大学英语写作专项 (1)

大学英语写作专项大学英语作文评分原则及标准一、 评分原则1. 考查学生是否达到四、六级教学要求，采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按语言的错误数目扣分。2. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。3. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的就给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。阅卷员在评阅的全部作文中不应该只给中间的几种分数。二、 评分标准1. 作文满分15分2. 阅卷标准共五档：14分、11分、8分、5分、2分3. 阅卷员认定与某一档相似，级定为该档分数，如果认为稍优或稍劣该分数可加1分或减1分。但不得加或减0.5分4. 各档评分标准14分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。11分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。8分-基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多。，其中有一些是严重错误。5分-基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分,句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5. 字数不足酌情扣分累计字数CET4110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949CET6140-149130-139120-129110-119100-10990-9980-8979扣 分12345679注：1. 题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，不计入所写字数2. 规定内容未写完，按比例扣分3. 扣为0分，请慎重6. 各档分数相当于百分制得分作 文 分151413121110987654321得 分 率100948780746760544740342720147Sample Writing(CET-6 2013年12月)For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.14分Whether in the past or present, human beings constantly have the sense of urgency that life is so transient that it just passes away in a blink of an eye. Therefore, to make full use of life we should spend it for something that will outlast it.However, what are those things that can outlast our limited lives? In my view, they are contributions to science, culture and charitable affairs. Issac Newton, for example, laid the foundation of Mechanics in Physics, which is remembered forever. Mozart, an outstanding musician, composed symphonies that never die. Mother Teresa helped thousands of poverty-stricken people in India. She is remembered as a caring and loving hero. Their accomplishments are the extension of their lives.As for me, I will make my life meaningful by doing the following. Firstly, as a student majoring in Physics, I will keep pursuing truth in this field. Secondly, I will work as a volunteer and spend my spare time giving a helping hand to the needy, making them feel loved.In brief, we shall consider carefully what we can do and then devote ourselves to what leads us to a meaningful life.11分“The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” I totally agree with this motto. Just as a famous saying goes like this, “The meaningfulness of life does not depend on how much you get, but how much you contribute to the society!”Take Bill Gates for example, he creates a big fortune, makes our life more convenient and creates thousands of job opportunities at the same time. He uses his bucks to help people in need. We can see his value in his charity and donation.As for me, I will live a meaningful life in two simple ways. First, I will study hard to broaden my horizon and enhance my ability, which enable me to help more people in the future. And secondly, I will spare my idle time to do some voluntary work, applying the theory into practice. When I help them, I feel a sense of achievement.Life is short and we need to spend it in a meaningful way. We dont want to waste our life and gain nothing at the end of our life, do we?8分The remark, which says “The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.”, provides us with a method to live a meaningful life.It is really necessary for us to understand how to achieve a good life. We could easily learn from the famous people who ask themselves how could they live a meaningful life. For example, Qian Xuesen, a well-known scientist, he devotes his whole life to our country. Although there were many difficulties before he came back to our country, he insisted coming back to our country and develop the technology of our country. From him, it must be a meaningful life.As a college student, what we could do? I should learn from him. but it is not enough. I should spend every minutes to do what I major, finish my study well and try my best to contribute to our own country. I think it must make our life more meaningful and encourage us to do better. Time is limited. But we should make unlimited meanings in our life.5分It is important for us to value our