资源描述
专专题题导导读读真真题题典典例例新新题题预预测测返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有细节理解题、词义猜逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等，其中推理判断题居测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等，其中推理判断题居多。多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。语从句等。返回目录返回目录专专题题导导读读科普文常用的修辞手段有：科普文常用的修辞手段有：(1)下定义。有时为了突出下定义。有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给对象事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。(2)举事举事例。举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，例。举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。真切地说明事物特征。(3)做比较。选择有外部或内部联系做比较。选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。(4)打比方。打比方。适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。科普说适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：(1)总分式。在说明事总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落物或事理时，段落(层次层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。总到分、由分到总。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解专专题题导导读读(2)承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。(3)递进式。递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解专专题题导导读读返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例2014北京卷北京卷 Choosing the right resolution(决定决定)Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with,a goal of losing weight.However,setting weight lose as a goal is a mistake.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例To reach our goal of losing weightthe output,we need to control what we eatthe input(输入输入).That is,we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.Instead of resolving to lose weight,try an actionable resolution：“Ill stop having dessert for lunch，”or“Ill walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例Recently a new science behind incentives(激励激励),including in education,has been discussed.For example,researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school.In some cases,he gave students incentives based on input,like reading certain books,while in others,the incentives were based on output,like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例Fryers conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam,aside from general rules like“study harder”.Reading certain books,on the other hand,is a wellset task over which they have much more control.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例As long as you have direct control over your goal,you have a much higher chance of success.And its easier to start again if you fail,because you know exactly what you need to do.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例If you want to cut down on your spending,a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe,for example.This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily.Spending less money isnt a goal because its too general.Similarly,if you want to spend more time with your family,dont stop with this general wish.Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to,like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run,these new goals could become a habit.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例1The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because _.Ait is hard to achieve for most AmericansBit is focused too much on the resultCit is dependent on too many thingsDit is based on actionable decisions2In Roland Fryers research,some students did better than the others because _.Athey obeyed all the general rulesBthey paid more attention to examsCthey were motivated by their classmatesDthey were rewarded for reading some books返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例3According to the writer,which of the following statements is a good goal?A“Ill give up dessert.”B“Ill study harder.”C“Ill cut down my expenses.”D“Ill spend more time with my family.”返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例4The writer strongly believes that we should _.Adevelop good habits and focus on the outcomeBbe optimistic about final goals and stick to themCpick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsDset ambitious goals that can balance the input and output返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例【文章大意】【文章大意】本文是一篇科普类文章，从本文是一篇科普类文章，从2014年美国年美国人的减肥计划开始，一直谈到减肥成功的关键。由此，人的减肥计划开始，一直谈到减肥成功的关键。由此，作者引出作者引出Roland Fryer做的一项实验，该实验表明，当做的一项实验，该实验表明，当关注输入关注输入(开始开始)时，激励才发生作用。