《英美概况Brita》PPT课件.ppt

The Beginning of the Modern World,From the 16th to the 20th century,Growth of Capitalism,1. Economic Development in the Tudor Monarchy 1.) Manorialism replaced by a money economy.,Growth of Capitalism,2.)*Enclosure Movement end of 15th century, the manufacture woolen cloth in England became an important source of wealth and a major export. The cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raising sheep became more profitable.,This encouraged the landlords to convert arable land into pastures. Later some of the nobility and merchants started to enclose the land. Large areas of land were fenced without any warning to peasants. Peasants- cheap labor in cities,2. Strengthening of Centralized Monarch (Henry VII) Henry VII confined his rival- Edward, the Ear of Warwick in the Tower He promised to pardon those who had stood on the side of the House of York In 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the rival House of York and Lancaster In order to retain his crown, he strengthened the law courts, increased the income of government He established good relations with Spain and France,3. Henry VIII and the English Reformation,the English Reformation,three main causes: 1. )a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come； 2. )the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； 3.) Henry needed money. the immediate cause was Henry VIIIs divorce with Catherine,the English Reformation,Process - Henrys reforms was to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, - and to make an independent Church of England. -He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of Englands monasteries and nunneries. The laws such as the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535( which establishedtheKingasSupremeHead of the Church of England ) made his reform possible.,Consequence -English Church became independent of Rome. -The Roman Catholic Church was international, the Church of England was strictly national.,Other influences,1. Henry VIIIs reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henrys position； 2. Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. 3. His attack on the Popes power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards Protestaintism.,Question:, Why and how did the Reformation happeninEngland? And what was the effect?,Edward VI (1547-1553),the monarch who lost the French port of Calais, the last British possession on the Continent,Mary Tudor (1553-1558),“Bloody Mary” for her persecution of Protestants,4.Elizabeth I (1558-1603),Elizabeth I,Introduction to British and American Culture,The last Tudor monarch The Golden Age,4.Elizabeth I (1558-1603),Elizabeth I and Parliament Elizabeths Religious Reform a compromise of views keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control 3. Elizabeths Foreign Policy ( 1588, The Armada superiorityasa naval power ) 4. Elizabethan Literature,Elizabeth and the Parliament,The Tudor conception of the role of the Commons was:,Vote taxes as it was necessary Pass or reject the legislation put forward by the Crown Offer advice to the Sovereign,She insisted that she have the royal privilege to decide her important issues: Her marriage her religion her succession,Her Parliament shared with her a common purpose of promoting Englands safety and welfare.,b.Elizabeth and Religion a compromise of views keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control She assumed the title of “Supreme Governor of the Church” instead of “Supreme Head” in the Act of Supremacy in 1559. Gradually she chose to be Protestant. From Elizabeth I, England remained Protestantism.,c. Elizabeth and her Foreign Policy,The problem of Scotland,( 1588, The Armada superiorityasa naval power ),Defeating the Spanish Armada,d. Elizabethan Literature,Christopher Marlowe Edmund Spenser Philip Sidney Ben Jonson William Shakespeare,Francis Bacon (statesman and philosopher ),The flourishing of English drama,4. English Renaissance,Renaissance: Rebirth, started in Italy Europe rediscovering its origins in the cultures of ancient Greek and Rome. A great variety of changes which Europe underwent politically, economically 5) British engineers had sound training and inventors were respected; 6) Britain had created a world-wide market for its goods and its colonies supplied raw materials.,The Consequences of Industrial Revolution,* How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world? not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. 2) exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. 3) promoted the development of production.,4) Britain began to produce large quantity of low priced goods in a more efficient manner. 5) New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. 6) The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. 7) A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.,By 1830, Britain became “ workshop of the world” with no competitors and rivals in industrial production.,New classes-bourgeois and working class-emerged and grew distinctively in number and in strength, gradually changing the social structure from feudalism to capitalism. Labour market emerged.,Industrialization and mechanization dehumanized the working people and polluted the environment.,The Age of Enlingtenment,17th -the end of 18th -the Age of Reason or the Age of Rationalism Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) Leviathan（利维坦） John Locke(1632-1707) Two Treaties of Government （政府论） David Hume(1711-1776) Adam Smith(1723-1790) The Wealth of Nations 国富论,*The Chartist Movement,Background: 1836, the London Working Mens Association was organized. 1837, a petition the Peoples Charter was drawn up. It included 6 points. (P100-P101) The main point is to seek universal suffrage.,Content: A movement of the working class for realizing the “peoples charter” reached its height in 1839-1848.,Result: From 1839-1848 three petitions were presented to Parliament, but all the three were rejected. The failure is its divided leadership Charlotte: Jane Eyre George Eliot George Meredith Thomas Hardy Playwrights: Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw,Victorian Literature,Novelists Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist,David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair The Bronte sisters-Emily: Wuthering Heights; Charlotte: Jane Eyre George Eliot George Meredith Thomas Hardy Playwrights: Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw,Britain in World War I (1914-18),Result - Victorious - A huge national debt - Lost her sea supremacy - Overtaken by the United States,Introduction to British and American Culture,Britain in World War II (1939-45),Borrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada. Over 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold. Economy slid from the 2nd largest economy to the 6th in the world.,Introduction to British and American Culture,Result,