life, not only we can donate our life time to anything what we want to do, but also we should enlarge it for long. On the one hand, we can achieve ourselves value, on the other hand, it is likely to change our world in a day! What makes life meaning is that to spend it for something will outlast it! In the past time, many figures set examples for us in order to build a new nation.As far af I am concerned, although I am not able to change world like Jobs, but I can change myself to make my family happier than before. Being a figure, it addict many people to achieve it, is not my life aim. What I want to do is that be a good student, a nice daughter and a trust friend.Meaningful life is a little which is aim to different people. Do what you want to is the great use of life and trust yourself it can outlast your life.2分Many people used to say that life is hard and you didnt to do maybe was late. We should spend it for something that will outlast it, you could feel good.I consider that spend time to do that will outlast thing maybe not bad. It not make you successes but increased your confidence. The outlast thing usually was very hard to accomplished for yourself, but you did and explained your belief successful, everyone usually have some regret things that to did but now, spend it for things that will outlast it, you are hero.For example, the Olympic champion Deng Yaping, when she was young, she was more hard in table tennis. Finally become a great player in the world.So , make greatest use of life is to it for something that will outlast. You did, you deserve. To make my life more meaningful, I thought of play exercise is not bad, because is good for your health and it was important.写作题型及模板1. 对比选择题型 对比选择型文章，要求考生就题目中提到的某一事物或社会现象给出两个对立的观点，然后将两种观点进行对比，并表明自己的看法和立场，或做出选择。所提出的两种观点有时并没有对错之分，有时也可以根据常识判断出某一观点错误或者不成立。其常见形式是：一、目前存在某个问题，人们有不同的观点；二、两种观点各自的理由；三、我的看法。结构公式观点或选择A主题句：提出要讨论的主题，引出两种不同的观点或选择。如：简述要讨论的主题，引出对其的不同观点或选择/When it comes to 谈论主题，there is no complete agreement among people。扩展句一：指出一种观点或选择如：Some people think/ prefer to/ choose 观点或选择A。扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。扩展句三：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。第一段 观点或选择B主题句：转折引出另一个观点或选择。如：However, there are many others who 观点或选择B。扩展句一：阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。如：In their opinions/ They maintain/ they point out 观点或选择B的第一点理由。扩展句二：阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。如：Besides, 观点或选择B的第二点理由。第三段“我”的观点或选择主题句：综合两种观点或选择，说明“我”的观点或选择。如：As for me, I agree“我”的观点或选择。/ Weighing up these two arguments/ choices,“我”的观点或选择。扩展句一：阐述“我”的第一点理由。扩展句二：阐述“我”的第二点理由。结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。如：Therefore/ To conclude, 作出总结。例：（2005年12月）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点。2. 校园是否应对旅客开放，人们看法不同。3. 我认为参考范文Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?When it comes to whether the university campus should be open to tourists, there is no complete agreement among people. Some people think that university campus should welcome the visiting of tourists. They say that being closed to tourists may make students isolated from the outside world. Also, they maintain refusing tourists to violate the spirit of openness.However, there are many others who do not favor the university campus being open to tourists. In their opinion, tourists will destroy the quiet environment and influence students normal study. Besides, they argue that too many tourists will add a burden to the security department of the university.Weighing up these two arguments, I think a university should be an open place. By visiting the university campus, tourists can feel the rich cultural atmosphere. In addition, college students can have more chance to contact the people and the world outside the campus. Therefore, the university campus should be ready to embrace the tourists all over the world.对比选择型作文模版模板一1) When asked about / When it comes to _, different people will offer different opinions. 2) Some people take it for granted that _. 3) In their opinion, _. 4) Besides, _. 5) By contrast, others hold that _. 6) They maintain that _. 7) And _. 8) Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the first opinion/choice. 