四六级写作应试策略

四、四级作文写作技巧4.1文章开头技巧4.1.1 比较法句型1 People used to think/ It was once thought that In the past/old daysBut things are quite different/few people now share this view.例：People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, and experience very important to ones life.句型 2 Several years /decades ago, peopleNow/TodayWhy do people/has such change taken place?例：Several years ago people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. “Why? Maybe he is short of money,” they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon phenomenon that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisement on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job?4.1.2. 对立法句型3 When asked about, the vast majority people say/ think/ believe/ answer thatBut other people regard/view/seeas( I think /view/ quite/ a bit differently)例： When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potential.句型 4 When it comes to, some people think/ believe that Others argue/ claim that the opposite/ reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but例：When it comes to the international sports such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.句型5 Now, It is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ thought/ held/ accepted/ felt/ recognized/acknowledged that They claim/believe/argue that例：It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarette available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic.句型6 These days we often hear about They claim/ argue/ say But has/is it? Close examination/ analysis doesnt bear out the claim/argument.例：These days we often hear about “the classes society”. They say that all men are equal, and they cam enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesnt bear out the claim.4.1.3. 故事法句型7 Last Sunday/The other day/Some months ago.I/a friend of mine The case/story/incident is not rare/unusual, it is one/typical of thousands of.例：The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the second school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldnt make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lees case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.例：Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was a little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didnt she have supper with her family? “She is going to have class in the evening school,” explained her father. The case is not rare. My friends daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.4.1.4. 举例法As a young boy, Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French army, and the teenage Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor. Despite their unspectacular beginning, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become great? Did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and perhaps, an uncompromising personality?4.1.5. 数据法According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 4.1.6. 混合法“I want to go to college top become a doctor,” one high school pupil told the researcher. “So I can make some money and take it easy.” According to a major new study, such career-oriented replies reflect the view of 90% of U.S. high school students and 88 % of parents asked to describe the main purpose of a college education. Only 28% of parents and 27 percent of high school students see college as a place to become a more thoughtful citizen.4.1.7. 问题法句型 Should/what.? Opinions of/Attitudes towardvary widely/greatly/from person to person. Some think/regard/viewasothers argue/ believe/claim例：Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries/ opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he neednt concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or discoveries may be put. But others argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.句型 How do you /what do you/Do you ever think ofHow do you/What do you/ Do you ever see? In answer/reply to these questions, we must例：How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect not only labor skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions, there is much room- indeed necessity-for consideration and robust debate.句型1 “Why do/have you?” Many people often ask/pose the question like this.例： “Why have I chosen to attend college? Is the four-year academic worthwhile?” I have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue? After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge, for a better understanding of the world around me.4.1.8. 现象法句型 11As society develops, people are attaching more and more importance to/Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of/Recently, has been brought into public focus./ has become a common occurrence in our daily life.例：As society develops, people are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting.例：Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of pollution.例：Recently, the issue of cross-cultural marriage has been brought into public focus.例：Engaging in sports activity has become a common occurrence in our daily life.句型 12 With the rapid/marked/amazing development/improvement/expansion of increase/growth/decline in.With the general/growing/common recognition/realization/acknowledgement of interest in/ concern over/ enthusiasm for.例：With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and air pollution becoming an increasing concern, more and more countries are now seeking alternative sources of energy. Among them is the nuclear power whose environmental advantages over coal and oil is increasingly recognized.句型 7 In recent years/In the past few decades, there is/has been a sharp/ marked/ sudden/ dramatic increase/growth/rise/decline inastonishing/increasing/sizable number/percentage/proportion/population ofAccording to a(n) recent/new/official study/survey/report/poll例：In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are “less idealistic” and “more selfish”, and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.4.1.9. 观点法句型 8 Now people in growing/increasing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/recognize/understand/accept/be aware that例：Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money-making, ahs shaped our culture and influenced our ideal and aspirations as a people.4.1.10. 引用法句型9 One of the early great men/ writers / philosophers / scientists said / wrote / remarkedIf this is true/the case, then the present/current view/value/attitude/situation should make us wonder whether/ponder over例：One of the early great socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.句型10 Knowledge is power. / Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 percent perspiration. Such is the opinion of/ remark made by Bacon/Edison. This view/remark has been shared/confirmed now/time and again by more and more people/many historical events.