专业英语复习资料福利版

申明，本人也是渣渣一个，翻译有错误什么的很正常 不能全信 学霸请右上点叉。希望对你们有帮助。Naming Inorganic CompoundsIntroduction（引言）：1.10 million known chemical substances.Need to establish a set of rules leading to informative, systematic name for each substance(10000000种已知的化学物质。需要建立一套规则，导致信息，对各种物质的系统名称。)2.Nomenclature: basic rules for naming simple compounds (organic compounds,inorganic compounds)(命名：命名的基本规则简单化合物（有机化合物，无机化合物）)Contents of current section(目前的部分内容)：1.Preparatory materials（names of common elements in the periodic table)(准备材料（在周期表中的常见元素的名称）)；2.Ionic compounds (cations, anions,compounds)(（阳离子，阴离子的离子化合物，化合物）)；3.Acids(酸）；4.Molecular compounds（分子化合物）Common Elements（常见的元素）：Ac-Actinium锕, Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Ce-Cerium铈, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium铯, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓, Ge-Germanium锗, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, In-Indium, Ir-Iridium铱, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum镧, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, Mo-Molybdenum钼, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Nb-Niobium铌, Nd-Neodymium钕, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, Os-Osmium锇, P-Phosphorus, Pb- Lead, Pd-Palladium钯, Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium钚, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium铷, Re-Rhenium铼, Rn-Radon氡, Ru-Ruthenium钌, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony锑, Sc-Scandium钪, Se-Selenium硒, Si-Silicon, Sm-Samarium钐, Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶, Ta-Tantalum钽, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, Tl-Thallium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Y-Yttrium钇, Zn-Zinc, Zr-Zirconium锆Ionic compounds（离子化合物）General rule :The names of ionic compounds are based on the names of the ions of which they are composed. The positive ion (cation) is always named first and listed first in writing the formula for the compound. The negative ion (anion) is named and written last.（一般规则：离子化合物的名字是基于它的离子，它们组成的名字。正离子（阳离子）总是叫第一上市首先在写作的复合配方。负离子（阴离子）命名和书面上。）Eg.：NaCl (sodium chloride)Naming cations（命名阳离子）Monatomic ions (take the name of the element itself)（单原子离子（带元素本身的名称）Zn2+ (zinc ion), Al3+ (aluminum ion)Note: for an element (especially transition metals) with more than 1 positive ion, the positive charge of the ion is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal:（注：对于一个元素（特别是过渡金属）超过1的正离子，离子的正电荷表示括号中的罗马数字以下的金属的名字：）Fe2+ - iron (II) ion, Cu+ -copper (I) ionIf unsure, use the Roman numeral designation of charges as part of the name.（这句我翻译不出来。）Naming cations（命名阳离子）Note: A widely used older method to distinguish between two differently charged ions of a metal is to apply the ending ous for the lower charged ions or -ic for the higher charged ions, respectively. They are added to the root of the Latin name of the element（.注：一种广泛使用的老方法来区分两个不同的电荷的金属离子，以-ous结束的为低带电离子，以IC结束的为高电荷态离子。）（应该是这个意思。）Eg.：Fe2+ (ferrous ion), Cu+ (cuprous ion) Fe3+ (ferric ions), Cu2+ (cupric ion)Naming cationsPolyatomic cations: Groups of atoms with a positive charge.