要想达到目标，时，激励才发生作用。要想达到目标，必须重视目标，而不是根据结果调整行动。必须重视目标，而不是根据结果调整行动。1B细节理解题。根据文章第二段中细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.”和和“concentrating on the outcome.”可知我们失败或可知我们失败或错误的根据是因为过分关注结果。错误的根据是因为过分关注结果。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例2D细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知Roland Fryer把把input(即阅读即阅读)和和output(考试结果考试结果)作为作为两种激励变量，得到的结果是两种激励变量，得到的结果是input的效果好于的效果好于output。奖励他们读书是有效的。故选奖励他们读书是有效的。故选D。3A细节理解题。根据全文内容可知，细节理解题。根据全文内容可知，“losing weight”“”“results on exams”“”“study harder”“”“cut down on your spending”“”“spend more time with your family”都强调结果，是太泛泛的目标，不易获取成都强调结果，是太泛泛的目标，不易获取成功；而功；而“control what we eat”“”“stop having dessert”“”“walk every day”“”“making morning coffee at home”“”“a family movie night”等强调行动，是一等强调行动，是一种输入，所以更容易成功。故选种输入，所以更容易成功。故选A。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解真真题题典典例例4C推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句“Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to,like a family movie night every Wednesday.”可知作者建议我们能够采纳也能够坚持的行动习惯。可知作者建议我们能够采纳也能够坚持的行动习惯。也就是说作者认为我们要采取一些能够成为习惯的行也就是说作者认为我们要采取一些能够成为习惯的行动。故动。故C正确。正确。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测(一一)People in several American states may be surprised to see cars on city streets without a driver.Experimental driverless vehicles now are legal in Florida,Nevada and California.They are pointing the way to a future that is not far down the road.The hightech company Google has a number of selfdrive cars,which had covered 480，000 kilometres by August.Volvo is among the companies doing road tests and says it plans to sell driverless cars by 2020.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测 In September,California Governor Jerry Brown signed an act to allow autonomous vehicles on the roads of his state.“Today were looking at science fiction becoming tomorrows realitythe driverless car.”The technology for these cars includes cameras,radar and motion sensors.The systems have been improved through competitions sponsored by the US government agency DARPA.Engineer Richard Mason of the RAND Corporation helped design driverless vehicles for DARPA challenge races.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测“Cars have become much more fuelefficient,and new electronic features are making Hondas safer，”said Angie Nucci of Honda America.“A camera on the passengerside mirror actually engaged on your guiding screen so you can safely change lanes.”Other safety features include warning systems on the front and the sides of the cars.These systems help drivers,but dont replace them.Curator Leslie Kendall of the Petersen Automotive Museum said autonomous cars will make the high ways safer.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测“By taking out drivers,you also remove most risks of an accident，”Kendall said.He said consumers,however,may be unwilling to lose control.“It may take them time to come to realize that the technology is indeed reliable,but it will have to prove itself first.”Mason said the technology already works and the biggest challenge now is cutting down the cost for driverless vehicles from thousands of dollars to something more affordable.He said this will happen as the technology is improved.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测1What can we learn from Paragraph 1?ADriverless vehicles are now legal in the whole USA.BVolvo will be the first to sell driverless cars.CDriverless cars are pointing us a faraway future.DGoogles selfdrive cars have covered a long distance.2We learn that California Governor Jerry Brown_.Ahelped design selfdrive carsBsupports selfdrive cars on the roadsCconsiders selfdrive cars science fictionDimproved the selfdrive car systems返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测3What is the role of the systems mentioned in Paragraph 3?AThey can help people drive more safely.BThey can take the place of drivers now.CThey can make cars run without fuel.DThey can help cars run much faster.4According to Richard Mason,what is the biggest challenge for driverless cars?AThey are not allowed to run on the roads.BTheir technical problems remain to be solved.CThey are now too expensive for consumers.DThey are more dangerous for people on the streets.