9) For one thing/ On the one hand, _ 10) For another / On the other hand, _. 11) For instance, _. 12) Therefore, as stated above, _.模板二1) There is no complete agreement among people as to _. 2) Some people consider that _. 3) However, others think that _. 4) Some people contend that _. 5) They hold this opinion because _. 6) However, others who stand on a different ground believe that _. 7) They argue that _. 8) Personally, I prefer the former/latter opinion/choice. 9) Firstly, _. 10) Secondly, _. 11) Most important of all, _. 12) Taking the above-mentioned into consideration, we/I may reasonably conclude that_.2. 不同事物对比型议论文对不同事物进行比较、分析，从而得出结论。如： BicycleAn Important Means of Transport in China1) 为什么自行车在中国如此普及2) 和汽车比较3) 自行车在中国的前途Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Moreover cars often cause traffic jams and accidents.注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。 2. first, second, third Moreover 表示递进 英语语言有层次感，信号词 3. be good for health 对健康有好处（万能理由） 4. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time.开头套语：1.When you, it is inevitable to face the choice between and 2. A and B are two important forms of for us. Although A is getting more and more popular, B is by no means disappearing. 论证：相同之处： Similarly/ Likewise/ In the same way, 不同之处： Despite their similarities, they are different from each other in the following aspects.First of all, Second, Third, and finally/ lastly,On the contrary/ in contrast结尾：As far as I am concerned, All in all/ In conclusion/ In a word/ To sum up/ In summary,3 阐述说明型议论文解释说明型议论文是对事物的发生、发展、结果、特征、状态、功能等进行介绍、阐述、解释的一种论说文类型。这类文章的写作要点是必须表达清楚，内容容易理解、易记忆，条理清晰、层次清楚、逻辑关系明确。要求作者从一开始就提出问题或阐明观点，接着摆出事实和理由加以论述内容, 结尾开以对此现象展开评论。如： On Students Selecting Lectures (2006,6)a. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师b. 学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是c. 学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题On Students Selecting Lectures Nowadays, there is a hot debate about whether students should be allowed to have optional choices of their teachers. A number of factors contribute to students decision on choosing teachers. On the one hand, teachers personalities play a significant role in this issue, which include a good sense of humor, being easy to communicate with and open-minded. On the other hand, it is likely that opinions from other students have an impact on the decision. Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this matter. For one thing, students enjoy more freedom than before. For another, some top teachers might be ignored if they are not able to meet students taste. In general, both students and teachers rights should be respected. 可快捷套用模版：第一段：Nowadays, there is a hot debate about_. (提出问题)第二段： A number of factors contribute to _. (概述，引出对问题的分析) On the one hand, _. (一方面) On the other hand, _. (另一方面)第三段： Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this matter. (概述不同观点) For one thing, _. (一方面) For another, _. (另一方面) In general, _. (得出结论)写作常用套语：开头：Recently/ In recent years, there has been an increasing concern about problem of It is well known that has/ have created certain problems for society today.论证或承接：A number of factors will account for the development in The phenomenon/change in mainly results from the fact that To illustrate/ prove this point, let us consider结尾：There are many solutions to the problem. Among them, the most effective one can be Many things can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones can be more effective.Our government should adopt stricter rules to 4.问题解决型议论文解决问题型作文主要有以下两种作文结构：1 指出问题及解决的必要性/重要性解决途径总结2 描写问题或者现象说明原因解决途径近年来，四级作文倾向于把问题解决和现象分析结合在一起。如2012年6月的四级作文题目，从给出的提纲来看，作文不仅要求在第二段分析现象的原因，而且在结束段还要求把解决方法提出来。此类作文要把如何分析原因的句子结构和模板好好运用起来。1. 第一种作文结构：指出问题及解决的必要性/重要性解决途径总结 3 第二类：描写问题或者现象说明原因解决途径题目：College Students Job Hunting1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象2. 产生这种现象的原因3. 如何解决这一问题College Students Job HuntingIn recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon?There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs.Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. And college students should be down-to-earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weaknesses so as to improve themselves when they are learning. Only in this way could they be more competent for the future jobs. 问题解决型论文常用模板和例句A. 写作模板：【模板1】1 Perhaps nothing is more important/dominant/dangerous/ in _ than _，2 for it is obvious/well-known that _. 3 However, _ is not an easy task.4 First of all, _. 5 Secondly, _. 6 Thirdly, _, _. 7 Finally，_. 8 Only in this way /by these measures can _.9 Of course, the solutions vary according to different situations. 10 Therefore, it is necessary for us to take a flexible measure to _.1、2 指出需要解决的问题及其重要性/必要性；3 承上启下引出解决问题的方法；4、 5，6，7 四个解决途径；8 小结；9、10 总结全文，指出解决途径依情况而变，要灵活处理【模板2】1 Nowadays/with _, many people are facing/have to face (the problem of ) _. 2 There are several different ways/channels to tackle/solve the problem. First, 3_. Second, 4_. Besides/Furthermore, 5_. 6 As for me, I prefer/choose to _. For one thing, 8_. For another, 9_. 10 Therefore, _.1 指出需解决的问题；2 指出问题的多种解决途径；3、4、5三种解决途径：6哪种途径最适合我；8、9、列举理由；10 重申自己选择的合理性写作句型1) 引出问题：1. Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that _ have/has become a grave problem on many campuses/in the contemporary society/in the present day.2. There is no denying the fact that + 客观事实2）分析问题（原因/危害）1. Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon.2. In the first place, _ is the root cause of _. An illustration of this point would be that _. (原因+实例说明)3. In the second place, _ constitute a major cause of _. Specifically, _. (原因+具体说明).4. Besides, the _ policy being carried out in _ enables _ to _.3）第三段解决问题（建议措施）(三句=总结+建议1+建议2+展望)1.Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/To tackle this problem, it is high time that we took feasible steps to stop/limit/restrain this trend.2. 建议1：It is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to ban/support _.建议2：It is suggested that the public should enhance/promote/cultivate/strengthen their awareness of _1. 展望未来：Only by doing so, can we hope to witness the ideal scenes in which _ enjoy _ to the utmost.5. 图表式议论文的三段式结构图表式议论文同所有议论文一样，也可以分成三部分，包括：引言，描述讨论数据，提出建议（结论）。第一段，引言部分。它主要起引导作用，是对主题的导入和理论句的铺垫。之后，应该对于图表下一个明确的结论，即图表究竟说明了什么。这样下结论的句式有很多，下面列举其中一些：The table/chart diagram/graph shows (reveals, indicates, points out) that.According to the table/chart/diagram graph,.According to the figure/data statistics given in the table/chart/diagram/graph,.As (is) shown in the table/ chart/diagram/graph,.As can be seen from the table/ chart/diagram/graph/figures,.The figure/statistics shows that.The table/ chart/diagram/graph figures that.The table/ chart/diagram/graph shows/describes illustrates how.例如：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in peoples diet over the period from 1988 to 1998.The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China.After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years.It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.第二段，详细描述、讨论图表。描述数量变化的句式，最常用的表达莫过三种：一是动词短语；二是 there be +名词词组；三是 something is +介词短语。下面是这三种基本形式，有些稍有变化。1.表示增长There is a rapid rise in .Something is on the rise/increase.There has been a sharp/marked/dramatic increase.例如：The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.2.表示减少Something is on the decrease/decline.There has been a sudden/steady/gradual/slow decrease/decline.By comparison with, it dropped/fell/decreased fromto/by例如：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent.3.表示稳定The curve of remains steady (stays the same, levels off) fromto (between and)There was little change (hardly any change) in the number of from to. (between and)例如：There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop.The curve has leveled off (stayed the same/remained unchanged) for 2 years and the trend will be continuing.4.表示极值The monthly profit (The figures or The situation) peaked (reached a peak) in/at + time +at + number.The curve bottomed out (reached the bottom, hit a trough) in/at + time +at +number.例如：The curve of GDP growth rate reached its bottom last year at five percent.第三段，结论或者建议。一般图表作文都要求对某个社会问题进行分析，因此，提建议也成为一个必要的步骤。7. 图画作文作文的第一段，要进行简单描绘图画内容，这是必须的，也是题目中强制要求的（a brief description of the picture）。作文的第二段，进行主旨提炼并且论述。题目中有可能已经透露了主题。作文第