（多原子离子：带正电荷的原子组的。）NH4+ - ammonium ion Hg22+ -mercury (I) ion or mercurous ionNote: Hg2+ -mercury (II) ion, or mercuric ionCommon ions：（常见离子）Cations（阳离子）: ammonium（铵）, cesium（铯）, copper(I) or cuprous（铜一和铜二）；, hydrogen（氢）, lithium（锂）, potassium(钾）, silver（银）,sodium（钠）.(+1 ions); barium（钡）, cadmium（钙）, calcium（镉）, cobalt(II) or cobaltous（钴）, copper(II) or cupric（铜）,iron(II) or ferrous（铁）, lead(II) or plumbous（铅）,magnesium（镁）, manganese(II) or manganous（锰）,mercury(I) or mercurous（汞一和汞）, mercury(II) or mercuric（汞二和汞）, nickel（镍）, strontium（锶）, tin(II) or stannous（锡）, zinc.(2+ ions)（锌）; aluminum（铝）, chromium(III) or chromic（铬）, iron(III) or ferric.(3+ ions)（铁三)Naming anions（命名阴离子） Monatomic anions (named by dropping the ending of the name of the element and adding the ending -ide ):（单阴离子（删除元素名的结尾和添加后缀IDE命名）：（不懂 可以看图 ，图解就不多说了）Naming anionsPolyatomic anionsNote: only a few polyatomic anions end in -ide:OH- hydroxide ion, CN- cyanide ion O22- peroxide ion, N3- azide ion（多原子阴离子注意：只有很少的多原子阴离子端有IDE：氢氧根离子，-氢离子，CN-离子，过氧化根离子，3 -叠氮离子）Naming anionsOxyanions (polyatomic and oxygen-containing):when an element forms two oxyanions, the name of the one containing more oxygen ends in-ate; the name of the one with less oxygen ends in -ite:Eg.：NO2- nitrite ion, SO32- sulfite ion ,NO3- nitrate ion, SO42- sulfate ion(含氧阴离子（原子和氧）：当一个元件形成两个含氧阴离子，含有更多的氧的离子以后缀-ate结尾；含氧少的以后缀-ite结尾。：不懂就看看例子。如：NO2 -亚硝酸根离子，SO32-的亚硫酸根离子，硝酸根离子NO3-，SO42-的硫酸根离子)Naming anionsNote: when the series of anions of a given element extends to three or four members,prefixes are also employed. The prefix hypo-indicates less oxygen, and per- more oxygen:（翻译不出来，大概意思是在上一个原则下加入了前缀原则。看图应该能比较好懂吧）Eg: ClO- hypochlorite ion, ClO2- chlorite ion ClO3- chlorate ion, ClO4- perchlorate ion chlor-root of chlorineNaming anionsPractice: selenate ion (?); selenite ion (?) perbromate (?) , hypobromite (?)Note: exceptions to rules（特殊例子）: permanganate ion is MnO4-, manganate ion is MnO42-. ferrate-(or perferrate) FeO4-，chromate CrO42-, dichromate Cr2O72- 练习：硒酸盐离子（？）；亚硒酸钠离子（？）过溴酸盐（？）次溴酸，（？）Naming anionsPolyatomic anions with hydrogen ionsThese ions are named by prefixing the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate,to the name of the hydrogen-free anion.Alternative way is to use the prefix bi-:Eg.：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate ) ion; HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ( or bisulfate) ion; H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ion多原子阴离子和氢离子这些离子被氢或氢的话，前缀命名为宜，对无氢阴离子的名字。另一种方法是使用前缀bi-：如：HCO3-碳酸氢（或碳酸氢钠）离子；硫酸氢盐-（或氢）离子；H2PO4磷酸二氢离子Common ions（常见离子）Anions: acetate, azide, bromide, chlorate,chloride, cyanide, dihydrogen phosphate,fluoride, hydride, hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate, hydroxide, iodide, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, permanganate, thiocyanate, cyanate. (1- ions);carbonate, chromate, dichromate, ferrate,hydrogen phosphate, oxide, peroxide, sulfate,sulfide, sulfite, thiosulfate.(2- ions); nitride,phosphate, phosphide. (3- ions).