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测【文章大意】【文章大意】本文介绍了无人驾驶汽车已经经过研发本文介绍了无人驾驶汽车已经经过研发阶段，现在正在试用阶段，在不久的将来无人驾驶汽阶段，现在正在试用阶段，在不久的将来无人驾驶汽车将不是科幻而成为现实。本文还介绍了这些汽车的车将不是科幻而成为现实。本文还介绍了这些汽车的系统设计和有待改进的地方。系统设计和有待改进的地方。1D细节理解题。根据第一段的细节理解题。根据第一段的“The hightech company Google has a number of selfdrive cars,which had covered 480，000 kilometres by August.”可知，可知，谷歌的无人驾驶汽车已经可以开很长距离，故选谷歌的无人驾驶汽车已经可以开很长距离，故选D项。项。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测2 B 细 节 理 解 题。根 据 文 章 第 二 段 的 细 节 理 解 题。根 据 文 章 第 二 段 的“I n September,California Governor Jerry Brown signed an act to allow autonomous vehicles on the roads of his state.”可知，加利福尼亚的州长可知，加利福尼亚的州长Jerry Brown支持无人支持无人驾驶汽车上路，故选驾驶汽车上路，故选B项。项。3A细节理解题。根据文章第三段的细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“A camera on the passengerside mirror actually engaged on your guiding screen so you can safely change lanes.Other safety features include warning systems on the front and the sides of the cars.”可知，这些系统的作用是可知，这些系统的作用是它们可以帮助人们更安全地驾驶，故选它们可以帮助人们更安全地驾驶，故选A项。项。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测4C细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Mason said the technology already works and the biggest challenge now is cutting down the cost for driverless vehicles from thousands of dollars to something more affordable.”可知，可知，Richard Mason认为无人驾驶汽车认为无人驾驶汽车最大的挑战是它们现在对消费者来说太贵了，故选最大的挑战是它们现在对消费者来说太贵了，故选C项。项。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测(二二)Can noncombustion(非燃烧非燃烧)technology create a nopollution way to drive？Imagine pulling into a service station to fuel up your car.But not at the gas pump or electric battery chargerat the air pump!Thats not hot air,either!The next generation of cars may run on thin air.Wouldnt that be an incredible way to cut both pollution and dependence on foreign oil?返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测If youve ever inflated a balloon and then let it go,youve got the basics to testdrive the amazing MiniCAT,currently being developed by Moteur Development International(MDI),headquartered in Luxembourg.Invented by Formula One racing car designer Guy Negre,this experimental vehicle is unlike any car youve ever seen.While your familys traditional car or SUV draws its horsepower using combustion,the only fuel that MiniCAT needs(CAT stands for Compressed Air Technology)is the air we breathe.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测Start with about 25，000 gallons of air.Now,press it all into a space smaller than your school lockerbecause thats the size of two superstrong,highpressure air tanks,made from fibre and fixed beneath the air car.Confining that much air inside those small tanks generates an internal pressure of over 4，000 pounds per square inch.Thats over 300 times normal air pressure.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测When this cold and highpressure air enters MiniCATs unique engine,it interacts(交互作用交互作用)with warmer air to create pressure waves that pump the engines engineered pistons(活塞活塞)to move the car.MiniCATs projected top speed is 60 miles per hour,with a range of 120 miles on a full air supply.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测5What is the passage mainly about?AWays to cut down air pollution.BCars that run on thin air.CFormula One racing car designer.DDependence on foreign oil.6What is MiniCAT according to the passage?AThe name of a car.BThe name of a balloon.CThe name of a car company.DThe name of a car designer.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测7The underlined word“Confining”in Paragraph 4 can be replaced by“_”AKeeping BPreventing CPushing DRunning8What does the last paragraph tell us?AHow much pressure the air creates.BHow the car works.CWhat the normal air pressure is.DHow the air gets into the engine.返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测【文章大意】【文章大意】本文介绍了一种靠空气行驶的汽车，通本文介绍了一种靠空气行驶的汽车，通过介绍这种汽车的工作原理，读者可以看出这种汽车过介绍这种汽车的工作原理，读者可以看出这种汽车完全不需要污染严重的燃油，不会对环境造成污染。完全不需要污染严重的燃油，不会对环境造成污染。5B细节理解题。根据第一段的细节理解题。根据第一段的“The next generation of cars may run on thin air.Wouldnt that be an incredible way to cut both pollution and dependence on foreign oil？”可知，这篇文章主要讲可知，这篇文章主要讲的是靠空气行驶的汽车，故选的是靠空气行驶的汽车，故选B项。项。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测6A推理判断题。根据文章第二段的推理判断题。根据文章第二段的“Invented by Formula One racing car designer Guy Negre,this experimental vehicle is unlike any car youve ever seen.”