例：Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer. J. Adler, a great philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school or college education. Education is a lifetime study.4.2结尾段写作技巧1. 重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。例：With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.2得出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。例：In conclusion/to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.3应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。例：If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves.4用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。例：Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why shouldnt we develop this ability as far as possible? 5提出展望或期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。例：I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world， the language is sure to be spread world widely.4.3 四级作文段落发展与架构技巧4.3.1 段落组成部分1. 主题句写好主题句，对应考四级作文也是很重要的主题句通常可以放在段中三个位置：段首，段中和段尾下面分别举例加以说明(1) 段首主题句例：Children from one-child families are not as considerate as those from families with more than one child. These children have never learnt to do elementary housework. It is even worse that the only children tend to be bad-mannered and self-centered. They seldom think of others. They often fight over something instead of cooperating with others. Some parents even offer material incentives to reluctant children to persuade them to learn and to do something.(2) 段尾主题句例：Have you ever passed through a border crossing between two countries? If so, you were probably questioned by a customs inspector. A customs inspector often asks travelers what they are bringing with them. If a person is bringing goods of a great value, the inspector may ask him to pay customs on them.(3) 段中主题句例：He was still restlessly looking for new ideas and new ways to use his artistic materials. He still lived his life like a young man. No one knew what to expect from him next. No one could be sure what kind picture he would produce. If he had painted a picture of you, it might have looked exactly like you. Or it might have been all lines, circles, squares and strange-colored shapes. It might not have looked human at all.4.3.2 段落发展方法（1）列举法(details) 作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。 例：Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand. 根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。 常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。 （2）举例法(example) 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。 我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。 例：There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。 举例法中常用的连接词有：for example(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。 （3） 叙述法(narration) 叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如： In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. 这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。 常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有： first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。 （4）对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast) 将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如： 例：The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， -a thousand times faster than - ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 a problem上，通过对比使读者从 -a long time -in one minute上有更加直观的认识。 常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。4.4英语写作常用句式英语作文的段落之间及句子之间的衔接和连贯是非常重要的，也是判断作文优劣的一个重要方面，下面将为同学们列举一些常用的连接句式，供同学们参考。4.4.1常用的开头句式As far asis concerned就而论As far as I know就我所知As everybody says众所周知As the proverb says有句谚语说As the saying goes 俗语说At present 当前At first首先At the start开始At this point在这点上First of all首先Frankly speaking坦白地说Generally speaking 一般说来I am of the opinion that我认为In the beginning首先In the first place第一It can be easily proved that很容易证明It can be said with certainty that 可以肯定地说It cannot be denied 无可否认It has been found that已经发现It has been proved已经证明It has to be noticed that必须注意It is a common saying that俗语说It is ones belief that某人相信It is ones opinion that 某人认为It is possible that 有可能It is probable that有可能It is impossible that不可能It is evident from that由证明It is estimated that 据估计It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为It is generally recognized that 人们普遍认为It is sometimes asked that人们有时问It is believed that 有人相信It is considered that有人以为It is claimed 有人宣称It is declared that 有人宣布It is expected that 人们企盼It is hoped that 人们希望It is predicted that 据预测It is reported that据报道It is supposed that 据推测It is hardly too much to say that 毫不夸张地说It is well-known that众所周知It must be pointed out that 必须指出It should be made clear that 应当讲明的是No one can deny that 谁也不可否认Nothing is more important that the fact that 最重要的是So the story goes 传说There is no denying that无可否认There is no doubt that毫无疑问To begin with 首先To start with 首先To tell the truth说实话What calls special attention is that 引起特别注意的是What is important is that 重要的是When it comes to就而论4.4.2 衔接转折常用句式a case in point is 恰当的例子是a more interesting thing is that 更为有趣的是all the same仍然as an illustration 作为例证as a matter of fact事实上as already discussed正如已经讨论过的as explained before正如已经解释过的as has been noted 正如上述as has been said before正如所说的as is often the case正如经常发生的那样as it is seen from.that由可以看出as mentioned above如上所述as we can see from the above 从表上可知but it is a pity that 但可惜的是but the problem is not so simple, therefore然而问题并非如此简单，所以compared with与相比despite the fact that尽管for one thingfor another一则一则for this reason由于这个for this purpose为此目的further I agree that此外，我同意however the difficulty lies in 然而问题在于if so如果这样ifthen如果那么in a broad sense从广义上讲in a similar way 同样in accordance with根据in analogy with与相似in any case无论如何in much the same way as以大致相同的方式in other words换句话说in that case假使那样的话in this case假使这样的话in view of the present situation 鉴于目前的形势it certainly would not be right to say that 说当然不行it can be seen from this由此可见it follows from this由此得出结论it is true thatbut.是不错，但next, we should all realize that其次，我们都应该知道the next important point is that 下一个重要的论点是not becausebut because不是因为而是因为not onlybut also不而且not thatbut that 不是而是on the contrary相反on the other hand另一方面on the opposite side of在对面on this point we all agree that关于这点我们都同意on second thoughts经过再三考虑one thing which is equally important is that 同样重要的是perhaps you will question why或许你会问为什么similarly, we should pay attention to同样，我们应该注意secondly, we must note that其次，我们必须注意that is the reason why那就是为什么this can be expressed as follows 可以这样来表示to takefor example以为例the problem with regard tois that与有关的问题是the question resolves itself into 问题归结为4.4.3 常用于结尾的句式above all 最重要的是after all毕竟all things considered总而言之all this means that所有这一切都意味着as a consequence结果as a result结果as the matter stands事实上at all events无论如何consequently, most people believe that