（阴离子：醋酸，叠氮化物，溴化铵，氯酸盐，氯化物，氰化物，磷酸二氢钾，氟化物，碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐的氢，氢，氢硫酸或硫酸氢盐，氢氧化物，碘，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐，氯酸盐，盐，硫氰酸盐，氰酸酯。（1 -离子）；碳酸盐，铬酸盐，重铬酸盐，高铁酸钾，磷酸氢氧化，过氧化氢，硫酸，硫化物，硫代硫酸盐，亚硫酸盐，。（2 -离子氮化，磷酸盐，磷）。（3 -离子）。自己对号入座去吧，懒得搞了）Naming ionic compounds Write the formulas for ionic compounds by combining the names of cations and anions:（ 离子化合物的命名编写公式的离子化合物相结合的阳离子和阴离子的名字：）barium bromide- BaBr2 copper(II) nitrate or cupric nitrate- Cu(NO3)2aluminum oxide-Al2O3mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chlorideHg2Cl2ferric oxide, Fe2O3 这几个是例子Practice : Name the following compounds: （练习命名）(a) K2SO4； (b) Ba(OH)2； (c) FeCl3 (d) NH4Cl； (e) Cr2O3 ；(f)Co(NO3)2 Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: （写出下列化合物的化学式）(a) calcium carbonate; (b)sodium fluoride; (c) iron(II) perchlorate; (d)magnesium sulfate; (e) silver sulfide; (f) lead nitrate. Naming Acids（命名酸）An acid here is defined as a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.（在这里，一个酸被定义为一种物质的分子量的氢离子（H+）溶于水时。）Rule : The name of an non-oxyacid is related to the name of the anion. Anions with the ending -ide associate with acids having hydro- prefix and an -ic ending:（规则：非含氧酸的名字是阴离子的名字有关的。阴离子的后缀IDE与酸形成的加前缀和一个后缀IC：）（懂不？不懂多看一下下面的两个例子，留意前后缀）Eg:Chloride (Cl-) to hydrochloric acid (HCl) sulfide (S2- ) to hydrosulfuric acid (H2S) Note: only water solution of HCl is called hydrochloric acid, the pure compound is called hydrogen chloride.、（注：HCl水溶液叫做盐酸，纯的化合物称为氯化氢。）（就是说盐酸和氯化氢是两种不同的东西，名字也是不同的）Naming the acidsFor acids derived from oxyanions (oxyacids) Rule: If the anion has an ate (-ite) ending,the corresponding acid is given an ic (-ous) ending. Prefixes are retained:来自含氧酸（含）规则：如果阴离子具有后缀ate（item），相应的酸是一个后缀IC（-ous）。前缀保留：Naming the acidsExercises（练习）Name the following acids:（命名下面的酸）(a) HCN, HSCN; (b) HNO3, HNO2 (c) H2SO4 (d) H2SO3Give the chemical formulas for（写出化学式）(a) hydrobromic acid; (b) phosphoric acid.Naming molecular compounds （分子化合物的命名）Rule:The procedures for naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds are similar to those for naming ionic compounds. The element with the positive nature is named first and also appears first in the chemical formula. The second element is named with anide ending. （双原子分子命名，活泼的元素放在首位，第二个元素以-ide结尾。可能是这样的 不是很懂这句话。）Eg.:HCl hydrogen chlorideNaming molecular compoundsPrefixes are used in differentiating several binary compounds formed between nonmetals.分子化合物的命名前缀是用于区分几种二元化合物之间形成的非金属材料。Eg:CO -carbon monoxide CO2-carbon dioxideMeaning of the Greek prefixes:mono- (1); di- (2); tri-(3); tetra-(4); penta-(5);hexa-(6); hepta-(7); octa-(8); nona-(9); deca-(10)（希腊语的前缀的意义：单-（1）；二-（2）；三（3）；四-（4）；五（5）；六（6）；庚（7）；八（8）；九（9）十（10）；Naming molecular compounds（分子化合物命名）Note: when the prefix ends in a or o and the name of the anion begins with a vowel (such as oxide), the a or o is often dropped. The prefix mono- is usually omitted for the first-named element.（好吧 这句我也不懂。大家自行理解）Eg.:Cl2O - dichlorine monoxide; NF3 - nitrogen trifluoride; N2O4- dinitrogen tetroxide; P4S10- tetraphosphorus decasulfide;ExercisesName the following compounds:（命名下列化合物）(a) SO2; (b)PCl5; (c)N2O3Give the chemical formula for(a) silicon tetrabromide (b) disulfur dichloride（翻译成中文)Exercises for Review(考察）（下面是各种化合物，各种酸，自己翻译下就好了，我懒得搞。）