可知，可知，MiniCAT是汽车的名字，故选是汽车的名字，故选A项。项。7 A 词 义 猜 测 题。根 据 文 章 第 四 段 第 一 句 词 义 猜 测 题。根 据 文 章 第 四 段 第 一 句“Confining that much air inside those small tanks generates an internal pressure of over 4，000 pounds per square inch.”可知，这么多的空气保持在那些小可知，这么多的空气保持在那些小的箱子里面会产生每平方英寸的箱子里面会产生每平方英寸4000磅的压力，所以磅的压力，所以confine是是“维持维持”的意思，故选的意思，故选A项。项。返回目录返回目录专题二十五专题二十五科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解新新题题预预测测8B段落大意题。根据最后一段的段落大意题。根据最后一段的“When this cold and highpressure air enters MiniCATs unique engine,it interacts(交互作用交互作用)with warmer air to create pressure waves that pump the engines engineered pistons(活塞活塞)to move the car.”可知，最后一段讲的可知，最后一段讲的是这种汽车的工作原理，故选是这种汽车的工作原理，故选B项。项。返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题Grey hair is simply a part of the normal aging process,and the rate you go silver is genetically predetermined.Going grey is not associated with earlier death,and premature greying is not,generally speaking,a sign of an illness or ill health in younger adults.There are,however,some specific health conditions associated with grey or white hair,but for most of us,going grey is just a fact of life.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题Hair colour comes from the pigment melanin(黑色素黑色素),which determines your individual shade.Hair without any melanin is pure white.The pigment is produced in cells called melanocytes,which inject pigment into the hair.At some point in everyones lifetime,these cells slow down and eventually stop producing colour.Scientists have yet to identify the exact mechanism by which melanocyte cells death occurs.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题A study of more than 4，000 women and men from 20 countries determined that about 75%of people between the ages of 45 and 65 have some grey hair.In general,people of European descent grey earliest followed by Asians and Africans.Its interesting to note that a lucky 1 in 10 has no grey hair by retirement age.Beginning at age 30,your chances of having grey hair go up 10%20%per decade.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题It may feel like you have more greys after a stressful event,but thats probably because middle age is basically a series of anxietyridden events.Between working,raising kids,and caring for older parents,the“sandwich”years of 4565 can be stressful,especially for women.They are also stressful when they naturally start to look older.At this point,there is still no silver_bullet to keep away the greys.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题1What would be the best title for this passage?AGoing greyBTips to make hair colour lastCWhy does hair turn greyDGrey hair is in fashion返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题2Which of the following is a TRUE statement according to the passage?AScientists have found out how to prevent hair from turning grey.BEuropeans are more likely to grey than Asians and Africans.CGrey hair means poor health or a sign of illness.DEveryone will inevitably get grey hair by retirement age.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题3Which is not among the reasons for hair turning grey according to the passage?ABeing physically weak.BStress from different sides.CDeath of melanocyte cells.DGenetic factors.4What does“silver bullet”in the last paragraph probably mean?AMakeup.BScientific research.CChemical weapon.DCure.返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题【文章大意】【文章大意】本文介绍了为什么人的头发会变白。这本文介绍了为什么人的头发会变白。这是自然老化的过程，与基因有关，还和黑色素分泌的是自然老化的过程，与基因有关，还和黑色素分泌的多少有关，黑色素越少，头发越白。通过研究多少有关，黑色素越少，头发越白。通过研究20个国个国家的家的4000多名男性和女性可知，有年龄原因也有地域多名男性和女性可知，有年龄原因也有地域原因。生活压力大也是原因之一。原因。生活压力大也是原因之一。1C主旨大意题。根据全文尤其是文章的第一句可主旨大意题。根据全文尤其是文章的第一句可知，本文讲的是头发变白的原因，故选知，本文讲的是头发变白的原因，故选C项。项。2B推理判断题。根据第三段的推理判断题。根据第三段的“In general,people of European descent grey earliest followed by Asians and Africans.”可知，欧洲人早于亚洲人和非可知，欧洲人早于亚洲人和非洲人头发变白，故选洲人头发变白，故选B项。项。返回目录返回目录教师备用习题教师备用习题3A细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，白发是细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，白发是一个正常老化的过程，头发变白是由基因已经决定了一个正常老化的过程，头发变白是由基因已经决定了的事，与早亡无关，而且少白头也不是生病或者身体的事，与早亡无关，而且少白头也不是生病或者身体不舒服的标志，故选不舒服的标志，故选A项。项。4D词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知，人词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知，人在在45岁到岁到65岁之间压力很大，尤其是妇女，还有自然岁之间压力很大，尤其是妇女，还有自然老化问题，故选老化问题，故选D项项(治愈治愈)。
展开阅读全文