Sodium fluoride, magnesium bromide,hydrogen iodide, sodium azide , calcium phosphide,copper(I) chloride, potassium azide,manganese (IV) oxide氟化钠，溴镁，氢碘化物，叠氮化钠、钙磷化铜（I），氯化钾，叠氮化物，氧化锰（IV）K2SO3, Ca(MnO4)2 , Ba3(PO4)2, H3PO4 ,H2SO4 ,HNO3 , ZnO , BaO2 ,FeO ,CuSO45H2O , Mn3(PO4)2Metaphosphoric acid, phosphoric acid,hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid,(hypo)phosphite, (meta)phosphate（偏磷酸，磷酸，磷酸，磷酸，磷酸（次），磷酸（元）ammonium acetate, perbromic acid , potassium nitrite, sodium peroxide , ammonium dichromate ,sodium carbonate , silver nitrate , aluminum acetate, hydrosulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, perferric acid, perferrate ion, hypoiodite ion,iodic acid , chlorous acid, hydrochloric acid醋酸铵，高溴酸钾，亚硝酸，过氧化氢，碳酸铵，碳酸钠，硝酸银，醋酸铝，硫化氢，二氧化硫，perferric酸，高铁酸盐的离子，次碘酸盐离子，碘酸，亚氯酸钠，盐酸B2O3, SiO2, PCl3,SiCl4, BrF3, IBr,N2S5, PCl3, SiS, S4N2Exercise: learning for useWhen ammonium thiocyanate and barium hydroxide octahydrate are mixed at room temperature,an endothermic reaction occurs.(write the chemical equation). As a result of this reaction, the temperature of the system drops from about 20C to -9 C.The reaction of powdered aluminum with ferric oxide (known as the thermite reaction) is highly exothermic. Once started, the reaction proceeds vigorously to form aluminum oxide and molten iron. (write the chemical equation)（当硫氰酸铵和氢氧化钡是在室温下混合，吸热反应发生。（写化学方程式）。作为该反应的结果，系统的温度从20下降C - 9C.粉状铝和氧化铁反应（称为铝热剂反应）是强放热的。一旦开始，反应进行大力形成铝氧化物和铁液。（写化学方程式）Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and GroupsWhy Do We Need a Separate Set of Rules?Examine some typical organic compounds (Name these using typical covalent rules)CH4:Carbon tetrahydride C2H6:Dicarbon hexahydrideThat wasnt so bad, right?How about these:C4H10:Tetracarbon decahydride C5H12:Pentacarbon hydride See my point?Memorizing too many prefixes for large numbers（有机化合物基团的命名我们为什么需要一个独立的规则？研究一些典型的有机化合物（名字用典型的共价键的规则）甲烷：碳氢化C2H6：六氢化碳化也不是那么糟，对吗？这是怎样的：C4H10：碳氢化四硼氢化pentacarbon C5H12：明白我的意思吗？记忆太多大号码前缀异构体：如果这是不够的，这个怎么样：）Isomers：If thats not enough, how about this one:Rules Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons Name it as normal Identify the branch Name it but give it a “yl” suffix Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end)（规则找出最长的无支链的链碳原子命名为正常确定分支名称，但给它一个“YL”后缀先放所有分支机构的名称，然后将长链的名字把碳的分支数是（开始编号从最近的单端）Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons（饱和烃的命名）a. Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烃）-+ anefor n4 , for normal alkanes（对于一般的c元素大于4的烷烃）A Greek prefix + ane suffix (if “-aa-”, drop one “a”)加希腊语前缀（下面有）和后缀-ane（如果形成了-aa-这种形式，省略一个a）5 pent(a)-, 6 hex(a)-, 7 hept(a)-, 8 oct(a)-, 9 non(a)-,10 dec(a)-, 11 undec(a)-, 12 dodec(a)-, 13 tridec(a)-,14 tetradec(a)-, 15 pentadec(a)- 16 hexadec(a)-,17 heptadec(a), 18 octadec(a)-, 19 nonadec(a)-,20 eicos(a)-, 22 docos(a)-, 24 tetracos(a)-, 30triacot(a)-, 36 hexatriacot(a)-Eg：nonadecane; C19H40 decanedithiol; HS-C10H22-SHAlkanesn 4 , alkanesmain chain with branches（烷烃n4，alkanesmain链分支）The position and name of branch groups are added as prefixes to the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain. Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of repeated branch group.（不知道怎么说。）2-chloropentane, 2-methylbutane2,2,4-trimethylpentane (or isooctane) （trimethyl：三甲基的意思，pentane：戊烷，连起来整个单词的意思就是三甲基戊烷）1-chloro-3,3-dimethylpentane（chloro：氯 dimethyl： 二甲基）2-methylpropane (or isobutane)（methyl 甲基）Cycloalkanes, CnH2n (naming rule similar to the above-mentioned) + add cycloStart numbering from the most “important” branch in the ring（成环烷烃的命名方法，看看例子就懂了。）（cyclone 环 dichloro 二氯）SupplementsPrimary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary carbon atom.Normal hydrocarbon: n-hexane or hexane.Names of some groups derived from alkanes byreplacing “ane” with “yl”:补充第一，二，三，四级碳原子。一般的烃：正己烷和正己烷。一些烷基用-yl代替-ane（应该是这个意思，不信就看下面的例子）：Eg.：methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexylPracticeDraw the structural formula for each of the following compounds（画出一下各化合物的结构式）(1) 3-hexyne(2)1,3-pentadiene(3)cyclcobutene(4) 3, 4-diethylhexane(5) 1-butyneNomenclature of aromatic hydrocarbons（！它告诉我它不支持葡萄牙语。囧。不过我觉得应该是在讲苯的命名方式）The name of a single substituent is added to benzene（苯） as a prefix. Three structurally isomeric forms are designated ortho (o-), meta (m-), and para (p-).一个单一的取代基的名称添加到苯作为前缀。三的结构同分异构体的形式指定的邻位（O），间（M），和对位（P）Eg：ethylbenzene, p-nitrobenzoic acid, hexachlorobenzene, toluene, m-xylene.group: phenyl-diphenylmethane.Nomenclature for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（多环芳香烃的命名）Eg:Nomenclature for functional groups（功能性基团的命名Halo (-X), hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NR3. primary: RNH2,secondary: R2NH, tertiary: R3N), formyl (-CHO),carbonyl (-CO-), carboxyl (-COOH), amido (-CONH2),carbonyl halide (-COX), anhydride (-COOCOR),ester(-COOR), nitro(-NO2), nitroalkane (R-NO2),sulfonic acid (-SO3H), cyano (-CN)Functional groups with covalent single bonds（共价单键功能组）Alkyl (烷基）and aryl （芳基）halides (RX)Eg:Methyl bromide (bromomethane),methyl iodide (iodomethane), ethyl bromide(bromoethane), propyl bromide (1-bromopropane),propylene dibromide (1,2-dibromopropane), vinyl chloride (chloroethene), chlorobenzene.Functional groups with covalent single bonds（图上的意思是说 对于醇和酚，要把烷烃，烯烃，炔烃后面的-e去掉加上后缀-ol，从最接近-OH基团的地方开始编号。 In the case of 2and 3 -OH groups 的意思是 如果有两到三个-OH基团的情况）commercial name：（商业名称。估计是特殊例子，或者通俗的说法）methyl alcohol ( 甲醇) , ethyl alcohol (乙醇), propyl alcohol (1-propanol), ethylene glycol (乙二醇)， glycerol (甘油), isopropyl alcohol (异丙醇）Functional groups with covalent single bondsNomenclature for functional group with double bonds（对于含双键官能团的命名）Esters (RCOOR)in the two-word name for an ester, the first word is the name of the R group (methyl, ethyl, ), the second word is the name of the carboxylic acid with the final -c ic replaced by ate (回忆无机盐的命名）methyl formate (methanoate), methyl acetate (ethanoate),ethyl benzoate（酯（rcoor”）在两个字的名字的第一个字是一种酯，的R组名称（甲基，乙基，），第二个写出酸的名字，并把后缀-c，改成-ate）应该就是这个意思了）Nomenclature for functional group with double bonds 总结其实就是一些名词的各种组合与前后缀的变化，花点时间记一下基本的单词，和一些规则。再把一些特例记住就很简单了。什么，你说你没有时间！ 擦，我也没有。所以， 求抱大腿！